Basic contract law / by Lon L. Fuller, Late Carter Professor of General Jurisprudence, Harvard University; Melvin Aron Eisenberg, Koret Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley; Mark P. Gergen, Robert and Joann Burch, D.P., Professor of Tax Law and Policy, University of California at Berkeley.
2013
KF801.A7 F824 2013 (Map It)
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Title
Basic contract law / by Lon L. Fuller, Late Carter Professor of General Jurisprudence, Harvard University; Melvin Aron Eisenberg, Koret Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley; Mark P. Gergen, Robert and Joann Burch, D.P., Professor of Tax Law and Policy, University of California at Berkeley.
Published
St. Paul, MN : West, [2013]
Call Number
KF801.A7 F824 2013
Edition
Ninth edition.
ISBN
9780314200358 (hbk.)
0314200355 (hbk.)
0314200355 (hbk.)
Description
lix, 1,215 pages ; 26 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)842883949
Note
Includes index.
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
iii
Table of Cases
xxiii
Table of uniform commercial code citations
xlix
Table of Citations to the Restatement of Contracts
li
Table of Citations to the Restatements of Restitution
lvii
Table of Uniform Consumer Credit Code Citations
lix
Introduction
1
A Theory of Justice / J. Rawls
1
Promises and Practices / Thomas M. Scanlon
2
Gardner, Observations on the Course in Contracts
5
pt. 1
WHAT PROMISES SHOULD THE LAW ENFORCE?---THE DOCTRINE OF CONSIDERATION
ch. 1
Simple Donative Promises, Form, Reliance, and Past Benefit Conferred
9
Section 1
Simple Donative Promises / Dougherty V. Salt
9
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 1, 17, 71, 79
11
Note on the Restatement of Contracts
11
Note on the Concept of Consideration
12
Note on Gifts
13
Note on Donative Promises
14
Note on Conditional Donative Promises
16
Section 2
The Element of Form
17
Von Mehren, Civil-Law Analogues to Consideration: An Exercise in Comparative Analysis
17
Note on the Channeling Function of Contract-Law Rules
18
Schnell v. Nell
18
Note on Statutes Applicable in Schnell v. Nell
21
Note on Nominal Consideration
21
Note on Consideration and the Seal
23
Note on Form
25
Section 3
The Element of Reliance
28
Kirksey v. Kirksey
28
Commonwealth v. Scituate Savings Bank
29
Note on Equitable Estoppel and Promissory Estoppel
30
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 90
34
Feinberg v. Pfeiffer Co.
34
Hayes v. Plantations Steel Co.
40
Note on Contract Remedies and Consideration
42
Goldstick v. ICM Realty
46
D & G Stout, Inc. v. Bacardi Imports, Inc.
47
Note on the Bacardi Case
52
Walters v. Marathon Oil Co.
52
Note on Reliance in Commercial Contexts
53
Section 4
Promises Based on a Past Benefit Conferred ("Past Consideration")
54
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 82, 83
54
Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. [§] 524
54
Mills v. Wyman
55
Background Note on Mills v. Wyman
59
Webb v. McGowin
59
Webb v. McGowin
63
Note on the Law of Unjust Enrichment
63
Harrington v. Taylor
65
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 86
66
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 86, Illustrations 1, 2, 6, 10, 12, 13
66
American Law Institute, 42d Annual Proceedings
67
Note on Past Consideration
68
ch. 2
The Bargain Principle and Its Limits
71
Section 1
The Bargain Principle
71
Westlake v. Adams, C.P.
71
Hamer v. Sidway
71
Note on the Statute of Frauds
74
Davies v. Martel Laboratory Services, Inc.
74
Hancock Bank & Trust Co. v. Shell Oil Co.
75
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 71, 72, 79
76
Batsakis v. Demotsis
76
B.
Sweet-Escott, Greece---A Political and Economic Survey 1939-1953
79
Further Note on Consideration and Remedies
80
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 175, 176
80
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 176, Illustration 16
80
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 3.9
81
Note on Unidroit
81
Principles of European Contract Law [§] 4.108
81
Note on the Principles of European Contract Law
81
Chouinard v. Chouinard
82
Section 2
Unconscionability
83
Post v. Jones
83
Eisenberg, The Bargain Principle and its Limits
84
Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.
87
Note on Williams v. Walker-Thomas
91
Skilton & Helstad, Protection of the Installment Buyer of Goods Under the Uniform Commercial Code
92
Joseph B. Cahill, Here's the Pitch: How Kirby Persuades Uncertain Consumers to Buy $1,500 Vacuum
93
Restatement Contracts, Second [§] 208
95
UCC [§] 2-302
95
Uniform Consumer Credit Code [§][§] 1.301, 5.108
95
Federal Trade Commission Regulations---Door-To-Door Sales
95
Note on the Uniform Commercial Code
95
Pittsley v. Houser
97
Note on the Comments to the UCC
98
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 3.10
98
Principles of European Contract Law [§][§] 4.109, 4.110
98
Commission of the European Communities, Council Directive 93/13/EEC
99
New York Gen. Bus. Law [§] 396-r
99
Note on People v. Two Wheel Corp.
100
Maxwell v. Fidelity Financial Services, Inc.
102
Note on Classical and Modern Contract Law
109
Section 3
The Problem of Mutuality
112
Introductory Note
112
Scott v. Moragues Lumber Co.
114
Note on Scott v. Moragues
116
Miami Coca-Cola Bottling Co. v. Orange Crush Co.
118
Corbin, The Effect of Options on Consideration
118
Williston on Contracts [§] 103b
119
Office Pavilion S. Florida, Inc. v. Asal Prods., Inc.
