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The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights : a commentary / edited by Steve Peers, Tamara Hervey, Jeff Kenner, and Angela Ward.
Peers, Steve, editor, writer of added commentary.; Hervey, Tamara K., editor, writer of added commentary.; Kenner, Jeff, editor, writer of added commentary.; Ward, Angela (Lawyer), editor, writer of added commentary.
2014
KJE5132.A32 E8 2014 (Map It)
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Title
The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights : a commentary / edited by Steve Peers, Tamara Hervey, Jeff Kenner, and Angela Ward.
Published
Oxford ; Portland, Oregon : Hart Publishing, 2014.
Copyright
©2014
Call Number
KJE5132.A32 E8 2014
ISBN
1849463085
9781849463089
Description
xlii, 1,893 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)832313599
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Includes
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000 December 7)
Record Appears in
Onsite Print Resources
Shared Records
All Resources
Variant Title
European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights : a commentary
Added Author
Peers, Steve, editor, writer of added commentary.
Hervey, Tamara K., editor, writer of added commentary.
Kenner, Jeff, editor, writer of added commentary.
Ward, Angela (Lawyer), editor, writer of added commentary.
Foreword / Vassilios Skouris
v
Editors' Preface
vii
List of Contributors
xxxix
pt. I
Commentary on the Articles of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
Article 1
Human Dignity / Catherine Dupre
3
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 1
3
Select Bibliography
3
A.
Article 1 and the Scope of EU Law
4
B.
Interrelationship of Article 1 with Other Provisions of the Charter
6
C.
Sources of Article 1
8
I.
ECHR
8
II.
Council of Europe Treaties
9
III.
UN Treaties
10
IV.
Relevant EU Law
11
V.
Other Sources: National Constitutions
11
D.
Analysis
13
I.
General Remarks
13
II.
Scope of Application
15
III.
Specific Provisions
18
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
21
V.
Remedies
23
E.
Evaluation
24
Article 2
Right to Life / Elizabeth Wicks
25
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 2
25
Select Bibliography
25
A.
Field of Application of Article 2
26
B.
Interrelationship of Article 2 with Other Provisions of the Charter
27
C.
Sources of Article 2 Rights
29
I.
ECHR
29
II.
UN Treaties
30
III.
Other Sources
30
D.
Analysis
31
I.
General Remarks
31
II.
Scope of Application
31
III.
Specific Provisions
33
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
36
V.
Remedies
37
E.
Evaluation
38
Article 3
Right to the Integrity of the Person / Sabine Michalowski
39
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 3
39
Select Bibliography
39
A.
Field of Application of Article 3
40
B.
Interrelationship of Article 3 with Other Provisions of the Charter
42
C.
Sources of Article 3 Rights
43
I.
ECHR
43
II.
UN Treaties
43
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
43
D.
Analysis
44
I.
General Remarks
44
II.
Scope of Application
45
III.
Specific Provisions
46
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
57
V.
Remedies
58
E.
Evaluation
58
Article 4
Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment / Anne Charbord
61
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 4
61
Select Bibliography
61
A.
Field of Application of Article 4
63
B.
Interrelationship of Article 4 with Other Provisions of the Charter
67
C.
Sources of Article 4 Rights
70
I.
ECHR
70
II.
UN Treaties
71
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
74
D.
Analysis
74
I.
General Remarks
74
II.
Scope of Application
76
III.
Specific Provisions
80
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
92
V.
Remedies
95
E.
Evaluation
97
Article 5
Prohibition of Slavery and Forced Labour / Heli Askola
101
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 5
101
Select Bibliography
102
A.
Field of Application of Article 5
103
B.
Interrelationship of Article 5 with Other Provisions of the Charter
104
C.
Sources of Rights under Article 5
105
D.
Analysis
106
I.
General Remarks
106
II.
Scope of Application
107
III.
Specific Provisions
108
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
117
V.
Remedies
118
Article 6
Right to Liberty and Security / Daniel Wilsher
121
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 6
121
Select Bibliography
122
A.
Field of Application of Article 6
122
B.
Interrelationship of Article 6 with Other Provisions of the Charter
125
C.
Sources of Article 6 Rights
126
I.
ECHR
126
II.
UN Treaties
126
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
127
IV.
