ALWD guide to legal citation / Association of Legal Writing Directors and Coleen M. Barger, professor of law, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, William H. Bowen School of Law.
2014
KF245 .A45 2014 (Map It)
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Details
Title
ALWD guide to legal citation / Association of Legal Writing Directors and Coleen M. Barger, professor of law, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, William H. Bowen School of Law.
Uniform Title
ALWD citation manual.
Published
New York : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, [2014]
Call Number
KF245 .A45 2014
Edition
Fifth edition.
ISBN
9781454828754 (alk. paper)
1454828757 (alk. paper)
1454828757 (alk. paper)
Description
xxxii, 608 pages ; 23 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)865543979
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Portion of Title
Guide to legal citation
Added Author
Added Corporate Author
Table of Contents
About the Authors
xxi
Preface
xxiii
Acknowledgments to the First Edition
xxv
Acknowledgments to the Second Edition
xxvii
Acknowledgments to the Third Edition
xxix
Acknowledgments to the Fourth Edition
xxxi
Acknowledgments to the Fifth Edition
xxxiii
pt. 1
Introductory Material
A.
Purposes and Uses of Citations
2
B.
How to Use the ALWD Guide
4
1.
Overall Organization
4
2.
Organization Within Each Part of the ALWD Guide
5
3.
Citations in Text or in Footnotes
6
4.
Automatic Formatting in Your Word-Processing Software
7
5.
Finding Tools
7
6.
Citing Sources Not Covered in the ALWD Guide
7
7.
Caveats
7
8.
Sources for Additional Guidance
8
9.
Online ALWD Companion
8
10.
Citing the ALWD Guide
8
pt. 2
Citation Basics
1.
Typeface for Citations
10
1.1.
Typeface Choices
10
1.2.
When to Use Ordinary Type
10
1.3.
When to Use Italics (or Underlining)
10
Chart 1.1
Citation Components to Italicize
11
Chart 1.2
Words and Abbreviations Ordinarily Not Italicized in Legal Writing Text
12
1.4(FN).
Using Large and Small Capital Letters
13
Chart 1.3
Components Using Large and Small Capital Letters in Academic Footnotes
13
2.
Abbreviations
15
2.1.
Using Abbreviations
15
2.2.
Spacing for Abbreviations
15
2.3.
Referring to Cases in Textual Sentences
16
Chart 2.1
Words to Abbreviate in Textual Sentences and Embedded Citations
17
3.
Spelling and Capitalization
19
3.1.
Spelling in Source Titles and Text
19
3.2.
Capitalization in Source Titles and Subtitles
19
Sidebar 3.1
Common Prepositions
20
3.3.
Capitalization in Text
21
3.4.
Capitalizing Specific Words
22
Chart 3.1
Capitalization of Specific Words
22
4.
Numbers
25
4.1.
Numbers in Citations
25
4.2.
Numbers in Text
25
4.3.
Ordinal Numbers
26
5.
Page Numbers
28
5.1.
Initial Pages
28
5.2.
Pinpoint Pages
28
5.3.
Consecutive Pages
29
Sidebar 5.1
Importance of Using Pinpoint References
29
5.4.
Scattered Pages
30
Sidebar 5.2
Using Hyphens, En Dashes, and To3r; for Spans
30
5.5.
Star Pagination
31
5.6.
Passim
34
6.
Sections and Paragraphs
35
6.1.
General Rules for Citing Sections and Paragraphs
35
6.2.
Spacing with Section and Paragraph Symbols
36
6.3.
Consecutive Sections or Paragraphs
36
6.4.
Scattered Sections or Paragraphs
37
6.5.
Unnumbered Paragraphs
38
6.6.
Referring to Sections and Paragraphs in Text
38
7.
Footnotes and Endnotes
39
7.1.
General Rules for Citing Footnotes and Endnotes Within a Source
39
7.2.
