Cases and materials on U.S. antitrust in global context / by Eleanor M. Fox.
2012
KF1649 .F69 2012 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Cases and materials on U.S. antitrust in global context / by Eleanor M. Fox.
Published
St. Paul, Minn. : Thomson/West, [2012]
Copyright
©2012
Call Number
KF1649 .F69 2012
Edition
Third edition.
Spine Title
U.S. antitrust in global context
ISBN
9780314199928 (hbk.)
0314199926 (hbk.)
0314199926 (hbk.)
Description
xxviii, 959 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)783469057
Note
Revised edition of: Cases and materials on U.S. antitrust in global context / by Eleanor M. Fox, Lawrence A. Sullivan, Rudolph J.R. Peritz. 2nd edition c2004.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Prefaces and Acknowledgments
v
Table of Cases
xxiii
ch. 1
Introduction: History, Politics, Law, Economics
1
A.
Introduction
1
B.
The Industrial Revolution, the Trusts, and the Passage of the Sherman Act
3
1.
The Birth of the Trusts and the Enactment of the Sherman Act
3
2.
Passage of the Sherman Act
6
C.
The First Few Decades
8
1.
What the Law Prohibits: Developing the Rule Against Cartels
8
United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Association
9
United States v. Addyston Pipe & Steel Co.
15
2.
Trust Busting, Big Combinations, and Theodore Roosevelt
21
Northern Securities Co. v. United States
21
3.
The Rule of Reason Is Born: Judging "By the Light of Reason"
26
The Taft Presidency; The Rule of Reason
26
Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States
33
4.
Legislative Reforms in the Wake of Standard Oil
41
a.
The 1912 Campaign and Antitrust Policy
41
b.
Wilson's Legislative Record
42
i.
The Clayton Act
42
ii.
The Federal Trade Commission Act
42
United States v. United States Steel Corp.
43
5.
Addendum on History
48
D.
The Economics of Competition
48
What Is Efficiency?
53
The Efficiency Paradox
54
Chicago and Other "Schools"
55
E.
Who Enforces the Law?
57
ch. 2
Cartels and Closely Related Agreements
59
A.
Introduction
59
B.
Rehabilitating Trans-Missouri: Naked Restraints Versus Reasonable Agreements
63
Board of Trade of the City of Chicago v. United States
63
United States v. Trenton Potteries Co.
64
Appalachian Coals v. United States
65
United States v. Socony Vacuum Oil Co.
68
C.
Characterization Cases (Is This a Cartel?)
75
National Society of Professional Engineers v. United States
77
Broadcast Music v. Columbia Broadcasting System
83
Catalano v. Target Sales
88
Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Society
91
National Collegiate Athletic Association v. University of Oklahoma
97
FTC v. Superior Court Trial Lawyers Association
102
California Dental Association v. FTC
105
Polygram Holding v. FTC (The Three Tenors)
111
Texaco v. Dagher
118
D.
Is the Defendant One "Person"? or Multiple Parties Who Can Conspire?
122
American Needle v. National Football League
122
E.
Pleading and Proving Agreement
129
1.
Proving a Cartel
129
Interstate Circuit v. United States
131
Theatre Enterprises v. Paramount Film Distributing Corp.
135
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.
138
A. Ahlstrom Osakeyhtio v. Commission (Wood pulp; proof of agreement)
145
JTC Petroleum Co. v. Piasa Motor Fuels
149
2.
Pleading Facts Sufficient for Plausible Inference of Agreement
153
Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly
154
Text Messaging Antitrust Litigation
156
F.
State Action, Political Action
159
1.
The State Action Doctrine
159
Parker v. Brown
159
2.
Political Action
163
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight
163
Allied Tube & Conduit Corp. v. Indian Head
166
Note on Professional Real Estate Investors v. Columbia Pictures
170
Note on State of Missouri v. National Organization For Women
171
Note on NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
172
FTC v. Superior Court Trial Lawyers Association
173
G.
The International Dimension
177
1.
Extraterritorial Reach and Enforcement
177
F. Hoffmann La Roche v. Empagran S.A.
180
2.
The OECD Hard Core Cartel Recommendation
185
3.
The Doha (WTO) Declaration
189
Doha Ministerial Declaration
190
ch. 3
Monopoly and Dominance
193
A.
Introduction
193
B.
The Alcoa case
194
United States v. Aluminum Co. of America
195
United States v. Aluminum Co. of America (remedy)
203
C.
Market Definition and Monopoly Power
206
1.
The Dupont Cellophane case
206
United States v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co.
206
2.
Modern U.S. Market Definition and Assessment of Power
213
Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services
214
United States v. Microsoft Corp.
216
D.
The Conduct Offense
223
1.
The Paradigm
223
Lorain Journal Co. v. United States
225
2.
Evolution of the Law
228
United States v. United Shoe Machinery Corp.
229
Note on United States v. Grinnell Corp.
230
3.