Other Sources
128
D.
Analysis
128
I.
General Remarks
128
II.
Scope of Application
129
III.
Specific Provisions
131
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
132
V.
Remedies
150
E.
Evaluation
150
Article 7
Respect for Private and Family Life (Private Life, Home and Communications) / Jens Vested-Hansen
153
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 7
153
Select Bibliography
153
A.
Field of Application of Article 7 (Private Life, Home and Communications)
154
B.
Interrelationship of Article 7 with Other Provisions of the Charter
154
C.
Sources of Article 7 Rights
155
D.
Analysis
155
I.
General Remarks
155
II.
Scope of Application
155
III.
Specific Provisions
161
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
179
V.
Remedies
180
E.
Evaluation
181
Article 7
Right to Respect for Private and Family Life (Family Life Aspects) / Shazia Choudhry
183
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 7
183
Select Bibliography
183
A.
Field of Application of Article 7
183
I.
Gender Equality
184
II.
Children's Rights
187
III.
Free Movement, Immigration and Asylum
190
B.
Interrelationship of Article 7 with Other Provisions of the Charter
193
C.
Sources of Article 7 Rights
194
I.
ECHR
194
II.
Council of Europe Treaties
195
III.
UN Treaties
198
D.
Analysis
201
I.
General Remarks
201
II.
Scope of Application
202
III.
Specific Provisions
207
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
216
V.
Remedies
220
E.
Evaluation
220
Article 8
Protection of Personal Data / Herke Kranenborg
223
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 8
223
Select Bibliography
223
A.
Field of Application of Article 8
224
I.
EU Competence on Data Protection before the Entry into Force of the Lisbon Treaty
224
II.
EU Competence on Data Protection after the Entry into Force of the Lisbon Treaty
225
III.
The Scope of Application of Secondary Legislation
227
B.
Interrelationship of Article 8 with Other Provisions of the Charter
228
I.
Article 7 (Right to Respect for Private and Family Life)
228
II.
Article 11 (Freedom of Expression and Information)
231
III.
Article 17 (Right to Property) and Article 47 (Right to an Effective Remedy and to a Fair Trial)
232
IV.
Article 21 (Prohibition of Discrimination)
233
V.
Article 42 (Right of Access to Documents)
234
C.
Sources of Article 8
235
I.
ECHR
235
II.
UN Treaties
236
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
238
IV.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
238
D.
Analysis
239
I.
General Remarks
239
II.
Scope of Application
241
III.
Specific Provisions
247
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
259
V.
Remedies
263
E.
Evaluation
264
Article 9
Right to Marry and Right to Found a Family / Shazia Choudhry
267
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 9
267
Select Bibliography
267
A.
Field of Application of Article 9
267
B.
Interrelationship of Article 9 with Other Provisions of the Charter
273
C.
Sources of Article 9 Rights
274
I.
ECHR
274
II.
Council of Europe Treaties
275
III.
UN Treaties
277
D.
Analysis
279
I.
General Remarks
279
II.
Scope of Application
280
III.
Specific Provisions
280
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
287
V.
Remedies
290
E.
Evaluation
290
Article 10
Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion / Ronan McCrea
291
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 10
291
Select Bibliography
291
A.
Field of Application of Article 10
291
B.
Interrelationship of Article 10 with Other Provisions of the Charter
293
I.
Religious Freedom and Free Expression
293
II.
Discrimination on Grounds of Religion
295
C.
Sources of Article 10 Rights
298
D.
Analysis
299
I.
General Remarks
299
II.
Scope of Application
300
III.
Specific Provisions
301
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
301
V.
Remedies
307
E.
Evaluation
307
F.
Conclusion
309
Article 11
Freedom of Expression and Information / Lorna Woods
311
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 11
311
Select Bibliography
311
A.
Field of Application of Article 11
312
B.
Interrelationship of Article 11 with Other Provisions of the Charter
314
C.
Sources of Article 11 Rights
314
I.
ECHR
314
II.
UN Treaties
315
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
318
IV.
Other Sources
318
D.
Analysis
320
I.
General Remarks
320
II.
Scope of Application
321
III.
Specific Provisions
325
IV.
Limits and Derogations
327
V.
Remedies
330
E.