Preventing Confusion in a Single Citation's References to Notes and Pages
40
7.3.
Citing Footnotes and Endnotes in Short Citations
40
8.
Supplements
42
8.1.
Sources Found Only in Supplements
42
8.2.
Sources Found Only in Main Volume of a Supplemented Work
42
8.4.
Sources Found in Both a Main Volume and a Supplement
43
8.5.
Sources Found in Multiple Supplements
43
9.
Graphical Material, Appendices, and Other I Subdivisions
44
9.1.
Graphical Material
44
9.2.
Preventing Confusion in References to Graphical Material
44
9.3.
Appendices
44
9.4.
Other Subdivisions
45
10.
Internal Cross-References
46
10.1.
Definition of Internal Cross-Reference3r;
46
10.2(FN).
Constructing an Internal Cross-Reference
46
11.
Full and Short Citation Formats
48
11.1.
Full Citation Format
48
11.2.
Short Citation Formats
48
11.3.
Id. as a Short Citation
49
11.4.
Supra in a Short Citation
52
11.5.
Designating a Shortened Reference with Hereinafter3r;
54
pt. 3
Citing Specific Sources
57
12.
Cases
58
Fast Formats: Cases
58
Snapshot: Case
59
12.1.
Full Citation Format for Cases
61
12.2.
Case Name
61
Sidebar 12.1
Distinguishing Case Names from Party Names
63
Chart 12.1
Common Business Designations
67
Sidebar 12.2
Public Official Named as Party
71
12.3.
Reporter Volume
75
12.4.
Reporter Name
75
Chart 12.2
Reporter Name Abbreviations
76
Sidebar 12.3
Names and Dates of Early United States Supreme Court Nominative Reporters
78
Sidebar 12.4
Locating Parallel Citations and Determining Pagination
79
12.5.
Page Numbers
80
12.6.
Court Abbreviation
81
12.7.
Date of Decision
84
12.8.
Subsequent History
84
Chart 12.3
Subsequent History Designations
85
Sidebar 12.5
Information About Denials of Certiorari
86
12.9.
Prior History
89
Chart 12.4
Prior History Designations
90
12.10.
Parenthetical Information
90
Chart 12.5
Abbreviations for Titles of Judges and Other Judicial Officials
91
12.11.
Table Cases
92
12.12.
Cases Not Yet Available in Print Reporter
92
12.13.
Non-Precedential or Unpublished3r; Cases
93
Sidebar 12.6
Court Rules Prohibiting or Limiting Citation of Unreported Cases
94
12.14.
Cases Published Only in Loose leaf Services
95
12.15.
Cases Available Only in Slip Opinions
95
12.16.
Cases on the World Wide Web
96
12.17.
Neutral Citations
97
12.18.
Court Documents in a Case
97
12.19.
Short Citation Formats for Cases
98
13.
Constitutions
103
Fast Formats: Constitutions
103
13.1.
Which Source to Cite
103
13.2.
Full Citation Format for Constitutions Currently in Force
103
13.3.
Full Citation Format for Constitutions or Specific Constitutional Provisions No Longer in Force
105
13.4.
Short Citation Format for Constitutions
106
Sidebar 13.1
Referring to Constitutions in Text
106
14.
Statutory Codes and Session Laws
107
Fast Formats: Statutory Codes and Session Laws
107
Snapshot: United States Code
108
14.1.
Sources of Statutory Law
110
14.2.
Full Citation Format for Federal Statutes Currently in Force
110
Sidebar 14.1
Publication Dates of Official and Unofficial Versions of the United States Code
115
14.3.
Full Citation Format for Federal Statutes No Longer in Force
116
14.4.
Full Citation Format for State Statutes
117
14.5.
Short Citation Formats for Federal and State Statutes
118
14.6.
Full Citation Format for Federal Session Laws Currently in Force
119
14.7.
Full Citation Format for Federal Session Laws No Longer in Force
122
14.8.
