Making sense of search and seizure law : a Fourth Amendment handbook / Phillip A. Hubbart.
2015
KF9630 .H83 2015 (Map It)
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Author
Title
Making sense of search and seizure law : a Fourth Amendment handbook / Phillip A. Hubbart.
Published
Durham, North Carolina : Carolina Academic Press, [2015]
Call Number
KF9630 .H83 2015
Edition
Second edition.
ISBN
9781611636154 (hardback)
1611636159 (hardback)
1611636159 (hardback)
Description
xxxi, 439 pages ; 26 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)901386803
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 413-414) and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Fisch Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Fisch Fund
Table of Contents
Foreword
xvii
Preface to the Second Edition
xix
Preface to First Edition
xxi
First Edition Acknowledgments
xxiii
About the Author
xxv
Plan of the Book
xxvii
List of Abbreviations
xxix
The Fourth Amendment
xxxi
ch. 1
Introduction to Fourth Amendment Law
3
Section 1
The Importance and Limit of Fourth Amendment Freedom
3
Section 2
Basic Principles and Organizational Structure of Fourth Amendment Law
8
a.
Applicability of the Fourth Amendment to searches and seizures conducted by federal and state officials
9
b.
Two broad requirements of substantive Fourth Amendment law
10
c.
Enforcement of the Fourth Amendment
12
Section 3
Growth and Complexity of Fourth Amendment Law
13
Section 4
Other Sources of Search and Seizure Law
16
a.
State constitutions
16
b.
Federal and state statutes and rules of procedure
17
Section 5
General Framework for Analyzing a Fourth Amendment Question in a Criminal Case
18
pt. I
Historical Background and Purpose of the Fourth Amendment
Introductory Note
21
ch. 2
The American Colonial Experience: General Writs of Assistance Controversy 1761--76
23
Section I
Introduction
23
Section 2
Relevant English Statutes
24
Section 3
1761 Boston Writs Case
25
a.
Petitions to court
26
b.
Lames Otis Ir.'s oral argument
26
c.
Court ruling
31
Section 4
Aftermath in Massachusetts of Boston Writs Case
32
a.
Immediate reaction
32
b.
Futile enforcement efforts
33
Section 5
Writs of Assistance Outside Massachusetts
34
Section 6
Revolutionary Events Leading to Independence
36
a.
John Dickenson: Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer
36
b.
Boston Committee of Correspondence
37
c.
First Continental Congress
38
d.
Declaration of Independence
39
ch. 3
The English Experience: General Warrants Controversy 1762--70
41
Section 1
Introduction
41
Section 2
English Decisions Condemning the General Warrant
41
a.
Issuance of general warrants
42
b.
Wilkes cases
43
c.
Entick v. Carrington
45
Section 3
Impact of English General Warrant Decisions in England and America
48
a.
In general
48
b.
American gifts and support of Wilkes
48
Section 4
Parliamentary Efforts to Abolish the General Warrant
50
ch. 4
American Constitutional History: State Constitutional Provisions 1776--84
53
Section 1
Introduction
53
Section 2
Virginia and North Carolina
53
Section 3
Pennsylvania and Vermont
55
Section 4
Delaware and Maryland
56
Section 5
Massachusetts and New Hampshire
57
ch. 5
American Constitutional History: United States Constitution and Bill of Rights 1787--91
59
Section 1
Constitutional Convention and Aftermath
59
Section 2
State Ratification Debates
61
a.
In general
61
b.
Pennsylvania
62
c.
Maryland
63
d.
Virginia
64
e.
New York
67
f.
North Carolina
68
Section 3
Formation of the New Government and Passage of the Bill of Rights
69
a.
New government is established
69
b.
Madison's Bill of Rights speech to the House
70
c.
House debates and action
72
d.
Senate action and final approval
74
e.