119
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 77
124
Note on Illusory Promises
124
Lindner v. Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp.
127
Gurfein v. Werbelovsky
128
Mattei v. Hopper
128
Helle v. Landmark, Inc.
129
Harris v. Time, Inc.
130
Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon
131
UCC [§] 2-306
132
Note on Requirements and Output Contracts
132
Grouse v. Group Health Plan, Inc.
134
Note on Grouse
136
White v. Roche Biomedical Laboratories, Inc.
136
Section 4
Performance of a Legal Duty; Modifications
137
Pollock, Principles of Contract
138
Shadwell v. Shadwell
138
Gray v. Martino
138
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 73
139
N.Y. Penal Law [§][§] 200.30, 200.35
139
Denney v. Reppert
140
Lingenfelder v. Wainwright Brewery Co.
141
Foakes v. Beer
145
Note on the Legal-Duty Rule
148
Badgett v. Sec. State Bank
149
Austin Instrument, Inc. v. Loral Corp.
149
Austin Instrument, Inc. v. Loral Corp.
153
Further Note on the Legal-Duty Rule
157
Note on Contract Practice
159
Schwartzreich v. Bauman-Basch, Inc.
160
Restatement, First, Contracts [§] 406, Illustration 1 and Comment a
160
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 73
160
McMahon Food Corp. v. Burger Dairy Co.
161
UCC [§][§] 3-103(a)(4), 3-104, 3-311
170
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 279, 281
170
Note on the Legal Effect of an Executory Accord
170
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 89
173
Angel v. Murray
173
Watkins & Son v. Carrig
178
Sugarhouse Finance Co. v. Anderson
178
UCC [§]2-209
179
CISG Art. 29
179
Note on the CISG
180
Section 5
Waiver of a Contractual Duty
180
Clark v. West
180
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 84
186
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 84, Illustrations 3, 4, 6
186
Nassau Trust Co. v. Montrose Concrete Products Corp.
186
UCC [§][§] 1-306, 2-209
187
ch. 3
The Limits of Contract
189
Balfour v. Balfour
189
Perry v. Atkinson
190
In re the Marriage of Witten
193
Note on Surrogate-Parenting Legislation
203
42 U.S. Code [§] 274. Prohibition of Organ Purchases
204
Radin, Market-Inalienability
204
pt. 2
REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT
ch. 4
An Introduction to Contract Damages
211
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 344
211
Hawkins v. McGee
211
McGee v. United States Fidelity & Guar. Co.
215
McQuaid v. Michou
215
Background Note on Hawkins v. McGee
217
Van Zee v. Witzke
219
Sullivan v. O'Connor
220
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 7.4.2
222
Cooter & Eisenberg, Damages for Breach of Contract
223
United States Naval Institute v. Charter Communications, Inc.
227
Coppola Enterprises, Inc. v. Alfone
231
Laurin v. DeCarolis Construction Co.
233
Restatement, Third, Restitiution and Unjust Enrichment [§] 39
234
Note on the Theory of Efficient Breach
237
Greer Properties, Inc. v. LaSalle National Bank
242
Note on Punitive Damages
243
ch. 5
The Expectation Measure
245
Section 1
Damages for Breach of a Contract for Services
245
(a).
Breach by the Person Who Has Contracted to Perform Services
245
Louise Caroline Nursing Home, Inc. v. Dix Construction Co.
246
Hawkins v. McGee
248
Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal & Mining Co.
248
Note
256
Restatement, Second, of Contracts [§] 348(2)
256
Note on Possible Additional Facts in Peevyhouse
256
Restatement, Third, Restitution and Unjust Enrichment [§] 39, Illustration 5
258
Note on Oklahoma Mining Lands Reclamation Act
258
Schneberger v. Apache Corp.
259
H.P. Droher & Sons v. Toushin
261
Eastern Steamship Lines, Inc. v. United States
262
City School District of the City of Elmira v. McLane Construction Co.
263
Fox v. Webb
264
Grossman Holdings Ltd. v. Hourihan
265
Advanced, Inc. v. Wilks
266
Note on Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd. v. Forsyth
266
(b).
Breach by a Person Who Has Contracted to Have Services Performed
268
Aiello Construction, Inc. v. Nationwide Tractor Trailer Training and Placement Corp.
268
Note on Formulas for Measuring Damages for Breach by a Person Who Has Contracted to Have Services Performed
271
Restatement, Second, Contracts
272
Wired Music, Inc. v. Clark
272
Vitex Mfg. Corp. v. Caribtex Corp.
273
Section 2
Damages for Breach of a Contract for the Sale of Goods
274
(a).
Breach by the Seller
274
Note on Damages for the Seller's Breach of a Contract for the
Sale of Goods
274
UCC [§][§] 2-711(1), 2-712, 2-713, 2-714, 2-715(1), 2-723, 2-724
274
CISG Arts. 45, 49, 50, 74, 75, 76
275
Continental Sand & Gravel, Inc. v. K & K Sand & Gravel, Inc.
275
Manouchehri v. Heim
276
Egerer v. CSR West, LLC
276
Panhandle Agri-Service, Inc. v. Becker
279
J. White & R. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code
280
Delchi Carrier Spa v. Rotorex Corp.
281
H-W-H Cattle Company, Inc. v. Schroeder
287
(b).
Breach by the Buyer
291
UCC [§][§] 2-501(1), 2-703, 2-704(1), 2-706, 2-708, 2-709, 2-710, 2-723, 2-724
291
CISG Arts. 61, 62, 64, 74, 75, 76
291
Neri v. Retail Marine Corp.
291
Teradyne, Inc. v. Teledyne Industries, Inc.
