Anti-terrorism and criminal enforcement / by Norman Abrams.
2012
KF9430 .A93 2012 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Anti-terrorism and criminal enforcement / by Norman Abrams.
Published
St. Paul, MN : Thomson/West, [2012]
Copyright
©2012
Call Number
KF9430 .A93 2012
Edition
Fourth edition.
ISBN
9780314272157 (cloth)
0314272151 (cloth)
0314272151 (cloth)
Description
xl, 797 pages ; 26 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)767858348
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages xvii-xix) and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition
v
Preface to the Third Edition
ix
Preface to the Second Edition
xiii
Preface to the First Edition
xv
Acknowledgments
xvii
Table of Cases
xxxiii
Table of Statutes
xxxvii
ch. 1
Overview
1
Note on the Obama Administration's Anti-Terrorism Policies and Related Actions
3
The Content of Specific Chapters
4
pt. 1
IN A CIVILIAN MODE
ch. 2
Definitions of Terrorism; Terrorism Statutes
8
A.
Introduction
8
1.
Coverage of the Chapter
8
2.
Contexts in Which Terrorism and Definitions of Terrorism May Be Used
8
United States v. Yousef
9
B.
Terrorism: Definitions and Definitional Approaches
22
1.
In General
22
2.
Statutory Definitions of Terrorism
24
3.
Policy Definitions of Terrorism and Enforcement Policy; Listing of Terrorist Organizations
27
a.
The State Department
27
b.
The Department of Justice
30
c.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation
30
4.
Definitions of Terrorism: What Difference Does It Make?
31
a.
A Critique of One Definition
31
b.
Selected Problems in Applying the Definitions
32
C.
Selected Terrorism Statutes
33
United States v. Yousef
35
Note on Other Terrorism-Related Offenses
52
D.
International Terrorism Prosecutions Since 9/11
53
ch. 3
Providing Material Support for Use in Terrorist Offenses or Material Support to a Foreign Terrorist Organization: 18 U.S.C. [§] 2339A, [§] 2339B
57
A.
Introduction---18 U.S.C. [§] 2339A and [§] 2339B
57
1.
Inchoate Offense Aspect
57
2.
Comparison With Complicity
58
3.
Adaptability
59
4.
The Coverage of This Chapter
60
5.
The Current Statutes: [§] 2339A and [§] 2339B
60
6.
A Bit of History: Issues of Statutory Interpretation and Legislative Amendments
62
B.
The Many Uses of the "Personnel" Term in the Material Support Listing
63
United States v. Abu-Jihaad
63
United States v. Stewart
68
C.
Mens Rea Issues Under [§][§] 2339A and 2339B: Knowledge or Specific Intent
81
D.
The Humanitarian Law Project Decision, [§] 2339B: "Training" and "Expert Advice or Assistance," "Service," "Personnel"; Specific Intent; Constitutional Issues---Vagueness and First Amendment
87
Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
87
E.
Administrative Designation as a "Foreign Terrorist Organization" for Purposes of [§] 2339B; Hearing Procedure and Judicial Review Under 8 U.S.C. [§] 1189
101
1.
The Statutory Scheme
101
2.
Judicial Review by the Affected Organization of the Secretary's Designation
107
People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran v. U.S. Department of State
107
3.
Can the FTO Designation Be Challenged in a Criminal Prosecution for a Violation of [§] 2339B?
120
United States v. Afshari
121
ch. 4
Proactive Surveillance
127
A.
Introduction
127
Note on Civil Suits Challenging the Legality of Government Enforcement Practices in Investigating and Apprehending Suspected Terrorists
127
B.
Relevant Federal Executive Order and Guidelines
130
C.
Litigating Issues Raised by Proactive Surveillance
141
1.
Proactive Surveillance by the U.S. Military
141
Laird v. Tatum
141
2.
Proactive Surveillance by a City Police Department and the FBI
147
Alliance to End Repression v. City of Chicago
147
Dinler v. City of New York
158
ch. 5
Electronic Surveillance
160
A.
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) and Electronic Surveillance Within the United States
161
1.
Introduction
161
2.
The FISA Statute
162
3.
Comparing Surveillance Under FISA and Under 18 U.S.C. [§] 2510 et seq
176
a.
The Probable Cause Requirement
176
Note on Probable Cause under FISA
176
b.
Duration of the Intercept; Time Period Within Which Target Must Be Notified About the Interception
179
c.
Other Comparisons Between the FISA and 18 U.S.C. [§] 2518 Surveillances
179
d.