Evaluation
331
Article 12
Freedom of Assembly and of Association
341
Article 12(1) / Filip Dorssemont
341
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 12(1)
341
Select Bibliography
341
A.
Field of Application of Article 12(1)
342
B.
Interrelationship of Article 12(1) with Other Provisions of the Charter
345
C.
Sources of Article 12(1) Rights
347
I.
Council of Europe Treaties
347
II.
UN Treaties
348
III.
Other Sources
349
D.
Analysis
349
I.
General Remarks
349
II.
Scope of Application
350
III.
Limitations and Derogations
359
IV.
Remedies
360
E.
Evaluation
364
Article 12(2) / Lamin Khadar
367
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 12(2)
367
Select Bibliography
367
A.
Field of Application of Article 12(2)
368
B.
Interrelationship of Article 12(2) with Other Provisions of the Charter
368
C.
Sources of Article 12(2) Rights
368
I.
ECHR
369
II.
UN Treaties
369
III.
Other Sources
370
D.
Analysis
370
I.
General Remarks
370
II.
Scope of Application
375
III.
Detailed Analysis
375
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
377
V.
Remedies
377
E.
Evaluation
377
Article 13
Freedom of the Arts and Sciences / Debbie Sayers
379
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 13
379
Select Bibliography
379
A.
Field of Application of Article 13
379
B.
Interrelationship of Article 13 with Other Provisions of the Charter
381
C.
Sources of Article 13 Rights
382
I.
ECHR
382
II.
UN Treaties
383
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
387
IV.
Other Sources
388
D.
Analysis
389
I.
General Remarks
389
II.
Scope of Application
390
III.
Specific Provisions
391
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
397
V.
Remedies
398
E.
Evaluation
399
Article 14
Right to Education / Gisella Gori
401
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 14
401
Select Bibliography
401
A.
Field of Application of Article 14
402
B.
Interrelationship of Article 14 with Other Provisions of the Charter
407
C.
Sources of Article 14 Rights
408
I.
ECHR
408
II.
UN Treaties
411
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
412
IV.
Other Sources
413
D.
Analysis
414
I.
General Remarks
414
II.
Scope of Application
416
III.
Specific Provisions
418
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
419
V.
Remedies
420
E.
Evaluation
421
Article 15
Freedom to Choose an Occupation and Right to Engage in Work / Diamond Ashiagbor
423
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 15
423
Select Bibliography
423
A.
Article 15 and the Scope of EU Law
424
B.
Interrelationship of Article 15 with Other Provisions of the Charter
425
C.
Sources of Article 15 Rights
427
I.
European Social Charter
427
II.
UN Treaties
429
III.
Other Sources
430
D.
Analysis
430
I.
General Remarks
430
II.
Scope of Application
431
III.
Specific Provisions
432
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
433
V.
Remedies
434
E.
Evaluation
435
Article 16
Freedom to Conduct a Business / Rui Correia Goncalves
437
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 16
437
Select Bibliography
437
A.
Field of Application
438
I.
Freedom to Conduct a Business as a Human Right
440
II.
Freedom to Conduct a Business as an Element of the European Economic Constitution
441
B.
Relation of Article 16 to Articles 15 and 17 of the Charter
442
C.
Sources of Law
445
D.
Analysis
448
I.
General Remarks
448
II.
Scope of Application of Article 16
450
III.
Specific Provisions
452
IV.
Limitation to and Derogations from the Application of Article 16
458
V.
Remedies
462
E.
Conclusion
463
Article 17
Right to Property
465
Article 17(1) / Ferdinand Wollenschlager
465
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 17(1)
465
Select Bibliography
465
A.
Field of Application of Article 17(1)
467
B.
Interrelationship of Article 17(1) with Other Provisions of the Charter
467
C.
Sources of Article 17(1) Rights
468
I.
ECHR
468
II.
UN Treaties
469
III.
Other Sources
469
D.
Analysis
470
I.
General Remarks
470
II.
Scope of Application
471
III.
Limitations and Derogations
476
IV.
Remedies
486
E.
Evaluation
487
Article 17(2) / Paul Torremans
489
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 17(2)
489
Select Bibliography
489
A.
Field of Application of Article 17(2)
490
B.
Interrelationship of Article 17(2) with Other Provisions of the Charter
492
C.
