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Items
Details
Author
Title
European constitutional law / Robert Schütze.
Published
Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Call Number
KJE4445 .S365 2012
ISBN
9780521504904 (hbk.)
0521504902 (hbk.)
9780521732758 (pbk.)
0521732751 (pbk.)
0521504902 (hbk.)
9780521732758 (pbk.)
0521732751 (pbk.)
Description
liii, 484 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)754186838
Summary
"The European Union has existed for over half a century. Having started as the 'Europe of the Six' in a specific industrial sector, the Union today has twenty-seven Member States and acts within almost all areas of social life. The Union's constitutional structures have evolved in parallel with this immense growth. Born as an international organization, the Union has developed into a constitutional Union of States. This new textbook analyses the constitutional law of the European Union after Lisbon in a clear and structured way. Examining the EU through a classic constitutional perspective, it explores all the central themes of the course: from the history and structure of the Union, the powers and procedures of its branches of government, to the rights and remedies of European citizens. A clear three-part structure and numerous illustrations will facilitate understanding. Critical and comprehensive,"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
xviii
List of Tables
xix
Preface
xxi
Acknowledgements
xxii
Table of Cases
xxiii
Table of Equivalences
xxxvi
List of Abbreviations
lii
Introduction: European Constitutional Law
1
pt. I
History and Structure
1.
Constitutional History: From Paris to Lisbon
9
Introduction
9
1.
From Paris to Rome: the European Coal and Steel Community
12
(a).
The (supranational) structure of the ECSC
13
(b).
The (failed) European Defence Community
16
2.
From Rome to Maastricht: the European (Economic) Community
18
(a).
Normative supranationalism: the nature of European law
19
(b).
Decisional supranationalism: the governmental structure
20
(c).
Intergovernmental developments outside the EEC
23
(d).
Supranational and intergovernmental reforms through the Single European Act
26
3.
From Maastricht to Nice: the (old) European Union
27
(a).
The Temple Structure: the Three Pillars of the (Maastricht) Union
29
(i).
The First Pillar: the European Communities
29
(ii).
The Second Pillar: Common Foreign and Security Policy
32
(iii).
The Third Pillar: Justice and Home Affairs
33
(b).
A decade of `constitutional bricolage': Amsterdam and Nice
33
(i).
The Amsterdam Treaty: dividing the Third Pillar
33
(ii).
The Nice Treaty: limited institutional reform
35
4.
From Nice to Lisbon: the (new) European Union
37
(a).
The (failed) Constitutional Treaty: formal `total revision'
38
(b).
The Lisbon Treaty: substantive `total revision'
41
Conclusion
45
2.
Constitutional Nature: A Federation of States
47
Introduction
47
1.
The American constitutional tradition: federalism as (inter)national law
49
2.
The European constitutional tradition: international versus national law
53
(a).
Conceptual polarisation: `Confederation' versus `Federation'
54
(b).
Early criticism: the European tradition and the (missing) federal genus
56
3.
The European Union in light of the American constitutional tradition
59
(a).
The foundational dimension: Europe's `Constitutional Treaty'
60
(b).
The institutional dimension: a European Union of States and people(s)
62
(c).
The functional dimension: the division of powers in Europe
64
(d).
Overall classification: the European Union on federal `middle ground'
65
4.
The European Union in light of the European constitutional tradition
66
(a).
The sui generis `theory': the `incomparable' European Union
67
(b).
The international law theory: the `Maastricht Decision'
68
(c).
Europe's statist tradition unearthed: three constitutional denials
71
(d).
Excursus: Europe's democratic `deficit' as a `false problem'?
74
Conclusion
77
3.
Governmental Structure: Union Institutions I
80
Introduction
81
1.
The `separation-of-powers' principle and the European Union
83
2.
The European Parliament
87
(a).
Formation: electing Parliament
87
(i).
Parliament's size and composition
88
(ii).
Members of the European Parliament and political parties
91
(b).