Full Citation Format for State Session Laws
122
14.9.
Short Citation Formats for Federal and State Session Laws
122
15.
Other Legislative Materials
124
Fast Formats: Other Legislative Materials
124
15.1.
Full Citation Format for Federal Unenacted Measures
125
Sidebar 15.1
Forms of Legislative Measures
127
15.2.
Short Citation Formats for Federal Unenacted Measures
129
15.3.
Citation Formats for Federal Enacted Bills and Joint Resolutions
130
15.4.
Citation Formats for Federal Enacted Simple and Concurrent Resolutions
132
15.5.
Full Citation Format for Congressional Hearings
133
15.6.
Short Citation Formats for Congressional Hearings
135
15.7.
Full Citation Format for Numbered Congressional Reports and Documents
136
15.8.
Short Citation Formats for Numbered Congressional Reports and Documents
139
15.9.
Full Citation Format for Unnumbered Reports, Documents, and Committee Prints
139
15.10.
Citation Formats for Congressional Debates
140
15.11.
Citation Formats for Congressional Journals
145
15.12.
The Declaration of Independence
147
15.13.
Full Citation Format for State Unenacted Measures
147
15.14.
Short Citation Formats for State Unenacted Measures
150
15.15.
Citation Formats for State Enacted Measures and Joint Resolutions
151
15.16.
Citation Formats for State Legislative Hearings
151
15.17.
Full Citation Format for State Legislative Reports and Documents
152
15.18.
Full Citation Format for State Legislative Debates
154
15.19.
Short Citation Formats for State Legislative Debates
156
15.20.
Citation Formats for State Legislative Journals
157
16.
Court Rules, Ethics Opinions, and Jury Instructions
158
Fast Formats: Court Rules, Ethics Opinions, and Jury Instructions
158
16.1.
Court Rules
158
16.2.
Ethics Opinions
160
16.3.
Jury Instructions
161
17.
Ordinances
164
Fast Formats: Ordinances
164
17.1.
Full Citation Format for Codified Ordinances
164
17.2.
Full Citation Format for Uncodified Ordinances
166
17.3(FN).
Full Citation Format for Codified or Uncodified Ordinance in Academic Footnotes
166
17.4.
Short Citation Formats for Codified and Uncodified Ordinances
167
18.
Administrative and Executive Materials
169
Fast Formats: Administrative and Executive Materials
169
Snapshot: Code of Federal Regulations
171
18.1.
Full Citation Format for the Code of Federal Regulations
173
Sidebar 18.1
Currency of C.F.R. Volumes
175
18.2.
Short Citation Formats for the Code of Federal Regulations
175
18.3.
Full Citation Format for the Federal Register
176
18.4.
Short Citation Formats for the Federal Register
178
18.5.
Full Citation Format for Federal Agency Decisions
179
Sidebar 18.2
Citing Federal Tax Materials
181
18.6.
Short Citation Formats for Federal Agency Decisions
181
18.7.
Full Citation Format for Advisory Opinions
181
Sidebar 18.3
Purpose of Advisory Opinions
182
18.8.
Short Citation Formats for Advisory Opinions
183
18.9.
Full Citation Format for Executive Documents
183
18.10.
Short Citation Formats for Executive Documents
185
18.11.
Citation Formats for Executive Agreements
186
18.12.
Citation Formats for Patents
186
18.13.
Citation Formats for State Administrative Codes
186
18.14.
Citation Formats for State Administrative Registers
187
18.15.
Citation Formats for State Agency Decisions
187
18.16.
Citation Formats for State Advisory Opinions
188
18.17.
Citation Formats for State Executive Materials
188
18.18.
Other Administrative and Executive Materials
188
19.
Treaties, Conventions, and Agreements; International and Foreign Law Sources
189
Fast Formats: Treaties, Conventions, and Agreements
189
19.1.