296
Childres & Burgess, Seller's Remedies: The Primacy of UCC 2-708(2)
296
Lazenby Garages Ltd. v. Wright
296
Section 3
Mitigation; Contracts for Employment
297
Rockingham County v. Luten Bridge Co.
298
Madsen v. Murrey & Sons Co.
301
In re Kellett Aircraft Corp.
302
Bank One, Texas N.A. v. Taylor
303
S.J. Groves & Sons Co. v. Warner Co.
303
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 350
304
UCC [§][§] 2-704(2), 2-715(2)
304
CISG Art. 77
304
Unidroit Principles Of International Commercial Contracts Arts. 7.4.7, 7.4.8
304
Principles Of European Contract Law Arts. 9.504, 9.505
304
Shirley MacLaine Parker v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.
305
Punkar v. King Plastic Corp.
309
Mr. Eddie, Inc. v. Ginsberg
309
Southern Keswick, Inc. v. Whetherholt
309
Note on Damages for Loss of the Opportunity to Practice One's Profession
310
Section 4
Foreseeability
313
Hadley v. Baxendale
313
Background Note on Hadley v. Baxendale
317
Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd. v. Newman Indus. Ltd.
318
Koufos v. C. Czarnikow, Ltd. [The Heron II]
320
Hector Martinez and Co. v. Southern Pacific Transp. Co.
322
Note on the Scope of Hadley v. Baxendale
323
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 351
324
UCC [§][§] 2-713, 2-715(2)
325
Panhandle Agri-Service, Inc. v. Becker
325
CISG Art. 74
325
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 7.4.4
325
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 9.503
325
Note on Limitations on Contract Damages
325
Note on Causation
326
Independent Mechanical Contractors, Inc. v. Gordon T. Burke & Sons
326
S.J. Groves & Sons Co. v. Warner Co.
327
Section 5
Certainty
327
Kenford Co. v. Erie County
328
Note on Kenford
331
Ashland Management Inc. v. Janien
331
Note on the New-Business Rule
333
Rombola v. Cosindas
334
Contemporary Mission, Inc. v. Famous Music Corp.
334
UCC [§] 1-106(1)
335
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 352
335
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 7.4.3
336
Note on Uncertainty
336
Mears v. Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co.
339
Section 6
Damages For Mental Distress
339
Hawkins v. Mcgee
340
Sullivan v. O'Connor
340
Valentine v. General American Credit, Inc.
340
Lane v. Kindercare Learning Centers, Inc.
344
B&M Homes, Inc. v. Hogan
345
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 353
346
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 7.4.2
346
Jarvis v. Swan Tours, Ltd.
346
Jackson v. Horizon Holidays, Ltd.
347
Deitsch v. Music Co.
347
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 355
348
Section 7
Liquidated Damages
349
Wasserman's Inc. v. Middletown
349
Lee Oldsmobile, Inc. v. Kaiden
357
Hutchison v. Tompkins
358
UCC [§] 2-718(1)
359
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 356
359
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 7.4.13
360
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 9.509
360
Note on Liquidated Damages
360
Note on Alternative-Performance Terms
364
ch. 6
Specific Performance
367
Introductory Note
367
London Bucket Co. v. Stewart
369
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 359, 360
371
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Arts. 7.2.1, 7.2.2, 7.2.3
371
Principles of European Contract Law Arts. 9.101, 9.102, 9.103
371
Walgreen Co. v. Sara Creek Property Co.
372
Ed Bertholet & Associates, Inc. v. Stefanko
377
UCC [§][§] 2-709, 2-716
378
CISG Arts. 46, 62
378
Note on Specific Performance of Contracts for the Sale of Goods
379
Note on Specific Performance of Contracts for the Sale of Land and Employment Contracts
380
ch. 7
The Reliance and Restitution Measures
383
Section 1
Reliance Damages in a Bargain Context
383
Security Stove & Mfg. Co. v. American Rys. Express Co.
383
Anglia Television Ltd. v. Reed
387
Beefy Trail, Inc. v. Beefy King Int'l, Inc.
388
L. Albert & Son v. Armstrong Rubber Co.
389
C.C.C. Films (London) v. Impact Quadrant Films Ltd.
389
Sullivan v. O'Connor
390
D & G Stout, Inc. v. Bacardi Imports, Inc.
390
Walters v. Marathon Oil Co.
390
Westside Galvanizing Services, Inc. v. Georgia-Pacific Corp.
390
Section 2
The Restitution Measure
391
(a).
Restitutionary Damages for Breach of Contract
392
Osteen v. Johnson
392
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 344, 345, 370, 371
394
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 370, Illustrations 2, 5
395
United States v. Algernon Blair, Inc.
395
Note on Restitutionary and Reliance Damages
397
Note on Expectation as a Cap on Reliance and Restitutionary Damages
398
(b).
Restitution in Favor of a Plaintiff in Default
400
Kutzin v. Pirnie
400
Restatement, third, Restitution and Unjust Enrichment [§] 36
409
Restatement, third, Restitution and Unjust Enrichment [§] 36, Illustrations 2, 18
409
R.J. Berke & Co. v. Griffin, Inc.
410
Vines v. Orchard Hills, Inc.
410
Dandeneau v. Seymour
412
UCC [§] 2-718(2), (3)
413
pt. 3
ASSENT
ch. 8
An Introduction to Interpretation
417
Section 1
Subjective and Objective Elements in Contract Interpretation
417
Introductory Note
417
Restatement, [First] Contracts [§] 227
418
Lucy v. Zehmer
419
Keller v. Holderman
425
Raffles v. Wichelhaus
425
Simpson, Contracts for Cotton to Arrive: The Case of the Two Ships Peerless
427
Note on Mutual Misunderstanding
427
Oswald v. Allen
429
Falck v. Williams
429
Colfax Envelope Corp. v. Local No. 458-3M
430
Sprucewood Investment Corp. v. Alaska Housing Finance Corp.