Ratification by the states
74
ch. 6
Historical Purpose of the Fourth Amendment
77
Section 1
Introduction
77
Section 2
First Historical Purpose: End General Exploratory Searches
78
Section 3
Second Historical Purpose: Enforcement by Federal Courts
81
pt. II
Substantive Law of the Fourth Amendment
Introductory Note
85
ch. 7
Interpretation of the Fourth Amendment: Approaches to Constitutional Construction
87
Section 1
Introduction
87
Section 2
The Historical Approach: The Original Understanding of the Framers
90
a.
An overview to the historical approach
90
b.
The seminal case of Boyd v. United States
92
c.
Post-Boyd cases utilizing the historical approach
94
(1).
Historical analysis cases
94
(2).
Canons of liberal construction and long usage
95
Section 3
The Balancing of the Interests Approach
97
a.
An overview to the balancing approach: comparison with historical approach
97
b.
General applications of the balancing approach
101
(1).
Searches and seizures falling short of a full-scale arrest, search or seizure
101
(2).
Unusual searches and seizures
103
c.
Related balancing approaches in the administration of the exclusionary rule
104
Section 4
Common Law Reasoning Approach
106
a.
Introduction
106
b.
History of prior court decisions
106
c.
Principled adjudication
109
d.
Catch-all of various devices
111
Subpart A
The "Standing Requirement"
Introductory Note
113
ch. 8
Preliminary Elements: Personal Standing and Governmental Action
115
Section 1
Personal Standing Element
115
a.
Standing only to assert one's own Fourth Amendment rights
115
b.
"People" entitled to assert Fourth Amendment claims
118
Section 2
Governmental Action Element
119
a.
Search or seizure must be conducted by an agent of the government: private searches and seizures excluded
119
b.
Governmental agent may be criminal or civil official
121
ch. 9
Search or Seizure Element: Seizures of Persons, Houses, Papers or Effects
123
Section 1
Overview of Search or Seizure Element
123
Section 2
Seizure of the Person
124
a.
Physical seizure
124
b.
Submission-to-authority seizure: contrast with "mere contact"
125
c.
Temporary detention vs. arrest
130
Section 3
Seizure of House, Papers or Effects: Interference with Possessory Interests Test
130
ch. 10
Search or Seizure Element: Searches of Persons, Houses, Papers or Effects
133
Section 1
Introduction
133
Section 2
General Test: Governmental Invasion of One's Reasonable Expectation of Privacy & Trespass Addendum
134
Section 3
First Component of a Katz Fourth Amendment "Search": Complaining Party Must Have a Reasonable Expectation of Privacy as to Protected Interests
140
a.
Reasonable expectation of privacy as to one's "person"
141
(1).
Significance of determination as to whether the search of a person has occurred
141
(2).
Nature of the search of a person: examples
143
b.
Reasonable expectation of privacy as to one's "house": complaining party's substantial connection thereto
145
(1).
Residential premises: curtilage vs. "open fields"
146
(2).
Business or commercial premises
152
(3).
Other private premises
155
c.
Reasonable expectation of privacy as to one's "papers or effects": complaining party's substantial connection thereto
155
(1).
Personal property covered: including auto, vessel and container
155
(2).
Complaining party's substantial connection thereto
156
Section 4
Second Component of a Katz Fourth Amendment "Search": A Government Agent Must Invade the Complaining Party's Reasonable Expectation of Privacy
158
a.
Non-consensual and consensual entry onto protected premises or property
158
b.
Special governmental actions related to the home and personal property
161
c.
Searches of personal property: automobiles, mailed packages and containers
161
Section 5
Special Search or Seizure Element Problems
163
a.
"Open view" doctrine: "fly-overs" and use of sense-enhancing devices
163
b.
Wiretapping and electronic eavesdropping
165
c.
Narcotic "dog sniffs" of luggage, cars or homes
167
d.