Full Citation Format for Treaties, Conventions, and Agreements Currently in Force
189
19.2.
Full Citation Format for Treaties, Conventions, and Agreements No Longer in Force
192
Chart 19.1
Document Sources for Treaties, Conventions, and Agreements
193
19.3.
Short Citation Formats for Treaties, Conventions, and Agreements
194
19.4.
International and Foreign Law Sources
194
20.
Books, Treatises, and Other Nonperiodic Materials
195
Fast Formats: Books, Treatises, and Other Nonperiodic Materials
195
20.1.
Full Citation Format for Books, Treatises, and Other Nonperiodic Materials
196
20.2.
Star Editions
202
20.3.
Collected Works
202
20.4.
Books, Treatises, and Other Nonperiodic Materials in Electronic Media
205
20.5.
Full Citation Formats for Religious Works: The Bible, the Koran, and the Talmud
205
20.6.
Short Citation Formats for Books, Treatises, and Other Nonperiodic Materials
206
21.
Legal and Other Periodicals
210
Fast Formats: Legal and Other Periodicals
210
Snapshot: Student-Authored Law Review Article
211
21.1.
Consecutive and Nonconsecutive Pagination
213
21.2.
Full Citation Format for Consecutively Paginated Periodicals
213
Sidebar 21.1
Identifying Student Authors
214
21.3.
Full Citation Format for Nonconsecutively Paginated Periodicals
217
21.4.
Full Citation Format for Cartoons or Comic Strips
220
21.5.
Full Citation Format for Electronic Periodicals
220
21.6(FN).
Full Citation Formats for Legal and Other Periodicals in Academic Footnotes
221
21.7.
Short Citation Formats for Legal and Other Periodicals
222
22.
Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and A.L.R. Annotations
224
Fast Formats: Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and A.L.R. Annotations
224
22.1.
Full Citation Format for Dictionaries
225
22.2.
Short Citation Formats for Dictionaries
226
22.3.
Full Citation Format for Multi-Volume Encyclopedias
226
Chart 22.1
Representative Encyclopedia Abbreviations
228
22.4.
Full Citation Format for Encyclopedias with Named Authors or Editors
229
22.5.
Short Citation Formats for Encyclopedias
230
22.6.
Full Citation Format for A.L.R. Annotations
232
Chart 22.2
Abbreviations for A.L.R. Series
233
22.7.
Short Citation Formats for A.L.R. Annotations
235
23.
Restatements, Model Codes, Uniform Laws, and Sentencing Guidelines
236
Fast Formats: Restatements, Model Codes, Uniform Laws, and Sentencing Guidelines
236
Snapshot: Restatement of the Law
237
23.1.
Full Citation Format for Restatements
239
Sidebar 23.1
Subject Matters of Restatements
240
23.2.
Short Citation Formats for Restatements
241
23.3.
Full Citation Format for Model Codes and Acts
242
23.4.
Short Citation Formats for Model Codes and Acts
242
23.5.
Full Citation Format for Uniform Laws
243
23.6.
Short Citation Formats for Uniform Laws
244
23.7.
Full Citation Format for Sentencing Guidelines
244
23.8.
Short Citation Formats for Sentencing Guidelines
245
24.
Looseleaf Services and Reporters
246
Fast Formats: Looseleaf Services and Reporters
246
24.1.
Full Citation Format for Case Materials in Looseleaf Services
246
Chart 24.1
Abbreviations for Names of Looseleaf Publishers
249
24.2.
Short Citation Formats for Case Materials in Looseleaf Services
250
24.3.
Full Citation Format for Non-Case Materials in Looseleaf Services
250
Sidebar 24.1
Understanding Paragraphs in Looseleaf Services
250
24.4.
Short Citation Formats for Non-Case Materials in Looseleaf Services
251
25.
Practitioner and Court Documents, Transcripts, and Appellate Records
252
Fast Formats: Practitioner and Court Documents, Transcripts, and Appellate Records
252
25.1.