Statistical Comparison of FISA and Title III Electronic Surveillances
179
4.
Another Perspective on the Relationship Between FISA Electronic Surveillance and Ordinary Crime Surveillance: The Multiple Purpose Issue
181
a.
Background-History and the Relevant Statutory Provisions
181
b.
Applying the Significant Purpose Formula
185
United States v. Ning Wen
185
5.
Criminal Prosecution Using FISA-Derived Material
191
United States v. Duggan
191
B.
The Terrorist Surveillance Program (TSP) Controversy and Electronic Surveillance Abroad
200
1.
Background
200
2.
A Perspective on the TSP From Within the Government
203
Unclassified Report on President's Surveillance Program
203
3.
Materials Bearing on the Legality of the TSP
205
4.
Litigation Involving the NSA'S TSP Program
214
C.
Post-TSP Legislation Dealing With Electronic Surveillance With Links to Persons Abroad and in the U.S.
215
Amnesty International, USA v. Clapper
237
ch. 6
Searches and Administrative Subpoenas
246
A.
Introduction
246
B.
Searches Within the United States
247
1.
Introduction
247
2.
Title 50, U.S.C. [§] 1821 et seq.
248
3.
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
255
4.
Title 18 Provision Supplementing Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
258
C.
U.S. Agents Acting Abroad---Fourth Amendment and Related Issues
260
1.
Introduction
260
2.
Searches Abroad---Premises of a Non-U.S. Person; U.S. Person Search by Non-U.S. Agents
260
United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
261
3.
Search Abroad of the Premises of a U.S. Person by U.S. Agents; Foreign Intelligence Purpose
270
In re Terrorist Bombings of U.S. Embassies in East Africa---United States v. Odeh
270
D.
Administrative and Judicial Subpoenas to Obtain Records, Documents, etc.---National Security Letters and Section 215 (50 U.S.C. [§] 1861) Orders
277
1.
Introduction
277
2.
Authority to Issue National Security Letters
278
3.
Judicial Review of NSL's
280
4.
The Library Provision---Section 215 (50 U.S.C. [§] 1861)
281
5.
Authority to Issue Administrative Subpoenas in Drug-Related Investigations
284
Doe v. Mukasey
288
ch. 7
Interrogation and Irregular Rendition
306
A.
Introduction
306
B.
Obtaining Terrorism-Related Information Through Interrogation
307
1.
The Torture Controversy
307
a.
Background
307
b.
Memoranda and Statements of Officials in the Bush Administration Regarding the Legality of Various Methods of Interrogation
309
c.
A Comment on the Approach That Distinguishes Torture From Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
313
d.
Literature
316
e.
The Ticking Bomb Debate
316
f.
The Army Field Manual Interrogation Provisions
317
2.
The Obama Executive Order Adopting the AFM Guidelines
319
3.
Legal Issues Arising Out of the Interrogation of Terrorist Suspects
325
a.
The Admissibility in Criminal Prosecutions in U.S. District Courts of Confessions Obtained Abroad
325
In re Terrorist Bombings of U.S. Embassies in East Africa---United States v. Odeh
326
b.
Invocation of the Public Safety Exception to the Miranda Warning/Waiver Requirements in Terrorism and Terrorism/Intelligence Contexts
339
c.
Coerced Confessions and Terrorism Intelligence
343
United States v. Abu Ali
344
C.
Irregular Rendition
353
1.
Introduction
353
2.
Kidnapping in Lieu of Extradition; Extradition Treaties
356
United States v. Alvarez-Machain
356
3.
Acknowledgment by the U.S. Government of Transfers of Persons, Interrogations and "Black Sites"
368
4.
Lawsuits Brought by Alleged Victims of Irregular Rendition
371
Arar v. Ashcroft
371
5.
Criminal Charges by Foreign Governments Against U.S. Agents Who Allegedly Perpetrated Irregular Rendition Transfers
392
6.
An Unofficial, Nongovernmental Report About the Practice of Irregular Rendition
393
7.
Irregular Rendition literature
398
ch. 8
Material Witness and Immigration Detention
399
A.
Introduction
399
B.
Material Witness Detention
401
1.
Introduction
401
2.
Direct Challenge to Material Witness Detention
403
United States v. Awadallah
403
3.
Civil Lawsuit Alleging Illegal Detention as a Material Witness
416
Ashcroft v. al-Kidd
416
al-Kidd v. Ashcroft
421
C.
Detention of Aliens
427
1.
Introduction
427
2.