Abandoned property: "dropsy" cases
168
Subpart B
The "Unreasonableness Requirement"
Introductory Note
169
ch. 11
General Rules and Principles of Unreasonableness
171
Section 1
Search Warrant Requirement Rule
171
Section 2
General Definition of "Unreasonableness": Balancing Test
177
Section 3
The Evidentiary Standards of Probable Cause and Reasonable Suspicion
181
Section 4
Other Important Rules and Principles
184
a.
Fruits of search cannot justify a search or seizure
184
b.
Scope of search rule
185
c.
Canon of liberal construction
186
d.
"Mere evidence" rule abolished
187
e.
Fourth Amendment protects innocent and guilty alike: freedom is indivisible
187
f.
Tension between Fourth Amendment claims and law enforcement demands: danger of law enforcement abuse
189
g.
Approach to Fourth Amendment issues influences the outcome
190
ch. 12
Seizures of Persons and Property
191
Introduction
191
Section 1
Seizure of Persons
191
a.
Two types of seizures of the person: temporary detentions and arrests
191
b.
Generally no warrant required: exception for arrest in private dwelling
195
c.
Probable cause justifies custodial arrest for any offense: no limitation for minor offenses or where arrest is unlawful under state law
196
d.
Probable cause determination: must be made by a magistrate
198
e.
Probable cause and reasonable suspicion standards: an overview
199
f.
Sources of information: private citizens, police informers and anonymous tipsters
206
g.
Arrest or temporary detention based on police "bolo" or radio bulletin
211
h.
Officer's subjective intent: pretext arrest and stated offense
212
i.
Reasonable mistake of fact or law: suspect's ultimate innocence
214
j.
The "drug courier profile"
215
k.
Temporary detention during search warrant execution
217
l.
Probable cause and reasonable suspicion applications: general factual categories
219
Dragnet or investigative arrests
219
Refusal to answer police questions
220
Unprovoked flight from the police
220
Description of perpetrator by crime victim or eye witness
221
Association with a person for whom there is probable cause to arrest
221
Prior criminal record
222
Presence in high crime area
222
Presence in public street during late and unusual hours
222
Refusal to identify oneself or produce identification papers
223
Miscellaneous
224
m.
Excessive force in effecting a lawful arrest or temporary detention
224
n.
Temporary civil or special needs detention of the person
226
Police roadblocks
227
Traffic checkpoint stops near border
229
Random stops of vessels
230
Open questions
230
Section 2
Seizure of Property: Houses, Papers and Effects
230
a.
Warrant requirement
230
b.
Exceptions to the warrant requirement for seizures of property
231
(1).
Seizure of personal or real property pending application for a search warrant
231
(2).
Temporary seizure of property pending further investigation
232
(3).
Seizure of contraband, fruits, instrumentalities and evidence of crime
233
c.
The "plain view" doctrine
234
(1).
Basic requirements
234
(2).
"Plain feel" case
235
(3).
Compare: "open view" doctrine
236
ch. 13
Searches Conducted with a Search Warrant
237
Section 1
Governed by Warrants Clause of the Fourth Amendment: Presumptively Reasonable
237
Section 2
Probable Cause Requirement
238
a.
Definition of "probable cause": totality of the circumstances approach
238
b.
Interpretation of search warrant affidavits: judicial review of magistrate's probable cause determination
239
c.
Conclusory search warrant affidavit
241
d.
False affidavit: knowingly or recklessly made
242
e.
Staleness issue
244
f.
Search of premises in which owner is not a criminal suspect: newspaper searches
245
g.
Probable cause showing: confined to evidence presented to magistrate
246
h.
Administrative search warrants
247
(1).
Municipal code housing, health or fire inspection warrant
247
(2).
OSHA employee health and safety inspection warrant
248
(3).
Fire scene inspection warrant
249
i.
Anticipatory search warrants
250
Section 3
Particularity Requirements: Place to be Searched and Things to be Seized
250
a.
Place to be searched
251
b.
Things to be seized
251
c.
Scope of the search
253
d.
Items subject to seizure
254
Section 4
Execution Requirements
254
a.