Sources of Article 17(2) Rights
494
I.
The Human Rights Approach to Copyright in International Instruments
494
II.
The Human Rights Approach to Other Intellectual Property Rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
500
III.
ECHR
501
D.
Analysis
502
I.
General Remarks
502
II.
Scope of Application
503
III.
Specific Provisions
503
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
515
V.
Remedies
516
E.
Evaluation
516
Article 18
Right to Asylum / Maarten den Heijer
519
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 18
519
Select Bibliography
519
A.
Field of Application of Article 18
520
B.
Interrelationship of Article 18 with Other Provisions of the Charter
521
C.
Sources of Article 18 Rights
523
I.
ECHR
523
II.
UN Treaties
523
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
526
IV.
Constitutional Traditions
528
V.
Other Sources
529
D.
Analysis
530
I.
General Remarks
530
II.
Scope of Application
531
III.
Limitations and Derogations
537
IV.
Remedies
539
E.
Evaluation
539
Article 19
Protection in the Event of Removal, Expulsion or Extradition / Elspeth Guild
543
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 19
543
Select Bibliography
543
A.
Article 19 and the Scope of EU Law
544
B.
Interrelationship of Article 19 with Other Provisions of the Charter
545
C.
Sources of Article 19 Rights
546
I.
ECHR
546
II.
UN Treaties
546
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
548
IV.
Other Treaties
548
V.
Relevant EU law
548
D.
Analysis
552
I.
General Remarks
552
II.
Scope of Application
553
III.
Specific Provisions
554
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
559
V.
Remedies
560
E.
Evaluation
561
Article 20
Equality before the Law / Mark Bell
563
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 20
563
Select Bibliography
563
A.
Field of Application of Article 20
563
B.
Interrelationship of Article 20 with Other Provisions of the Charter
564
C.
Sources of Article 20 Rights
566
I.
ECHR
566
II.
UN Treaties
567
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
567
IV.
Other Sources
567
D.
Analysis
568
I.
General Remarks
568
II.
Scope of Application
569
III.
Specific Provisions
570
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
573
V.
Remedies
575
E.
Evaluation
576
Article 21
Non-Discrimination / Claire Kilpatrick
579
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 21
579
Select Bibliography
579
A.
Field of Application of Article 21
580
B.
Interrelationship of Article 21 with Other Provisions of the Charter
582
C.
Sources of Article 21 Rights
584
I.
ECHR
584
II.
UN Treaties
584
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
586
D.
Analysis
586
I.
General Remarks
586
II.
Scope of Application
587
III.
Specific Provisions
594
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
600
V.
Remedies
602
E.
Evaluation
602
Article 22
Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Diversity / Rachael Craufurd Smith
605
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 22
605
Select Bibliography
605
A.
Field of Application of Article 22
605
B.
Interrelationship of Article 22 with Other Provisions of the Charter
610
C.
Sources of Article 22 Rights
613
I.
ECHR
613
II.
UN Treaties
616
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
617
IV.
Other
618
D.
Analysis
618
I.
General Remarks
618
II.
Scope of Application
622
III.
Specific Provisions
623
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
627
V.
Remedies
629
E.
Evaluation
630
Article 23
Equality between Women and Men / Dagmar Schiek
633
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 23
633
Select Bibliography
633
A.
Field of Application of Article 23
634
B.
Interrelationship of Article 23 with Other Provisions of the Charter
636
I.
Article 23 and Articles 20, 21 CFREU
636
II.
Article 23 and Other Charter Articles
638
C.
Sources for Article 23 Rights
639
I.
Council of Europe Treaties
639
II.
UN Treaties
640
III.
EU Law
641
D.
Analysis
643
I.
General Remarks
643
II.
Paragraph 1
644
III.
Paragraph 2
650
E.
Evaluation
655
I.
Opportunities
655
II.
Shortcomings
659
III.
Conclusion
660
Article 24
The Rights of the Child / Ruth Lamont
661
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 24
661
Select Bibliography
661
A.
Field of Application of Article 24
662
B.
Interrelationship of Article 24 with Other Provisions of the Charter
671
C.
Sources of Article 24 Rights
672
I.
ECHR
672
II.
UN Treaties
674
D.
