Liberalizing international trade after Doha : multilateral, plurilateral, regional, and unilateral initiatives / David A. Gantz, University of Arizona, James E. Rogers College of Law.
2013
K4600 .G36 2013 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Liberalizing international trade after Doha : multilateral, plurilateral, regional, and unilateral initiatives / David A. Gantz, University of Arizona, James E. Rogers College of Law.
Published
New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Call Number
K4600 .G36 2013
ISBN
9781107034204 (hardback : alk. paper)
1107034205 (hardback : alk. paper)
1107034205 (hardback : alk. paper)
Description
xxi, 376 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)830668724
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 351-363) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments
xiii
List of Abbreviations
xvii
1.
Introduction: Pursuing Trade Liberalization in a Post-Doha World
1
2.
The World Trading System under GATT and the WTO, 1947-2012
11
I.
The Creation of the GATT
11
II.
The Evolution and Implementation Processes
13
III.
The Uruguay Round Negotiations
16
IV.
Debacle in Seattle and the Rise of the BRICs and Other MICs
26
3.
The Doha Round Failure and the Likely Demise of the "Single Undertaking"
30
I.
Events Leading to the Doha Round Failure
31
II.
Exploring the Reasons for the Failure
36
A.
Rise in MIC Economic Power
37
B.
Divergence in Developing Member Objectives and Concerns
38
C.
Fear of Increased Chinese Source Imports
39
D.
Lack of Political Will
41
E.
Lack of Strong Support from Business Stakeholders
41
F.
Expansion of Government Industrial Policies
43
G.
Increased Use of Non-Tariff Barriers
44
H.
The WTO's Consensus Requirement
45
III.
Reduced Prospects for Future Single-Undertaking Rounds
46
4.
Assisting Developing Nations with Duty-Free, Quota-Free Market Access, Trade Facilitation, and Related Initiatives
50
I.
Tariff and Quota Barriers for LDCs
51
II.
Developing Nations and Rules of Origin
54
III.
Trade Facilitation
57
IV.
Reducing or Eliminating Cotton Subsidies
61
V.
Expanding and Improving GSP and Similar Programs
64
VI.
Tariff Rate Quotas, Food Security, and Related Aspects of Agricultural Trade
69
5.
Preserving the Environment: Fisheries Subsidies and Trade in Environmental Goods
72
I.
Fishing Subsidies and Related Measures
74
A.
Importance of Fisheries
74
B.
Status of the Negotiations in Geneva
75
C.
Alternative Approaches
76
II.
Encouraging Freer Trade in "Green" Technology Goods and Services: A Sustainable Energy Trade Agreement?
78
A.
General Considerations
78
B.
Addressing Subsidies and Unfair Trade Actions
81
C.
A Plurilateral Initiative at APEC
84
6.
New and Expanded Plurilateral Agreements (Part I)
87
I.
Expanding the Government Procurement Agreement
89
A.
History and Significance
89
B.
Updating the GPA --- 2011
91
C.
Further Expansion of the GPA
93
II.
Revision and Expansion of the Information Technology Agreement
96
A.
History and Significance
96
B.
Conclusion of a Revised ITA and Expanded Country Participation
97
III.
Other Possible Plurilateral Agreements Affecting Trade in Goods
104
A.
Health Care Products and Services
104
B.
Electronic Commerce
104
C.
Investment Protection Agreements
105
D.
Competition Law
111
E.
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
114
7.
New and Expanded Plurilateral Agreements (Part II): An International Services Agreement
120
I.
Introduction and Background
121
II.
Reasons for Pursuing Additional Services Market Access
124
III.
Creation of the GATS
128
IV.
Alternative Routes to an International Services Agreement
132
A.
Continued Negotiations under Doha
133
B.
Plurilateral Agreement with WTO Waiver
134
C.
Economic Integration Agreement under GATS, Article V
135
V.
Shaping the ISA
140
A.
General Approach
140
B.
Expansion of Sector Coverage
145
C.
Foreign Direct Investment, Government Procurement, and Competition
147
D.
SOE and Other Desirable Provisions
149
E.
Dispute Settlement
152
F.
Institutions
155
VI.
Conclusions
156
8.
Continued Proliferation of Regional Trade Agreements
158
I.
Historical Background
159
II.
GATT/WTO Legal Structure
184
III.
Exploring the Pros and Cons
190
A.
Traditional Considerations
190
B.
Dealing with Twenty-First-Century Issues
192
C.
Seeing RTAs as the Preferred Approach
196
9.
Widening and Deepening (or Disregarding) Existing RTAs
201
I.
European Union
202
A.
Overview of the EU and Eurozone
202
B.
The Eurozone Crisis
204
C.
Further EU Expansion
209
D.
British Euroskepticism
210
II.
Mercosur
212
A.
Overview
212
B.
Mercosur's Implementation Challenges
214
C.
Admission of Venezuela and Bolivia
216
III.
ASEAN FTA
218
A.
Overview
218
B.
ASEAN's Implementation and Fragmentation Challenges
220
IV.
North American Free Trade Agreement
223
A.
Overview
223
B.
Implementation without Amendment
225
V.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum
229
A.
Standstill, Environmental Goods, and Trade Facilitation
231
B.
Supply Chain Support
232
C.
Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific?
233
10.
Concluding New and Pending RTAs (Part I)
235
I.
European Union Initiatives
235
A.
Free Trade Agreements
236
B.
Economic Partnership Agreements
240
II.
A Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership?
247
A.
The Pros and Cons
247
B.
Will They or Won't They?
250
III.
Pacific Alliance
255
IV.
All-Asian FTA Initiatives
258
A.
China---Japan---South Korea FTA
258
B.
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
261
V.
All African Regional Initiatives
263
VI.
Prospects for Chinese Trade Arrangements with Africa
266
11.
Concluding New and Pending RTAs (Part II): The Trans-Pacific Partnership
269
I.
Introduction
269
II.
The General Approach
272
III.
Potential Expansion of Membership
272
A.
Canada and Mexico
274
B.
Japan
275
C.
Other Possible TPP Members
278
IV.
Progress and Challenges
279
A.
Investment
281
B.
State-Owned Enterprises
283
C.
Tobacco Products
285
D.
Intellectual Property
286
E.
Labor and Environment
288
F.
Market Access
289
G.
Regulatory Coherence and Supply Chain Support
295
V.
Domestic Political Factors in the United States
297
A.
Political Support and Opposition
297
B.
The Obama Administration's Catch-22
299
VI.
Other Legal and Economic Challenges
301
A.
The "Spaghetti Bowl"
301
B.
Addressing Variations in Level of Economic Development
303
C.
Putting the TPP into Force
304
VII.
"Backdoor" Modification of NAFTA?
306
VIII.
The Prognosis
308
12.
Unilateral Approaches to Trade and Market Liberalization
312
I.
Individual Developing Nation Market and Trade Liberalization
314
A.
The "Four Tigers"
314
B.
The Latin American "Jaguars": Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru
324
C.
Concluding Observations on Unilateralism
334
II.
The "Washington Consensus" as an Incentive to Unilateral Actions
335
III.
Model Corporate and Commercial Laws
338
A.
Secured Transactions
338
B.
Simplified Stock Corporation
341
IV.
Reduction of Agricultural Subsidies in the EU and United States?
343
13.
Conclusions and the Crystal Ball
347
Selected Bibliography
351
Table of Cases
365
Index
367