Internal structure: parliamentary organs
93
(c).
The plenary: decision-making and voting
94
(d).
Parliamentary powers
96
(i).
Legislative powers
96
(ii).
Budgetary powers
97
(iii).
Supervisory powers
98
(iv).
Elective powers
99
3.
The European Council
100
(a).
The President of the European Council
102
(b).
The European Council: functions and powers
103
4.
The Council
104
(a).
The Council: composition and configuration
105
(b).
Internal structure and organs
106
(i).
The Presidency of the Council
106
(ii).
`Coreper' and specialised committees
107
(iii).
Excursus: the High Representative of Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
110
(c).
Decision-making and voting
111
(d).
Functions and powers
114
4.
Governmental Structure: Union Institutions II
116
1.
The Commission
116
(a).
Composition and structure
117
(i).
The President and `his' college
118
(ii).
The Commission's administrative organs
119
(b).
Decision-making within the Commission
122
(c).
Functions and powers of the Commission
123
(d).
Excursus: European Agencies and the Commission
125
2.
The Court of Justice of the European Union
128
(a).
Judicial architecture: the European court system
129
(i).
The Court of Justice: composition and structure
130
(ii).
The General Court: composition and structure
131
(iii).
Excursus: the Advocates General
132
(iv).
The `specialised court(s)': the Civil Service Tribunal
134
(b).
The judicial procedure(s)
135
(c).
Judicial reasoning: methods of interpretation
136
(d).
Jurisdiction and judicial powers
138
3.
The European Central Bank
139
(a).
The special status of the ECB
140
(b).
Organs and administrative structure
142
(c).
Internal divisions and decision-making
143
(d).
Functions and powers
144
4.
The Court of Auditors
145
Conclusion
147
pt. II
Powers and Procedures
5.
Legislative Powers: Competences and Procedures
151
Introduction
151
1.
The scope of Union competences
152
(a).
Teleological interpretation
153
(b).
The general competences of the Union
157
(i).
The harmonisation competence: Article 114 TFEU
157
(ii).
The residual competence: Article 352 TFEU
160
2.
The categories of Union competences
162
(a).
Exclusive competences: Article 3 TFEU
164
(b).
Shared competences: Article 4 TFEU
166
(c).
Coordinating competences: Article 5 TFEU
167
(d).
Complementary competences: Article 6 TFEU
168
3.
Legislative procedures: ordinary and special
169
(a).
The `ordinary' legislative procedure
171
(i).
Constitutional theory: formal text
171
(ii).
Constitutional practice: informal trilogues
174
(b).
The `special' legislative procedures
176
4.
The principle of subsidiarity
177
(a).
Procedural standard: subsidiarity as a political safeguard of federalism
178
(b).
Substantive standard: subsidiarity as a judicial safeguard of federalism
181
Conclusion
184
6.
External Powers: Competences and Procedures
187
Introduction
188
1.
The external competences of the Union
190
(a).
The Common Foreign and Security Policy
192
(b).
The Union's special external powers
192
(c).
The residual treaty power: Article 216 TFEU
194
(d).
The relationship between the CFSP and the special external competences
197
2.
The nature of external competences
199
(a).
The sui generis nature of the CFSP competence
200
(b).
Article 3 (2) TFEU: subsequent exclusive treaty powers
201
(i).
Three lines of exclusivity: codifying constitutional practice?
201
(ii).
Subsequent exclusivity: criticising constitutional theory
203
3.
External decision-making procedures
204
(a).
The `specificity' of CFSP decision-making procedures
205
(i).
Institutional actors and institutional balance
205
(ii).
Voting arrangements in the Council
206
(b).
The Union's (ordinary) treaty-making procedure
207
(i).
Initiation and negotiation
208
(ii).
Signing and conclusion
210
(iii).
Modification, suspension (and termination)
211
(iv).
Union succession to international agreements of the Member States
212
4.
Sharing external power: constitutional safeguards of unitarianism
213
(a).