430
Note on Shared Meaning
432
Embry v. Hargadine, McKittrick Dry Goods Co.
432
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 20, 201
436
CISG Art. 8
436
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Arts. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
436
Principles of European Contract Law Arts. 5.101, 5.102
436
Morales v. Sun Constructors, Inc.
436
Note on Objective and Subjective Elements in Interpretation
439
Berke Moore Co. v. Phoenix Bridge Co.
443
Note on Intention as a Test of Legal Consequences
443
Section 2
Problems of Interpreting Purposive Language
444
Williams, Language and the Law---Part IV
444
Fish, Normal Circumstances, Literal Language, Direct Speech Acts, the Ordinary, the Everyday, the Obvious, What Goes Without Saying, and Other Special Cases
445
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 204
447
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 4.8
447
Spaulding v. Morse
447
Beanstalk Group, Inc. v. AM General Corporation
449
Lawson v. Martin Timber Co.
455
Lieber, Legal and Political Hermeneutics
456
ch. 9
The Mechanics of a Bargain (I)---Offer and Revocation
457
Section 1
What Constitutes an Offer
457
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 24
457
CISG Art. 14(1)
457
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 2.1.2
458
Principles of European Contract Law [§] 2.201(1)
458
Lonergan v. Scolnick
458
Regent Lighting Corp. v. CMT Corp.
461
Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store
461
Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Russell
464
Donovan v. RRL Corp.
465
Fisher v. Bell
467
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 26
467
CISG Article 14(2)
467
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 2.201(2), (3)
467
Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act
468
Federal Trade Commission Regulations---Retail Food Store Advertising and Marketing Practices
468
UCC [§] 2-328
468
Hoffman v. Horton
468
Note on Auctions
468
Note on Offer and Acceptance
469
Section 2
Termination of the Offeree's Power of Acceptance: Lapse, Rejection, and Counter-Offer
470
Akers v. J.B. Sedberry, Inc.
470
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 38, 41
475
CISG Art. 17
475
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Arts. 2.1.5, 2.1.7
475
Principles of European Contract Law Arts. 2.203, 2.206
475
Note on the Effect of the Rejection of an Offer
475
Ardente v. Horan
476
Rhode Island Dep't of Transportation v. Providence & Worcester R.R.
480
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 39
481
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 39, Illustrations 1-3
481
Price v. Oklahoma College of Osteopathic Medicine and Surgery
482
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 59
482
CISG Art. 19
482
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 2.1.11
482
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 2.208
483
Note on the Mirror-Image Rule
483
Livingstone v. Evans
483
Culton v. Gilchrist
484
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 37
484
Note on the Effect of the Offeror's Death or Incompetence Before Acceptance
484
Section 3
Termination of the Offeree's Power of Acceptance: Revocation
486
Dickinson v. Dodds
486
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 42, 43
489
CISG Art. 16
489
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 2.1.4
489
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 2.202
489
Note on Contract Practice
489
Note on What Constitutes Receipt of a Written Acceptance
490
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 45
490
Ragosta v. Wilder
490
Note on Offers for Unilateral Contracts
495
Drennan v. Star Paving Co.
497
Pavel Enterprises, Inc. v. A.S. Johnson Co.
502
UCC [§] 2-205
503
Dodge, Teaching the CISG in Contracts
503
Preload Technology, Inc. v. A.B. & J. Construction Co., Inc.
504
Allen M. Campbell Co. v. Virginia Metal Industries, Inc.
505
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 87(2)
505
1484-Eight, Ltd. & Millis Management Corp. v. Joppich
505
Note on Restatement Second [§] 87(2)
510
ch. 10
The Mechanics of a Bargain (II)---Transacting at a Distance
513
Introductory Note
513
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 30, 49, 60, 63-68
515
UCC [§] 2-206(1)
515
CISG Arts. 15, 16, 18(2), 20, 22, 23, 24
515
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Arts. 2.1.3, 2.1.6(2), 2.1.7, 2.1.8, 2.1.10
515
Principles of European Contract Law Arts. 2.205(1), 2.206
515
Dodge, Teaching the CISG in Contracts
515
Note on Electronic Commerce
516
Note on the Concept of "Record"
517
ch. 11
The Mechanics of a Bargain (III)---Modes of Acceptance
519
Note on the Consequences of Utilizing the Wrong Mode of Acceptance
519
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 32
520
UCC[§] 2-206(1)
520
Section 1
Acceptance by Act
520
Klockner v. Green
520
De Cicco v. Schweizer
524
Simmons v. United States
524
Glover v. Jewish War Veterans of United States
525
Stephens v. Memphis
527
Bishop v. Eaton
527
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 54
530
UCC [§] 2-206(2)
530
Section 2
Subjective Acceptance
530
International Filter Co. v. Conroe Gin, Ice & Light Co.
530
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 56, Illustration 2
534
Section 3
Acceptance by Conduct
534
Polaroid Corp. v. Rollins Environmental Services (NJ), Inc.
534
Section 4
The Effect of Using a Subcontractor's Bid
538
Section 5
The Effect of Failing to Notify an Offeree That His Acceptance is Too Late
539
Phillips v. Moor
539
Note on the Risk of Loss
541
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 69, 70
541
CISG Art. 21
542
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 2.1.9
542
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 2.207
542
Section 6
Silence as Acceptance
542
Vogt v. Madden
542
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 69
546
CISG Art. 18(1), (3)
546
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. >2.1.6(3)
547
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 2.204(2)
547
Ganley v. G and W Limited Partnership
547
Kukuska v. Home Mut. Hail-Tornado Ins. Co.