Essential Facilities and Duties to Deal
231
Official Airline Guides v. FTC
233
Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp.
236
Aspen Distinguished: More Limits to the Duty to Deal
242
Olympia Equipment Leasing Co. v. Western Union Telegraph Co.
242
Verizon Communications v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko
249
4.
Strategic Low Pricing---Predatory Pricing and Price---Discrimination
259
Utah Pie Co. v. Continental Baking Co.
261
The IBM Story
262
Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.
267
5.
Predatory Buying
273
Weyerhaeuser Company v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Co.
274
6.
Price Squeezes
276
Pacific Bell Telephone Co. v. LinkLine Communications
277
Deutsche Telekom AG v. Commission
285
7.
Loyalty Rebates, Bundled Rebates
288
Cascade Health Solutions v. Peacehealth
290
8.
Intellectual Property: Duty to License?
297
Image Technical Services v. Eastman Kodak Co.
298
Independent Service Organizations Antitrust Litigation (CSU v. Xerox)
300
Rambus---Gaming the Standard-Setting Process
304
9.
Complex Strategies to Maintain Monopoly, Including Product Change, Exclusive Dealing, Tying and Bundling, especially in High Tech Markets
306
a.
Introduction
306
b.
Microsoft-U.S.
308
United States v. Microsoft Corporation
310
c.
Microsoft Europe
332
Microsoft Corp. v. Commission
333
d.
The Intel case, and the Revitalization of Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act
341
FTC Settles Charges of Anticompetitive Conduct Against Intel
349
10.
Summing Up: What Standards For Exclusionary Conduct?
353
E.
Monopolization and Globalization
356
ch. 4
Mergers
358
A.
Historical Perspective
358
1.
Introduction---The Early Merger Law
358
2.
Evolution of the Law
359
Brown Shoe Company v. United States
360
United States v. Philadelphia National Bank
362
Note on FTC v. Consolidated Foods Corp.
364
Note on FTC v. Procter & Gamble Co.
365
Citizen Publishing Co. v. United States
367
3.
The Turning of the Tide
368
B.
Contemporary Law and Enforcement
369
1.
The Guidelines: Introduction
369
2.
HHI Practice
372
3.
The Case Law
374
a.
Market Definition
374
Note on FTC v. Staples
375
Note on Merger Between JD Group and Ellerine Holdings Competition Tribunal, South Africa
376
Note on FTC v. Whole Foods Market
376
United States v. H&R Block
377
b.
Horizontal Mergers
381
i.
Mergers Likely to Produce Coordinated Effects
381
Hospital Corp. of America v. FTC
382
United States v. Baker Hughes
386
FTC v. H.J. Heinz Co.
389
ii.
Mergers Likely to Produce Unilateral Effects: Monopoly and Dominance
397
Sirius-XM
397
Google AdMob
402
Boeing/McDonnell Douglas
404
Boeing/McDonnell Douglas (FTC)
406
Boeing/McDonnell Douglas (The European Commission)
407
iii.
Mergers Likely to Produce Unilateral Effects in Oligopolistic Markets
409
United States v. Oracle Corporation PeopleSoft
409
Note on United States v. H&R Block
418
iv.
Mergers Eliminating Important Potential Competitors
419
United States v. Marine Bancorporation
419
Note on Ginsburg v. InBev
422
c.
Non-Horizontal Mergers
422
i.
Vertical Mergers
423
Synopsys/Avant!
423
Ticketmaster/Live Nation
427
ii.
Conglomerate Mergers
430
GE/Honeywell
430
C.
Mergers and the Public Interest
432
Wal-Mart and Massmart-South African Competition Tribunal
433
Wal-Mart Stores---Court of Appeal
437
Wal-Mart United States
442
D.
Procedure: Pre-Merger Notification
445
E.
Enforcement
446
F.
Private Standing to Sue
447
Cargill v. Monfort of Colorado
448
Sprint Nextel Corp. v. AT&T
457
G.
International Dimensions of Merger Law
472
ch. 5
Collaboration Among Competitors Other Than Cartels
474
A.
Introduction
474
B.
Contemporary Cases
475
FTC v. Indiana Federation of Dentists
477
California Dental Association v. FTC
485
Rothery Storage & Van Co. v. Atlas Van Lines
486
Broadcast Music v. Columbia Broadcasting System
492
Credit Suisse Securities v. Billing
495
Google/AdMob
497
C.
Loose Knit Agreements
497
1.
Concerted Refusals to Deal With Outsiders
497
Northwest Wholesale Stationers v. Pacific Stationery & Printing Co.
498
United States v. Visa and Mastercard
499
2.
Competitors' Exchanges of Information
505
American Column & Lumber Co. v. United States
507
Maple Flooring Manufacturers' Ass'n v. United States
513
United States v. Container Corporation of America
517
United States v. United States Gypsum Co.
522
Todd v. Exxon Corporation
526
3.
Agreements of Competitors to Restrain Their Own Competition
532
a.
Professional Restraints and By-Laws
532
b.