Analysis
678
I.
General Remarks
678
II.
Scope of Application
679
III.
Specific Provisions
680
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
686
V.
Remedies
688
E.
Evaluation
689
Article 25
The Rights of the Elderly / Colm O'Cinneide
693
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 25
693
Select Bibliography
693
A.
Field of Application of Article 25
694
B.
Interrelationship of Article 25 with Other Provisions of the Charter
695
C.
Sources of Article 25 Rights
696
I.
ECHR
696
II.
UN Treaties
697
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
698
IV.
Other Sources
699
D.
Analysis
701
I.
General Remarks
701
II.
Scope of Application
703
III.
Specific Provisions
705
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
706
V.
Remedies
706
E.
Evaluation
706
Article 26
Integration of Persons with Disabilities / Charlotte O'Brien
709
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 26
709
Select Bibliography
709
A.
Field of Application of Article 26
710
B.
Interrelationship of Article 26 with Other Provisions of the Charter
712
C.
Sources of Article 26 Rights
717
I.
ECHR
717
II.
UN Treaties
721
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
726
IV.
Other Sources
728
D.
Analysis
729
I.
General Remarks
729
II.
Scope of Application
734
III.
Specific Provisions
736
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
743
V.
Remedies
745
E.
Evaluation
747
Article 27
Workers' Right to Information and Consultation within the Undertaking / Filip Dorssemont
749
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 27
749
Select Bibliography
749
A.
Field of Application of Article 27
749
B.
Interrelationship of Article 27 with Other Provisions of the Charter
750
C.
Sources of Article 27 Rights
752
D.
Analysis
755
I.
General Remarks
755
II.
Scope of Application
756
III.
Specific Provisions
758
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
763
V.
Remedies
768
E.
Evaluation
769
Article 28
Right of Collective Bargaining and Action / Catherine Barnard
773
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 28
773
Select Bibliography
773
A.
Field of Application of Article 28 CFREU
774
B.
Interrelationship of Article 28 with Other Provisions of the Charter
777
I.
Other Provisions in the Charter
777
II.
Protocol 30
778
C.
Sources of Article 28 Rights
779
I.
Right to Bargain Collectively
779
II.
Right to Take Collective Action
781
D.
Analysis
783
I.
General Remarks
783
II.
Scope of Application: Definition of Terms
784
III.
Specific Provisions
787
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
792
V.
Remedies
793
E.
Evaluation
794
Article 29
Right of Access to Placement Services / Diamond Ashiagbor
795
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 29
795
Select Bibliography
795
A.
Article 29 and the Scope of EU Law
795
B.
Interrelationship of Article 29 with Other Provisions of the Charter
797
C.
Sources of Article 29 Rights
798
I.
Council of Europe: European Social Charter
798
II.
UN Treaties
798
III.
Other Sources
800
D.
Analysis
800
I.
General Remarks
800
II.
Scope of Application
801
III.
Specific Provisions
802
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
802
V.
Remedies
802
E.
Evaluation
803
Article 30
Protection in the Event of Unjustified Dismissal / Jeff Kenner
805
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 30
805
Select Bibliography
805
A.
Article 30 and the Scope of EU Law
805
B.
Interrelationship of Article 30 with Other Provisions of the Charter
810
C.
Sources of Article 30 Rights
814
I.
ECHR
814
II.
UN Treaties
815
III.
ILO
816
IV.
Council of Europe Treaties
817
V.
National Constitutional Laws
817
D.
Analysis
818
I.
General Remarks
818
II.
Scope of Application
824
III.
Specific Provisions
825
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
829
V.
Remedies
831
E.
Evaluation
832
Article 31
Fair and Just Working Conditions / Alan Bogg
833
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 31
833
Select Bibliography
833
A.
Article 31 and the Scope of EU Law
834
B.
Interrelationship of Article 31 with Other Provisions of the Charter
836
C.
Sources of Article 31 Rights
839
I.
Council of Europe Treaties
839
II.
Other Sources
841
D.
Analysis
845
I.
General Remarks
845
II.
Scope of Application
850
III.
Specific Provisions
852
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
862
V.
Remedies
867
E.
Evaluation
868
Article 32
Prohibition of Child Labour and Protection of Young People at Work / Helen Stalford
869
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 32
869
Select Bibliography
869
A.