Scope of Rule
252
25.2.
Full Citation Format for Practitioner and Court Documents
252
25.3.
Full Citation Format for Transcripts
254
25.4.
Short Citation Formats for Practitioner and Court Documents and Transcripts
256
25.5.
Full Citation Format for Appellate Records
256
25.6.
Short Citation Formats for Appellate Records
256
26.
Speeches, Addresses, and Oral Presentations
257
Fast Formats: Speeches, Addresses, and Oral Presentations
257
26.1.
Full Citation Format for Unpublished Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations
257
26.2.
Published Presentations
259
26.3.
Short Citation Formats for Speeches, Addresses, and Oral Presentations
260
27.
Interviews, Letters, and Memoranda
261
Fast Formats: Interviews, Letters, and Memoranda
261
27.1.
Full Citation Format for Interviews Conducted by the Author
262
27.2.
Full Citation Format for Interviews Conducted by Another
263
27.3.
Full Citation Format for Unpublished Letters and Memoranda
264
27.4.
Citation Format for Published Letters and Memoranda
266
27.5.
Short Citation Formats for Interviews, Letters, and Memoranda
266
28.
Video and Visual Programs; Radio; Audio Recordings; Microformed Sources
268
Fast Formats: Video and Visual Programs; Radio; Audio Recordings; Microformed Sources
268
28.1.
Full Citation Format for Video and Visual Programs
269
28.2.
Full Citation Format for Radio Broadcasts and Series
271
28.3.
Full Citation Format for Audio Recordings
271
28.4.
Full Citation Format for Single Audio Recording in a Collection
272
28.5(FN).
Full Citation Formats for Audio Recordings in Academic Footnotes
273
28.6.
Full Citation Format for Documents in Microform Collections
273
28.7.
Short Citation Formats for Video and Visual Programs, Radio, Audio Recordings, and Microformed Sources
274
29.
Forthcoming Works, Unpublished Works, and Working Papers
277
Fast Formats: Forthcoming Works, Unpublished Works, and Working Papers
277
29.1.
Full Citation Format for Forthcoming Works
278
29.2.
Full Citation Format for Unpublished Works
278
29.3.
Full Citation Format for Working Papers
280
29.4(FN).
Full Citation Formats for Forthcoming Works, Unpublished Works, and Working Papers in Academic Footnotes
281
29.5.
Short Citation Formats for Forthcoming Works, Unpublished Works, and Working Papers
281
pt. 4
Electronic Sources
283
30.
Electronic Sources in General
284
30.1.
General Information About Citations to Sources in Print and Electronic Versions
284
Sidebar 30.1
Types of Websites and Indicia of Reliability
284
30.2.
Citing Sources in Electronic Format
285
Sidebar 30.2
Choosing Which Electronic Version of a Source to Cite
285
Chart 30.1
Rules for Electronic Formats and Parallel Electronic Citations
286
31.
World Wide Web Sites
287
Fast Formats: World Wide Web Sites
287
31.1.
When to Cite a Source on the World Wide Web
287
31.2.
Full Citation Format for Sources Only Available on the World Wide Web
288
Chart 31.1
Common Domain Name Suffixes
289
31.3.
Blogs, Microblogs, and Wikis
293
31.4.
Parallel Citations to Sources on the World Wide Web
294
31.5.
Short Citation Formats for Sources on the World Wide Web
294
32.
Commercial Databases
296
32.1.
When to Cite Commercial Databases
296
32.2.
Full Citation Format When a Unique Identifier Is Available
297
32.3.
Full Citation Format When a Unique Identifier Is Not Available
298
32.4.
Short Citation Formats for Commercial Databases
298
33.
Electronic Mail and Postings; New Media Sources; E-Readers; and CD-ROMs
299
Fast Formats: Electronic Mail and Postings; New Media Sources; E-Readers; and CD-ROMs
299
33.1.