Higher Education---Brown/MIT
533
United States v. Brown University
533
c.
Real Estate Brokers' Multi List Services and Restrictions on Web Discount Listings
539
Realcomp II, Ltd. v. FTC
540
4.
Intellectual Property
546
a.
Introduction
546
b.
Licensing and Cross-Licensing of Intellectual Property; Pooling of Patents
547
i.
Licensing: General Principles
547
ii.
Cross Licensing and Pooling
551
c.
Standard-Setting and FRAND Obligations: Avoiding Patent Ambush
553
The VITA and IEEE Letters and the IP2 Report
554
d.
Settlement of Infringement Actions Against First-Filing Generics
561
Arkansas Carpenters Health and Welfare Fund v. Bayer AG (CIPRO III)
562
D.
More Integration: Joint Buying, Selling, Marketing, Researching---Sharing Risks and Saving Costs, or Getting Power?
566
1.
Introduction
566
2.
Health Care---Agency Guidance
568
Med South
569
E.
Tighter Alliances and Tight Joint Ventures
579
1.
Introduction
579
2.
Texaco/Shell Oil
579
3.
Microsoft/Yahoo
582
Statement of the Department of Justice Antitrust Division Closing Investigation
583
4.
Boeing/Lockheed Martin---United Launch Alliance
584
Matter of the Boeing Company, Lockheed Martin Corporation, and United Launch Alliance
585
Analysis of Agreement Containing Consent Order
585
F.
Is There an Oligopoly Problem?---Non-Competitive Behavior With-out Collaboration
591
The FTC's Deconcentration Case Against the Breakfast-Cereal Industry
593
Matter of Kellogg Co.
595
Bogosian v. Gulf Oil Corp.
601
E.I. Du Pont De Nemours Co. v. Federal Trade Commission
604
G.
Conclusion
612
ch. 6
Vertical Restraints: Restraints in the Course of Buying and Selling
614
Introduction
614
A.
Restraints in the Course of Distribution
615
1.
Formative Law: Resale Price Maintenance
615
a.
The Basic Rule for the First Century---Dr. Miles
615
b.
The Legislative Response: Fair Trade; The Limits of State Action Protection
617
California Retail Liquor Dealers Ass'n v. Midcal Aluminum
619
c.
Refusal to Deal and Resale Prices: When is RPM unilateral?
621
United States v. Colgate & Co.
621
Monsanto Co. v. Spray-Rite Service Corp.
624
d.
RPM: The New Rule of Law
630
Leegin Creative Leather Products v. PSKS
630
2.
Restraints on Distributors Other Than Minimum Resale Pricing--- Free Traders to Free Riders
639
a.
Customer and Territorial Restraints and Maximum Resale Price-Fixing (earlier law)
639
b.
The Turning of the Tide
641
i.
Non-Price restraints
641
Continental T.V. v. GTE Sylvania
641
ii.
Price Restraints: Maximum Price Fixing
651
State Oil Company v. Khan
652
NYNEX Corp. v. Discon
653
B.
Exclusionary Restraints
655
1.
Introduction
655
2.
Tying
656
Northern Pacific Railway Co. v. United States
659
3.
Tying---Modern Analysis
662
Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v. Hyde
663
Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services
671
United States v. Microsoft Corporation
680
Illinois Tool Works v. Independent Ink
684
4.
Exclusive Dealing and Requirements Contracts
687
a.
Earlier Law
687
b.
Modern Law and Analysis
689
Barry Wright Corp. v. ITT Grinnell Corp.
689
United States v. Microsoft Corp.
692
Note on United States v. Denteply
694
C.
Franchising
696
Principe v. McDonald's Corp.
697
Queen City Pizza v. Domino's Pizza
703
D.
Internal Vertical Integration
710
United States v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
712
Department of Justice, Competitive Impact Statement
716
E.
Discriminatory Pricing: Secondary Line Price Discrimination---The Robinson-Patman Act
717
1.
Introduction
717
2.
Landmark Cases
720
Federal Trade Commission v. Morton Salt Co.
720
J. Truett Payne Co. v. Chrysler Motors Corp.
726
Boise Cascade Corp. v. FTC
730
Volvo Trucks North America v. Reeder-Simco. GMC
740
3.
Price Discrimination Under Foreign Law
746
4.
The UNCTAD Model Law
746
UNCTAD Model Law on Competition and Commentary
746
F.
Are Vertical Restraints a World Problem? Trade, Competition and the WTO
748
Afterword---Competition in a World of Global Markets
751
Appendices
A.
The Framework for U.S. Antitrust Law
753
B.
U.S. Statutes and European Union Treaties
773
C.
2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines
807
D.
1984 Non-Horizontal Merger Guidelines
847
E.
2011 Antitrust Enforcement Policy on Accountable Care Organizations
855
F.
Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International Operations
873
G.
Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property
907
H.
ICN Case Study---Loyalty Discounts & Rebates
937
Index
955