Mixed agreements: an international and political safeguard
214
(b).
The duty of cooperation: an internal and judicial safeguard
216
(i).
Member States as `trustees of the Union'
217
(ii).
`Reversed' subsidiarity: restrictions on the exercise of shared State power
218
Conclusion
220
7.
Executive Powers: Competences and Procedures
223
Introduction
223
1.
Governmental powers: the Union's dual executive
225
(a).
The legal instruments of political leadership
226
(b).
The informal procedure(s) of government
228
2.
Law-making powers: delegated and implementing acts
230
(a).
The delegation of `legislative' power: Article 290 TFEU
231
(i).
Judicial safeguards: constitutional limits to delegated acts
233
(ii).
Political safeguards: control rights of the Union legislator
236
(b).
The `conferral' of executive power: Article 291 TFEU
238
(i).
The scope of Article 291 TFEU
238
(ii).
Constitutional safeguards for implementing legislation
240
3.
Administrative powers I: centralised enforcement
243
(a).
The scope of the Union's administrative powers
244
(b).
Administrative powers and the subsidiarity principle
248
4.
Administrative powers II: decentralised enforcement
250
(a).
The effects of national administrative acts
251
(b).
National administrative autonomy and its limits
253
Conclusion
256
8.
Judicial Powers: Competences and Procedures
258
Introduction
259
1.
Annulment powers: judicial review
262
(a).
The existence of a `reviewable' act
263
(b).
Legitimate grounds for review
264
(i).
`Formal' and `substantive' grounds
265
(ii).
In particular: the proportionality principle
267
(c).
Legal standing before the European Court
268
(i).
The Rome formulation and its judicial interpretation
270
(ii).
The Lisbon formulation and its interpretative problems
273
(d).
The indirect review of European law
275
(i).
Collateral review: the plea of illegality
275
(ii).
Indirect review through preliminary rulings
276
2.
Remedial powers: liability actions
278
(a).
Procedural conditions: from dependent to independent action
279
(b).
Substantive conditions: from Schoppenstedt to Bergaderm
280
3.
Adjudicatory powers I: enforcement actions
283
(a).
Enforcement actions against Member States
283
(i).
The procedural conditions under Article 258 TFEU
283
(ii).
Judicial enforcement through financial sanctions
286
(b).
Enforcement actions against the Union: failure to act
287
4.
Adjudicatory powers II: preliminary rulings
289
(a).
Paragraph 1: the jurisdiction of the European Court
291
(b).
Paragraph 2: the conditions for a preliminary ruling
292
(i).
`Who': national courts and tribunals
293
(ii).
`What': necessary questions
295
(c).
Paragraph 3: the obligation to refer and `acte clair'
296
(d).
The legal nature of preliminary rulings
299
Conclusion
301
pt. III
Rights and Remedies
9.
European Law: Direct and Indirect Effect
305
Introduction
306
1.
Constitutional law: the effect of European primary law
310
(a).
Direct effect: from strict to lenient test
312
(b).
The dimensions of direct effect: vertical and horizontal direct effect
315
2.
Direct Union law: regulations and decisions
317
(a).
Regulations: the `legislative' instrument
317
(i).
General application in all Member States
317
(ii).
Direct application and direct effect
318
(b).
Decisions: the executive instrument
320
(i).
Specifically addressed decisions
321
(ii).
Non-addressed decisions
322
3.
Indirect Union law: directives
323
(a).
Direct effect and directives: conditions and limits
323
(i).
The no-horizontal-direct-effect rule
326
(ii).
The limitation to the rule: the wide definition of State (actions)
327
(iii).
The exception to the rule: incidental horizontal direct effect
329
(b).
Indirect effects through national and (primary) European law
331
(i).
The doctrine of consistent interpretation of national law
331
(ii).
Indirect effects through the medium of European law
334
4.
External Union law: international agreements
337
(a).
Direct effects of Union agreements
338
(i).