Full Citation Format for Electronic Mail
299
33.2.
Full Citation Format for Listserv Postings
300
33.3.
Postings to Discussion Groups and Forums
300
33.4.
Full Citation Format for New Media Sources
300
33.5.
Citation Formats for E-Readers and E-Books
302
33.6.
Full Citation Format for Material on CD-ROM
303
33.7.
Short Citation Formats for Email and Other Electronic Media
304
pt. 5
Incorporating Citations into Documents
305
34.
Citation Placement and Use
306
34.1.
Placement Options
306
Sidebar 34.1(FN)
Using Your Word Processor to Format Footnotes
309
34.2.
Frequency of Citation
310
34.3.
Number of Sources to Cite
310
34.4.
Guidelines for Determining Which Authorities to Cite
311
35.
Signals
312
35.1.
Function of Signals
312
35.2.
Significance of No Signal
312
35.3.
Categories of Signals
312
Chart 35.1
Categories of Signals Types and Degrees of Support
313
35.4.
Formatting Signals
315
35.5.
Signals for Multiple Authorities; Changing Signals
315
36.
Order of Cited Authorities
320
36.1.
Ordering Multiple Authorities
320
36.2.
General Guidelines for Ordering Authorities
320
36.3.
Order of Specific Sources
322
37.
Explanatory Parentheticals, Commentary, and Treatment
328
37.1.
Using Explanatory Parentheticals
328
37.2.
Placement of Explanatory Parentheticals
328
Sidebar 37.1
Order of Parentheticals
329
37.3.
Constructing Explanatory Parentheticals
330
37.4.
Commentary About Source or Treatment of Source
331
pt. 6
Quotations
333
38.
Quotations
334
38.1.
When to Quote
334
38.2.
Quoting Accurately
334
38.3.
Quotation Formats
334
38.4.
Short Quotations
334
38.5.
Long Quotations
339
38.6.
Epigraphs
343
39.
Altering Quotations
345
39.1.
Altering the Case of a Single Letter in a Word
345
39.2.
Adding, Changing, or Omitting One or More Letters in a Word
345
39.3.
Substituting or Adding Words to a Quotation
345
39.4.
Altering Typeface in a Quotation
346
39.5(FN).
Adding a Footnote Within a Block Quotation
347
39.6.
Indicating Mistakes Within Original Source
347
40.
Indicating Omissions in Quotations
349
40.1.
Indicating Omissions with an Ellipsis
349
40.2.
When to Use an Ellipsis
349
40.3.
When Not to Use an Ellipsis
351
pt. 7
Appendices
355
Appendix 1
Primary Sources by Jurisdiction
357
A.
Federal Primary Sources
358
B.
States' and District of Columbia's Primary Sources
362
C.
Territories' and Tribal Courts' Primary Sources
436
Appendix 2
Local Court Citation Rules
443
A.
Federal Courts
443
B.
State Courts
466
Appendix 3
General Abbreviations
487
A.
Calendar Divisions
487
B.
United States and World Geography
488
C.
Subdivisions
491
D.
Publishing Terms
493
E.
Case Names and Statutes
493
F.
Legislative Terms
496
G.
Court Documents
497
Appendix 4
Court Abbreviations
499
A.
Federal Court Abbreviations
499
B.
State Court Abbreviations
502
Appendix 5
Periodical Abbreviations
507
Appendix 6
Federal Taxation Materials
559
A.
Statutory Compilations
559
Sidebar A6.1
Versions of the Internal Revenue Code
559
B.
Tax Courts and Reporters
560
Sidebar A6.2
Case Names in Older Tax Authorities
562
C.
Administrative Materials
563
Sidebar A6.3
Document Numbers Before and After 2000
565
Appendix 7
Federal Agencies
569
A.
Selected Official Federal Administrative Reporters and Publications
569
B.
Selected Federal Agency Abbreviations
570
Index
571