551
Hobbs v. Massasoit Whip Co.
552
Louisville Tin & Stove Co. v. Lay
553
Austin v. Burge
553
39 U.S.C. [§] 3009 [Mailing of Unordered Merchandise]
554
Note on Negative-Option Plans
554
Note on the Significance of Unjust Enrichment and Loss Through Reliance in Cases Where Silence is Treated as Acceptance
554
Section 7
Acceptance by Electronic Agent
555
ch. 12
Implied Contract and Related Non-Contractual Claims
559
Section 1
Implied in Fact Contracts and Related Restitution Claims
560
Nursing Care Services, Inc. v. Dobos
560
Vertex, Inc. v. City of Waterbury
563
Note on Terminology and History
566
Note on Possible Restitution Claims in the Principal Cases
569
Day v. Caton
572
Section 2
The Protection of At-Will Employees
574
Wagenseller v. Scottsdale Memorial Hospital
574
Note on Claims Available to At-Will Employees Who Believe They Have Been Unfairly Terminated
590
ch. 13
Indefiniteness, Preliminary Negotiations, and the Duty to Bargain in Good Faith
593
Academy Chicago Publishers v. Cheever
594
Peter Kurth, Book Review of Anita Miller, Uncollecting Cheever, the Family of John Cheever v. Academy Chicago Publisher
598
Ridgway v. Wharton
598
Berg Agency v. Sleepworld-Willingboro, Inc.
599
Rego v. Decker
599
AROK Construction Co. v. Indian Construction Services
600
Saliba-Kringlen Corp. v. Allen Engineering Co.
601
Crook v. Mortenson-Neal
602
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 33, 34
603
UCC [§][§] 2-204, 2-305, 2-308, 2-309, 2-310
603
CISG Arts. 14(1), 31, 33, 55, 57, 58
603
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Arts. 2.1.2, 2.1.13, 2.1.14, 5.1.7, 5.1.8, 6.1.1, 6.6.6
603
Principles of European Contract Law [§][§] 2.201(1), 6.104, 6.109, 7.01, 7.102
603
Note on Gap-Fillers
603
Hawkland, Sales Contract Terms Under the UCC
604
Joseph Martin, Jr., Delicatessen, Inc. v. Schumacher
604
Moolenaar v. Co-Build Companies Inc.
606
Channel Home Centers v. Grossman
607
A/S Apothekernes Laboratorium for Specialpraeparater v. I.M.C. Chemical Group, Inc.
617
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 2.1.15
617
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 2.301
617
Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America v. Tribune Co.
618
Venture Associates Corp. v. Zenith Data Systems Corp.
634
Kansas Municipal Gas Agency v. Vesta Energy Co.
634
Hoffman v. Red Owl Stores, Inc.
637
Gruen Industries, Inc. v. Biller
646
Neiss v. Ehlers
648
Racine & Laramie, Ltd. v. California Dept. of Parks & Recreation
649
ch. 14
The Parol Evidence Rule: Textualism v. Contextualism
651
Section 1
The Parol Evidence Rule
651
(a).
The Rule
652
Mitchill v. Lath
652
Von Mehren, Civil Law Analogues to Consideration: An Exercise in Comparative Analysis
658
James Bradley Thayer, A Preliminary Treatise on Evidence
658
Calamari & Perillo, A Plea for a Uniform Parol Evidence Rule and Principles of Interpretation
659
Restatement, First, Contracts [§][§] 228, 237, 239, 240
661
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 209, 210, 213, 214, 215, 216
662
Braucher, Interpretation and Legal Effect in the Second Restatement of Contracts
662
Hatley v. Stafford
663
Interform Co. v. Mitchell Constr. Co.
663
Murray, The Parol Evidence Process and Standardized Agreements Under the Restatement, Second, Contracts
664
CISG Art. 8(3)
665
Dodge, Teaching the CISG in Contracts
665
Unidroit Principles Of International Law Art. 4.3
665
Masterson v. Sine
665
UCC [§] 2-202
670
Interform v. Mitchell Constr. Co.
670
Hunt Foods and Industries, Inc. v. Doliner
670
Alaska Northern Development, Inc. v. Alyeska Pipeline Service Co.
673
Note on Merger Clauses
673
ARB (American Research Bureau), Inc. v. E-Systems, Inc.
674
Seibel v. Layne & Bowler, Inc.
675
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 2.1.17
675
(b).
Uses of Parol Evidence Not Precluded by the Rule
676
Snyder v. Lovercheck
676
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 214
682
Note on Exceptions to the Parol Evidence Rule
682
Note on Reformation and Fraud
683
Garden State Plaza Corp. v. S.S. Kresge Co.
684
Section 2
The Interpretation of Written Contracts: Textualism v. Contextualism
684
Introductory note
684
Holmes, The Theory of Legal Interpretation
685
Williston on Contracts
685
Restatement, [First] Contracts [§] 231
686
Corbin on Contracts
686
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 212
686
Steuart v. McChesney
686
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. G.W. Thomas Drayage & Rigging Co.
694
Amoco Production Co. v. Western Slope Gas Co.
698
Berg v. Hudesman
698
Note on the New Literalism
700
Fish, the Law Wishes to Have a Formal Existence
702
Note---Is the Interpretation of Written Contracts a Question for the Judge or for the Jury?
703
MCC-Marble Ceramic Center, Inc. v. Ceramica Nuova d'Agostino
705
Questions
710
Section 3
The Role of Usage, Course of Dealing, and Course of Performance in Interpretation
711
Foxco Industries, Ltd. v. Fabric World, Inc.