The conditions for direct effect
339
(ii).
The dimensions of direct effect
341
(b).
Indirect effects: the interpretation and implementation principles
342
Conclusion
344
10.
European Law: Supremacy and Preemption
347
Introduction
347
1.
The European perspective: absolute supremacy
349
(a).
The absolute scope of the supremacy principle
350
(i).
Supremacy over internal laws of the Member States
350
(ii).
Supremacy over international treaties of the Member States
352
(b).
The `executive' nature of supremacy: disapplication, not invalidation
355
2.
The national perspective: relative supremacy
358
(a).
Fundamental rights limits: the `so-long' jurisprudence
359
(b).
Competences limits: from `Maastricht' to `Mangold'
361
3.
Legislative preemption: nature and effect
363
(a).
Preemption categories: the relative effects of preemption
364
(i).
Field preemption
365
(ii).
Obstacle preemption
366
(iii).
Rule preemption
366
(b).
Modes of preemption: express and implied preemption
367
4.
Constitutional limits to legislative preemption
368
(a).
Union instruments and their preemptive capacity
369
(i).
The preemptive capacity of regulations
369
(ii).
The preemptive capacity of directives
371
(iii).
The preemptive capacity of international agreements
372
(b).
Competence limits to preemption
374
(i).
Competences for minimum harmonisation
375
(ii).
Complementary competences excluding harmonisation
376
Conclusion
378
11.
European Law: Remedies and Liabilities
380
Introduction
380
1.
The (consistent) interpretation principle
383
2.
The equivalence principle
384
(a).
Non-discrimination: extending national remedies to European actions
385
(b).
`Similar' actions: the equivalence test
386
3.
The effectiveness principle
387
(a).
The historical evolution of the effectiveness standard
388
(b).
Procedural limits to the invocability of European law
393
4.
The liability principle
396
(a).
State liability: the Francovich doctrine
397
(i).
The three conditions for State liability
399
(ii).
State liability for judicial breaches of European law
402
(b).
Private liability: the Courage doctrine
405
Conclusion
407
12.
In Particular: European Human Rights
409
Introduction
410
1.
The `unwritten' bill of rights: human rights as `general principles'
411
(a).
The birth of European fundamental rights
412
(i).
The European standard - an `autonomous' standard
414
(ii).
Limitations, and `limitations on limitations'
418
(b).
United Nations law: external limits to European human rights?
419
2.
The `written' bill of rights: the Charter of Fundamental Rights
422
(a).
The Charter: structure and content
423
(i).
(Hard) rights and (soft) principles
425
(ii).
Limitations, and `limitations on limitations'
426
(b).
Relations with the European Treaties (and the European Convention)
427
3.
The `external' bill of rights: the European Convention of Human Rights
429
(a).
The Convention standard for Union acts
430
(i).
Before accession: (limited) indirect review of Union acts
431
(ii).
After accession: (full) direct review of Union acts
433
(b).
Union accession to the European Convention: constitutional preconditions
434
4.
The `incorporation doctrine': European rights and national law
435
(a).
Incorporation and general principles: implementation and derogation
436
(b).
Incorporation and the Charter of Fundamental Rights
439
(i).
General rules for all Member States
439
(ii).
Special rules for Poland and the United Kingdom
441
(c).
Incorporation and the European Convention of Human Rights?
443
(d).
Excursus: incorporation and individuals - human rights and private actions
444
Conclusion
445
Appendices
1.
European Treaties (Chronology)
448
2.
Territorial Evolution of the European Union
450
3.
Extracts from the `Luxembourg Compromise'
453
4.
Extracts from James Madison's `Federalist No. 39'
457
5.
Extracts from the 1976 `European Parliament Direct Election Act'
460
6.
Extracts from Decision 2009/908 on the Council Presidency
464
7.
Directorate-General Home Affairs (Organigramme)
466
8.
Extracts from the `Comitology' Regulation
467
Index
473