Field of Application of Article 32
870
B.
Interrelationship of Article 32 with Other Provisions of the Charter
874
C.
Sources of Article 32 Rights
876
I.
UN Treaties
876
II.
Council of Europe Treaties
877
III.
Other Sources
878
D.
Analysis
879
I.
General Remarks
879
II.
Scope of Application
879
III.
Specific Provisions
883
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
884
V.
Remedies
886
E.
Evaluation
888
Article 33
Family and Professional Life / Cathryn Costello
891
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 33
891
Select Bibliography
891
A.
Field of Application of Article 33
892
B.
Interrelationship of Article 33 with Other Provisions of the Charter
895
C.
Sources of Article 33 Rights
897
I.
ECHR
897
II.
UN Treaties
900
III.
Council of Europe Sources---The European Social Charter and Revised European Social Charter
905
IV.
Other Sources
911
D.
Analysis
917
I.
General Remarks
917
II.
Scope of Application
918
III.
Specific Provisions and Issues
919
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
922
V.
Remedies
923
E.
Evaluation
924
Article 34
Social Security and Social Assistance / Robin White
927
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 34
927
Select Bibliography
927
A.
Field of Application of Article 34
928
B.
Interrelationship of Article 34 with Other Provisions of the Charter
930
C.
Sources of Article 34 Rights
930
I.
ECHR
930
II.
UN Treaties
932
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
933
IV.
Other Sources
936
D.
Analysis
936
I.
General Remarks
936
II.
Scope of Application
937
III.
Specific Provisions
941
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
947
V.
Remedies
948
E.
Evaluation
948
Article 35
The Right to Health Care / Jean McHale
951
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 35
951
Select Bibliography
951
A.
Field of Application of Article 35
951
B.
Interrelationship of Article 35 with Other Provisions of the Charter
952
C.
Sources of Article 35 Rights
953
I.
ECHR
953
II.
UN Treaties
953
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
954
IV.
Other Sources
956
D.
Analysis
957
I.
General Remarks
957
II.
Scope of Application
957
III.
Specific Provisions
959
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
966
V.
Remedies
966
E.
Evaluation
967
Article 36
Access to Services of General Economic Interest / Erika Szyszczak
969
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 36
969
Select Bibliography
969
A.
Article 36 and the Scope of EU Law
969
B.
Interrelationship of Article 36 with Other Provisions of the Charter
970
C.
Sources of Article 36 `Rights' and `Principles'
971
D.
Analysis
971
I.
General Remarks
971
II.
Scope of Application
972
III.
Specific Provisions
972
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
981
V.
Remedies
981
E.
Evaluation
981
Article 37
Environmental Protection / Gracia Marin Duran
983
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 37
983
Select Bibliography
983
A.
Field of Application of Article 37
984
B.
Interrelationship of Article 37 with Other Provisions of the Charter
985
C.
Sources of Article 37
987
I.
EU Law
987
II.
National Constitutional Law
989
D.
Analysis
991
I.
General Remarks
991
II.
Specific Provisions
992
III.
Legal Nature
995
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
997
V.
Remedies
1000
E.
Evaluation
1002
Article 38
Consumer Protection / Steve Weatherill
1005
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 38
1005
Select Bibliography
1005
A.
Field of Application of Article 38
1005
B.
Interrelationship of Article 38 with Other Provisions of the Charter
1006
C.
Sources of Article 38 Rights
1006
D.
Analysis
1008
I.
General Remarks
1008
II.
Scope of Application
1010
III.
Specific Provisions
1010
IV.
Limitations
1024
V.
Remedies
1025
E.
Evaluation
1025
Article 39
Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Elections to the European Parliament / Jo Shaw
1027
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 39
1027
Select Bibliography
1027
A.
Field of Application of Article 39
1028
B.
Interrelationship of Article 39 with Other Provisions of the Charter
1028
C.
Sources of Article 39 Rights
1030
I.
ECHR
1030
II.
UN Treaties
1030
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
1032
IV.
Other Sources
1032
D.
Analysis
1033
I.
General Remarks
1033
II.
Scope of Application
1040
III.
Specific Provisions
1040
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
1046
V.
Remedies
1050
E.