711
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 221, Illustration 2
715
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 222
715
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 222, Illustrations 1-3
715
Hurst v. W.J. Lake & Co.
716
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 220
717
UCC [§][§] 1-201 (3), (12), 1-303, 2-208
717
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 219-223
717
CISG Art. 9
717
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 1.9
718
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 1.105
718
Dennis Patterson, Good Faith, Lender Liability, And Discretionary Acceleration: Of Llewellyn, Wittgenstein, And The Uniform Commercial Code
718
Nanakuli Paving and Rock Co. v. Shell Oil Co.
720
C-Thru Container Corp. v. Midland Mfg. Co.
731
Section 4
Oral Modification of a Written Contract With a No-Oral-Modification Clause
733
UCC [§] 2-209(2), (4), (5)
734
Wisconsin Knife Works v. National Metal Crafters
734
BMC Industries, Inc. v. Barth Industries, Inc.
748
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 2.1.18
749
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 2.106
749
pt. 4
FORM CONTRACTS IN COMMERCIAL AND CONSUMER CONTEXTS
ch. 15
Contract Formation in a Form-Contract Setting
753
Section 1
Battle of the Forms: The Basic Issues
753
Note on the Battle of the Forms
753
UCC [§][§] 2-204(1), 2-204, 2-207
754
ABA Task Force Report on Article 2
755
Note on What Constitutes an Acceptance Under UCC [§] 2-207
755
Columbia Hyundai, Inc. v. Carll Hyundai, Inc.
756
CISG Art. 19
757
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Arts. >2.1.12, 2.1.22
757
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 2.209
757
Gardner Zemke Co. v. Dunham Bush, Inc.
757
Note on Gardner Zemke
767
Note on the Meaning of "Materially Alter" Under UCC [§] 2-207 (2)(b)
767
Note on the "Expressly Made Conditional" Clause
769
Note on the Effect of Confirmations With Additional Terms
770
Diamond Fruit Growers, Inc. v. Krack Corp.
771
C.
Itoh & Co. (America), Inc. v. Jordan International Co.
777
Transwestern Pipeline Co. v. Monsanto Co.
778
JOM, Inc. v. Adell Plastics, Inc.
779
Section 2
"Shrinkwrap" and "Clickwrap" Agreements
779
DeFontes v. Dell, Inc.
780
Hancock v. American Telephone & Telegraph, Inc.
792
Note on Unconscionability and Waiver of Arbitration Clauses in Form Contracts
801
Register.Com, Inc. v. Verio, Inc.
801
ch. 16
Interpretation and Unconscionability in a Form-Contract Setting
805
Llewellyn, The Common Law Tradition: Deciding Appeals
805
UCC [§][§] 1-201(10), 2-302, 2-314, 2-316, 2-719(2), 2-719(3)
807
Moscatiello v. Pittsburgh Contractors Equipment Co.
807
Pierce v. Catalina Yachts, Inc.
815
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 211
817
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Arts. 2.1.19, 2.1.22
817
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 4.110
817
Darner Motor Sales v. Universal Underwriters
817
Gordinier v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co.
831
Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Co. v. Sandbulte
832
Max True Plastering Co. v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co.
832
pt. 5
MISTAKE AND UNEXPECTED CIRCUMSTANCES
ch. 17
Mistake
837
Section 1
Mechanical Errors ("Unilateral Mistakes")
837
Donovan v. RRL Corp.
838
Speckel v. Perkins
850
The Nolan Ryan Baseball Card Case
852
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 153, 154
853
Note on Unilateral Mistake
853
Section 2
Mistakes in Transcription; Reformation
853
Travelers Ins. Co. v. Bailey
854
Restatement, Second, of Contracts [§] 155
857
Chimart Associates v. Paul
857
Section 3
Mutual Mistakes (Shared Mistaken Assumptions)
858
Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations
860
Sherwood v. Walker
860
Nester v. Michigan Land & Iron Co.
866
Griffith v. Brymer
867
Wood v. Boynton
868
Firestone & Parson, Inc. v. Union League of Philadelphia
870
Everett v. Estate of Sumstad
870
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 151, 152, 154
871
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Arts. 3.4, 3.5, 3.18
871
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 4.103
872
Lenawee County Board of Health v. Messerly
872
Beachcomber Coins, Inc. v. Boskett
878
UCC [§][§] 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, 2-315
879
Section 4
Nondisclosure
879
Melvin A. Eisenberg, Disclosure in Contract Law
879
Hill v. Jones
888
Weintraub v. Krobatsch
893
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 159, 161
894
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 161, Illustrations 7, 10, 11
894
Restatement, Second, Torts [§] 551, Illustrations 6, 8
895
United States v. Dial
895
ch. 18
The Effect of Unexpected Circumstances
897
Introductory Note
897
Taylor v. Caldwell
897
Tacit Assumptions---Continued
901
Ocean Tramp Tankers Corp. v. V/O Sovfracht
902
Mineral Park Land Co. v. Howard
903
United States v. Wegematic Corp.
904
Dills v. Town of Enfield
907
Transatlantic Financing Corp. v. United States
908
American Trading & Production Corp. v. Shell Int'l Marine Ltd.
912
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 261, Illustration 10
913
Joskow, Commercial Impossibility, the Uranium Market and the Westinghouse Case
914
Mishara Constr. Co. v. Transit-Mixed Concrete Corp.
915
UCC [§][§] 1-103, 2-509, 2-510, 2-613, 2-614, 2-615, 2-616
916
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 261-272
916
CISG Arts. 66-69
916
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Arts. 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.2.3, 7.1.7
917
Principles of European Contract Law Arts. 4.102, 6.111, 8.108
917
ABA Task Force Report on Article 2
917
J. White & R. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code [§] 3.10
917
American Institute of Architects, General Conditions of the Contract for Construction, Aia Doc A201, Articles 4, 11 (1987)
918
Albre Marble & Tile Co. v. John Bowen Co.