Forcible entry into a dwelling: knock and announce rule
254
b.
Detention and search of persons on premises
259
c.
Media or third party ride-along
261
Section 5
Neutral and Detached Magistrate
262
ch. 14
Warrantless Searches and Criminal Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement Rule
265
Section 1
An Overview of Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement Rule
265
Section 2
Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest
268
a.
The wingspan rule
268
b.
Rationale for exception
269
c.
Search of person: purpose of search irrelevant
270
d.
Search may precede arrest
271
e.
Release of suspect after search
271
f.
Arrest of automobile driver or passenger
272
g.
The "protective sweep" rule
273
h.
Search must be contemporaneous with the arrest
274
i.
Seizure of alleged obscene film
275
j.
"Plain view" seizure of evidence
275
Section 3
"Stop and Frisk" Search
276
a.
General rule
276
b.
Rationale for exception
279
c.
Automobile weapons search
279
Section 4
Moving Vehicle Exception: Carroll Doctrine
280
a.
General rule
280
b.
Moving vehicles covered
281
c.
Rationale for exception
282
d.
Probable cause showings
283
e.
Place for search of vehicle
284
f.
Scope of vehicle search: containers and passengers
285
g.
"Plain view" seizure of evidence
286
Section 5
Consent Search
286
a.
General rule of voluntariness
286
b.
Application of general rule
288
c.
Third-party consent
290
d.
Scope of consent search
293
e.
"Plain view" seizure of evidence
293
Section 6
Exigent Circumstances Search
294
a.
General rule
294
b.
Hot pursuit of a fleeing felon
295
c.
Life-threatening or perilous situations
296
d.
Destruction or removal of evidence
299
e.
Other searches
300
f.
"Plain view" seizure of evidence
301
ch. 15
Warrantless Searches and Civil or Special Needs Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement Rule
303
Section 1
Introduction
303
Section 2
Primary Civil or Special Needs Exceptions
307
a.
Inventory search
307
(1).
General rule: vehicles
307
(2).
Initial vehicle impoundment
307
(3).
Scope of vehicle inventory
308
(4).
Other inventory searches
308
b.
Border search
309
(1).
General rule
309
(2).
Detention of and more intensive search of traveler
310
(3).
Related detentions and searches near the border
311
c.
Administrative inspection search
311
(1).
General rule
311
(2).
Statutory inspection programs of particular businesses
312
(3).
Other related administrative inspections
312
Section 3
Secondary Civil or Special Needs Exceptions
312
a.
Probationer and parolee search
312
b.
Prison inmate or pre-trial detainee search
314
c.
Public school student search
316
(1).
General rule
316
(2).
Open questions
318
d.
Public employee search
318
e.
Drug testing search
320
(1).
General principle
320
(2).
Programs upheld
320
(3).
Programs struck down
321
f.
Airport or public building electronic search
322
g.
Search of Presidential papers and related materials
322
h.
Routine booking procedure search: DNA sample
323
Section 4
Rejected Exceptions
324
ch. 16
Special Unreasonableness Requirement Problems
327
Section 1
Searches of Homes
327
a.
Premises protected: person's connection thereto
327
b.
Nature of search
328
c.
Search warrant requirement
329
d.
Applicable exceptions to search warrant requirement rule
330
(1).
Exigent circumstances
330
(2).
Consent search
331
(3).
Search incident to a lawful arrest: the "protective sweep" rule
332
e.
Inapplicable exceptions to search warrant requirement rule
333
(1).
Probable cause
333
(2).
Administrative inspection
333
f.
Scope of search
333
g.
Seizure of evidence within the dwelling house
334
Section 2
Automobile Searches
335
a.
Stop of the automobile
335
b.
Search of the automobile
336
(1).
Important caveats
336
(2).
Applicable exceptions to search warrant requirement rule
337
Search incident to a lawful arrest
337
"Stop and frisk" search
338
Carroll "moving vehicle" search
338
Consent search
339
Inventory search
339
Exigent circumstances search
340
c.