Post 9/11/01 Detentions and Removals Based on Immigration Law Violations
428
a.
The Use of Authority to Detain Aliens in Violation of the Immigration Laws as an Aid to Terrorism Investigation and as a Form of Preventive Detention
428
b.
Must Deportation Hearings Be Open to the Public and the Press?
429
Haddad v. Ashcroft
433
Detroit Free Press v. Ashcroft
438
Haddad v. Ashcroft
439
c.
Is Indefinite, Open-Ended Detention Possible in Connection With Efforts to Remove an Individual From the United States?
440
Zadvydas v. Davis
440
d.
Civil Suits by Aliens of Middle Eastern Origin Seeking Redress for Post-9/11 Detentions
450
Ashcroft v. Iqbal
450
e.
Statutory Detention and Removal Provisions Directed Specifically Toward Terrorists Under the USA Patriot Act and Other Immigration Law Provisions
457
ch. 9
Classified Information in Civilian Terrorism Trials
467
A.
Introduction---The Classified Information Procedures Act
467
B.
The Classified Information Procedures Act
469
C.
Adjudging the Adequacy of Substitutions for Classified Information
475
United States v. Rezaq
475
D.
Classified Information and the Right of Confrontation
481
United States v. Abu Ali
481
E.
Classified Information and the Right to Compulsory Process of Witnesses
492
United States v. Moussaoui
492
F.
Security Clearance for Counsel
511
United States v. Bin Laden
513
pt. 2
IN A MILITARY MODE
ch. 10
Detention in Military Custody
528
A.
Introduction
528
B.
Legal Basis for Extended Military Detention; Process Due Detainees
528
1.
The AUMF
528
2.
The Military Order Issued by the President
529
3.
Hamdi and Its Aftermath
537
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
537
C.
Process Due Detainees at Guantanamo; Disposition of Guantanamo and the Remaining Detainees
554
1.
Do the Detainees Have Habeas Corpus Rights in U.S. Courts?
554
Boumediene v. Bush
554
Al-Maqaleh v. Gates
577
Maqaleh v. Gates
585
2.
Post-Boumediene Habeas Corpus Reviews
586
Bensayah v. Obama
586
3.
Military Administrative Process for Determining the Status of Detainees
599
a.
Evolution of the Military Administrative Process
599
b.
The Obama Administration Policy
607
Note on the Controversy Surrounding the Proposed Closure of the Guantanamo Bay Facility and Where to Prosecute Gitmo Detainees; Where to detain and prosecute new apprehended detainees
619
D.
Military Custody for Persons Arrested in the United States--- Citizen and Non-Citizen: The Jose Padilla and Ali Saleh Kahlah Al-Marri Cases
622
1.
The Saga of Jose Padilla
622
Padilla v. Hanft
622
Note on Strategic Considerations in the Civilian Criminal Prosecution of Jose Padilla
634
Padilla v. Hanft
632
United States v. Padilla
635
2.
Ali Saleh Kahlah Al-Marri
639
ch. 11
Military Commissions
641
A.
Legal Authority
641
1.
The Quirin Case
641
Ex Parte Quirin
641
2.
The President's Military Order Redux
652
3.
Relevant Military Jurisdiction and Procedure Statutes
657
4.
Authority to Establish Military Commissions---The Hamdan Case
658
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
658
5.
The Response to Hamdan---Congressional Enactment of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, and Later, the Military Commissions Act of 2009
688
B.
Selected Military Commission Evidentiary Rules
689
1.
Search and Seizure-Exclusionary Rule
690
2.
Miranda Warnings
690
3.
Confessions
691
4.
Hearsay
692
5.
Classified Information
693
C.
The Provisions of the MCA of 2009
694
D.
Summary Review of the History of the Post-9/11 Military Commissions Trials
726
E.
The Choice Between Military and Civilian Custody and Military Commission and Civilian Prosecution
730
F.
Literature Regarding Military Commissions
732
ch. 12
Targeted Killing
734
A.
Introduction
734
B.
Executive Orders
735
C.
Policy Issues
735
D.
The Al-Aulaqi Case
739
Nasser Al-Aulaqi v. Obama
739
ch. 13
Using the Military in Domestic Law Enforcement
745
A.
Introduction
745
B.
Interpretation and Application of the Posse Comitatus Act
749
United States v. Yunis
749
C.
Exceptions to the Posse Comitatus Rule? More Extensive Use of the Military in Emergencies and for Other Purposes?
761
ch. 14
Epilogue
770
Index
775