918
Note on the Equitable Apportionment of Losses Following Impossibility
921
Missouri Public Service Co. v. Peabody Coal Co.
922
Krell v. Henry
930
Wladis, Common Law and Uncommon Events: The Development of the Doctrine of Impossibility of Performance in English Contract Law
934
Lloyd v. Murphy
934
Alfred Marks Realty Co. v. Hotel Hermitage Co.
934
La Cumbre Golf & Country Club v. Santa Barbara Hotel Co.
935
Chase Precast Corp. v. John J. Paonessa Co.
935
Power Engineering & Manufacturing, Ltd. v. Krug International
937
pt. 6
PROBLEMS INVOLVING PERSONS OTHER THAN THE CONTRACT
ch. 19
Third-Party Beneficiaries
941
Preliminary Analysis of the Problem of This Chapter
941
Restatement, Second, of Contracts [§] 302, Illustrations 16-19
943
Lawrence v. Fox
943
Note on Lawrence v. Fox
948
Seaver v. Ransom
948
Restatement, First, Contracts [§] 133
953
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 302, 304, 315
954
Eisenberg, Third-Party Beneficiaries
954
Hale v. Groce
958
Scarpitti v. Weborg
963
UCC [§] 2-318
968
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 313
968
Martinez v. Socoma Companies, Inc.
968
Zigas v. Superior Court
978
H.B. Deal & Co. v. Head
980
H.R. Moch Co. v. Rensselaer Water Co.
980
Ogden v. Earl R. Howarth & Sons, Inc.
981
Doyle v. South Pittsburgh Water Co.
982
La Mourea v. Rhude
983
Copeland v. Beard
983
Note on the Power of the Contracting Parties to Vary the Promisor's Duty to the Beneficiary
986
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 309, 311
987
Rouse v. United States
987
ch. 20
Assignment and Delegation
989
Introductory Note on the History of the Assignability of Claims
989
UCC Article 9, [§] 9-406 (a)
991
Pre-2000 UCC Article 9, [§] 9-318 (3)
991
Ertel v. Radio Corporation of America
992
Evening News Ass'n v. Peterson
992
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 317
998
UCC [§] 2-210 (2), (4)
998
Kendall v. Ernest Pestana, Inc.
998
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 322
999
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 322, Illustrations 1, 2
999
UCC Article 9, [§] 9-306(d)
999
Pre-2000 UCC Article 9, [§] 9-318 (4)
999
Macke Co. v. Pizza of Gaithersburg, Inc.
1000
British Waggon Co. v. Lea & Co.
1003
Bashir v. Moayedi
1003
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 318
1004
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 318, Illustrations 1-3, 5-7
1004
Contemporary Mission, Inc. v. Famous Music Corp.
1005
UCC [§]2-210(1)
1005
Sally Beauty Co. v. Nexxus Products Co.
1005
Baxter Healthcare Corporation v. O.R. Concepts, Inc.
1006
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 328
1008
Note on the Right of the Obligee Under a Contract to Demand Performance From an Assignee of the Contract
1008
Note on Assigned Claims as Property
1009
pt. 7
PROBLEMS OF PERFORMANCE
ch. 21
The Obligation to Perform in Good Faith
1013
Seggebrush v. Stosor
1013
Note on Implied Standards of Performance
1016
UCC [§] 2-306
1018
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 205
1018
Pre-2001 UCC Article 1, [§][§] 1-201 (19), 1-203, UCC [§] 2-103 (1)(b)
1018
2001 Version of Article 1, [§] 1-201 (20)
1018
Note on the UCC Definitions of Good Faith
1018
CISG Art. 7(1)
1019
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 1.7
1019
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 1.201
1019
Sanders v. Fedex Ground Package System, Inc.
1019
Note on Criticism of the Doctrine
1027
Market Street Associates v. Frey
1029
ch. 22
The Doctrine of Substantial Performance
1037
Section 1
The General Principle
1037
Jacob & Youngs v. Kent
1037
R. Danzig, The Capability Problem in Contract Law
1040
Bruner v. Hines
1041
Goetz & Scott, The Mitigation Principle: Toward a General Theory of Contractual Obligation
1041
Jardine Estates, Inc. v. Donna Brook Corp.
1041
Vincenzi v. Cerro
1042
Kreyer v. Driscoll
1042
O.W. Grun Roofing & Constr. Co. v. Cope
1046
Section 2
Contracts for the Sale of Goods
1047
UCC [§][§] 2-508, 2-601, 2-608, 2-612
1047
CISG Arts. 35(1), 37, 45, 46, 48, 49
1047
J. White & R. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code
1047
Note on the Perfect-Tender Rule and the UCC
1048
Ramirez v. Autosport
1050
Comments of Grant Gilmore, in ALI-ABA, Advanced ALI-ABA Course of Study on Banking and Secured Transactions under the Uniform Commercial Code
1051
T.W. Oil, Inc. v. Consolidated Edison Co.
1051
Zabriskie Chevrolet v. Smith
1057
Manassas Autocars v. Couch
1057
Midwest Mobile Diagnostic Imaging, L.L.C. v. Dynamics Corporation of America
1059
ch. 23
Express Conditions
1061
Section 1
Introduction
1061
Note on the Difference Between Promises and Conditions
1061
Section 2
The Distinctions Between the Operation of a Promise and the Operation of a Condition
1062
Oppenheimer & Co. v. Oppenheim, Appel, Dixon & Co.