Seizure of evidence in the automobile
340
Section 3
Container Searches and Seizures
340
a.
Searches
341
(1).
Nature of containers protected
341
(2).
Search warrant requirement rule
342
(3).
Applicable exceptions to the search warrant requirement rule
342
Search incident to a lawful arrest: container in automobile or on person
343
Moving vehicle exception: Carroll doctrine
344
Exigent circumstances
344
Consent search
345
Border search
345
Inventory search
346
b.
Seizures
346
Section 4
Subpoena Duces Tecum
347
a.
Constructive search and seizure
347
b.
General reasonableness standards
348
Section 5
Surgical Intrusions into the Body
350
a.
Fourth Amendment search: antecedent seizure of person
350
b.
Warrant requirement and standards of reasonableness
351
c.
Application of Fourth Amendment standards
352
Section 6
Search and Seizure of Materials Presumptively Protected by the First Amendment
353
a.
Warrant requirement
353
b.
Probable cause showing for warrant
354
c.
Adversary hearing vs. ex parte hearing
355
d.
Search warrant particularity: books and films to be seized
356
e.
Neutral and detached magistrate
357
f.
Undercover officer activities in adult book store
357
Section 7
Searches Based on Drug-Sniffing Dog Alert
357
Section 8
Cell Phone Searches
359
Subpart C
Enforcement of the Fourth Amendment
Introductory Note
363
ch. 17
Historical Development, Nature and Purpose, and Substantive Law of the Exclusionary Rule
365
Section 1
Historical Development
365
a.
Weeks v. United States
366
b.
Wolf v. Colorado
367
c.
Elkins v. United States
367
d.
Mapp v. Ohio
367
Section 2
The Nature and Purpose of the Exclusionary Rule
368
Section 3
Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine
374
a.
General rule
374
b.
Examples of derivative fruits of an unreasonable search or seizure
375
(1).
Generally
375
(2).
Electronically intercepted statements, fingerprints, dog-sniff alert
375
(3).
Lineup and in-court identification; discovery of witness
376
(4).
Statements made to the police
376
(5).
Contrary examples
377
c.
Refinements: independent source doctrine and inevitable discovery rule
378
Section 4
Applicability of Exclusionary Rule to Given Proceedings
382
a.
General rule: criminal trials and forfeiture proceedings
382
b.
Proceedings other than criminal trials: exclusionary rule rejected
382
(1).
Grand jury proceedings
382
(2).
Civil proceedings
382
(3).
Deportation proceedings
383
(4).
Parole revocation proceedings
383
(5).
Federal habeas corpus proceedings
383
(6).
Miscellaneous criminal and related proceedings
383
c.
New proceedings and exceptions
384
Section 5
Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule at Criminal Trials
384
a.
Impeachment of defendant's trial testimony
384
b.
Defendant's body or identity
384
c.
The "good faith" exception
385
(1).
Balancing test
385
(2).
The Leon search warrant rule
386
(3).
Arrest or search based on a legislative enactment later declared unconstitutional
389
(4).
Arrest based on court-generated computer error
389
(5).
Arrest based on a negligent police computer error
389
(6).
Search based on binding appellate precedent later overruled
390
d.
Knock and announce violation
392
Section 6
Miscellaneous Procedural and Appellate Considerations: Alternative Civil Remedy
392
a.
Motion to suppress: evidentiary hearing and burden of proof
392
b.
Preservation of error doctrine
395
c.
Standard of appellate review
397
d.
Harmless error doctrine
397
e.
Adequate-and-independent state ground doctrine
398
f.
Retroactive application of Fourth Amendment appellate decisions
399
g.
Alternative civil remedy: Bivens suit and [§] 1983 suit
400
Appendix
407
Bibliographical Note on Fourth Amendment Historical Sources
413
Table of Cases
415
Index
429