1062
Merritt Hill Vineyards, Inc. v. Windy Heights Vineyard, Inc.
1068
Section 3
Problems of Interpretation in Distinguishing Between Conditions and Promises
1070
Howard v. Federal Crop Insurance Corp.
1070
Harmon Cable Communications v. Scope Cable Television
1074
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 227
1075
Section 4
Prevention; The Implication of a Duty to Fulfill a Condition
1075
Johnson v. Coss
1075
Winslow v. Mell
1080
Lach v. Cahill
1080
Note on Implied Conditions of Notice
1081
Section 5
Conditions of Satisfaction
1081
Introductory Note
1081
McCartney v. Badovinac
1082
Morin Building Products Co. v. Baystone Construction, Inc.
1083
Mattei v. Hopper
1087
Forman v. Benson
1087
Fursmidt v. Hotel Abbey Holding Corp.
1088
E.
Allan Farnsworth, Contracts
1089
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 227, Illustrations 5-8
1090
Section 6
Excuse
1090
Aetna Casualty and Surety Co. v. Murphy
1090
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 229
1097
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 229, Illustrations 1, 2
1097
Burne v. Franklin Life Ins. Co.
1097
Great American Ins. Co. v. C.G. Tate Construction Co.
1098
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 230
1100
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 230, Illustrations 1, 2
1100
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 271
1100
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 271, Illustrations 1, 2
1100
Royal---Globe Insurance Co. v. Craven
1101
Clark v. West
1101
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 84
1101
ch. 24
The Powers to Withhold Performance and to Terminate a Contract in Response to Breach
1103
Historical Note on the Mutual Dependency of Performances
1103
Note on the Presumption of Simultaneity and the Terminology of Concurrent Conditions
1105
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 237
1106
K & G Constr. Co. v. Harris
1106
E. Allan Farnsworth, Contracts
1111
Walker & Co. v. Harrison
1112
Zulla Steel, Inc. v. A & M Gregos, Inc.
1116
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§][§] 241, 242
1117
CISG Arts. 25, 49
1117
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Arts. 7.3.1, 7.3.5, 7.3.6
1117
Principles of European Contract Law Arts. 9.301, 9.302, 9.305, 9.307-309
1117
Note on the Concept of Cure Under Restatement Second
1117
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 7.1.4
1119
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 8.104
1119
Stanley Gudyka Sales, Inc. v. Lacy Forest Products Co.
1119
ch. 25
Repudiation and Insecurity
1121
Section 1
Repudiation
1121
Hochster v. De La Tour
1121
Note on Terminology
1126
Wholesale Sand & Gravel, Inc. v. Decker
1128
Unique Systems, Inc. v. Zotos International, Inc.
1130
Thermo Electron Corp. v. Schiavone Construction Co.
1130
Taylor v. Johnston
1131
United States v. Seacoast Gas Co.
1131
Note on Some Damages Associated With Anticipatory Repudiation
1132
Section 2
Insecurity and the Right to Demand Assurances
1136
UCC [§][§] 2-609, 2-702(1), 2-705(1)
1136
Restatement, Second, Contracts [§] 251
1136
CISG Art. 71
1136
Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts Art. 7.3.4
1136
Principles of European Contract Law Art. 8.105
1136
Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Co. v. Brookhaven Manor Water Co.
1136
J. White & R. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code [§] 6-2
1143
BAII Banking Corp. v. UPG, Inc.
1143
Norcon Power Partners v. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp.
1144
Note on Affirmative Recovery Under UCC [§] 2-609
1151
Appendix A
The Statute of Frauds
1153
Section 1
Introduction
1154
Section 2
The Text of the Original Statute
1155
Section 3
The Purpose of the Statute
1156
Section 4
How it was Decided What Kinds of Contracts Should be Required to be in Writing
1158
Section 5
American Variations on the English Theme
1160
Section 6
Judicial Interpretations of the Various Subsections of the Statute of Frauds---Introduction
1161
Section 7
Contracts for the Sale of an Interest in Land (Section 4(4))
1162
Section 8
Contracts for the Sale of Goods
1163
Section 9
Some Other Formal Requirements in the Uniform Commercial Code
1168
Section 10
Agreements Not to be Performed Within One Year From the Making Thereof (Section 4(5))
1169
Section 11
The Suretyship Section (Section 4(2))---Generally
1173
Section 12
The Suretyship Section Continued---"The Main Purpose Rule"
1174
Section 13
The Suretyship Section Continued---Miscellaneous Problems
1176
Section 14
Promises Made by Executors and Administrators (Section 4(1))
1177
Section 15
Contracts Upon Consideration of Marriage (Section 4(3))
1178
Section 16
What Kind of Writing Will Satisfy the Statute
1179
Section 17
Electronic Contracting and the Statute of Frauds
1185
Section 18
The Effect of Part Performance of, or Reliance Upon, an Oral Contract Within the Statute---Introduction
1187
Section 19
The Restitution of Benefits Conferred Under the Oral Agreement
1188
Section 20
Reimbursement for Reliance on the Oral Contract
1189
Section 21
The Right to the "Value of The Bargain" Where There Has Been Part Performance of, or Reliance Upon, the Oral Contract
1192
Section 22
The Effect of Non-Compliance---Legal Consequences of the Unenforceable Agreement
1196
Section 23
Oral Rescission
1199
Section 24
Oral Modifications
1199
Section 25
The Interaction of the Statute of Frauds With the Parol Evidence Rule
1202
Section 26
The Interaction of the Statute of Frauds With the Remedy of Reformation
1203
Section 27
Pleading and Procedural Problems in Connection With the Statute
1204
Section 28
A Glance Backward and Ahead
1204
Index
1207