Evaluation
1052
Article 40
Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Municipal Elections / Kees Groenendijk
1057
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 40
1057
Select Bibliography
1057
A.
Field of Application of Article 40
1058
B.
Interrelationship of Article 40 with Other Provisions of the Charter
1058
C.
Sources of Article 40 Rights
1059
I.
ECHR
1059
II.
UN Treaties
1060
III.
Council of Europe
1061
IV.
Other Sources
1061
D.
Analysis
1062
I.
General Remarks
1062
II.
Scope of Application
1063
III.
Specific Provisions
1064
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
1065
V.
Remedies
1066
E.
Evaluation
1066
Article 41
Right to Good Administration / Paul Craig
1069
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 41
1069
Select Bibliography
1069
A.
Article 41 and the Scope of EU Law
1070
B.
Interrelationship of Article 41 with Other Provisions of the Charter
1071
C.
Sources of Article 41 Rights
1071
D.
Analysis
1072
I.
General Remarks
1072
II.
Scope of Application
1072
III.
Specific Provisions
1076
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
1097
V.
Remedies
1097
E.
Evaluation
1098
Article 42
Right of Access to Documents / Joana Mendes
1099
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 42
1099
Select Bibliography
1099
A.
Field of Application of Article 42
1100
B.
Interrelationship of Article 42 with Other Provisions of the Charter
1102
C.
Sources of Article 42 Rights
1103
D.
Analysis
1104
I.
General Remarks
1104
II.
Scope of Application
1107
III.
Specific Provisions
1111
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
1112
V.
Remedies
1118
E.
Evaluation
1118
Article 43
European Ombudsman / Ian Harden
1121
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 43
1121
Select Bibliography
1121
A.
Field of Application of Article 43
1121
B.
Interrelationship of Article 43 with Other Provisions of the Charter
1124
C.
Sources of Article 43 Rights
1124
I.
UN Treaties
1125
II.
Council of Europe Treaties
1125
III.
Other Sources
1126
D.
Analysis
1127
I.
General Remarks
1127
II.
Scope of Application
1129
III.
Specific Provisions
1136
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
1140
V.
Remedies
1141
E.
Evaluation
1143
I.
The Ombudsman Remedy as an Alternative Route to Redress
1144
II.
The Ombudsman Remedy as an Instrument of Public Participation
1147
III.
Future Trends
1149
Article 44
Right to Petition / Mats Lindfelt
1151
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 44
1151
Selected Bibliography
1151
A.
Field of Application of Article 44
1151
B.
Interrelationship with Other Provisions of the Charter
1152
C.
Sources of Article 44 Rights
1153
D.
Analysis
1154
I.
General Remarks
1154
II.
Scope of Application
1155
III.
Specific Provisions
1157
IV.
Limitations
1158
V.
Remedies
1158
E.
Evaluation
1159
I.
A Tool for Democratic Control
1159
Article 45
Freedom of Movement and of Residence / Eleanor Spaventa
1161
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 45
1161
Select Bibliography
1161
A.
Field of Application of Article 45
1161
B.
Interrelationship of Article 45 with Other Provisions of the Charter
1162
C.
Sources of Article 45 Rights
1163
D.
Analysis
1164
I.
General Remarks
1164
II.
Scope of Application---Article 45(1)
1164
III.
Right to Move, Right to Enter and Right to Exit
1165
IV.
Right to Reside
1166
V.
The Right to Move and Claims Against the Member State of Origin
1172
VI.
Nature of Charter Rights---and Purely Internal Situations
1174
VII.
Article 45(2)
1175
VIII.
Remedies
1175
E.
Evaluation
1176
Article 46
Diplomatic and Consular Protection / Eileen Denza
1177
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 46
1177
Select Bibliography
1177
A.
Field of Application of Article 46
1178
B.
Interrelationship of Article 46 with Other Provisions of the Charter
1178
C.
Sources of Article 46 Rights
1179
I.
Commission Proposals and Research
1180
II.
National Implementing Measures
1181
D.
Analysis
1181
I.
General Remarks
1181
II.
Background---Diplomatic Protection, Protection by Diplomatic Missions and Consular Protection
1184
III.
Scope of the `Right' to Protection
1185
IV.
Whether `Diplomatic Protection' in the Formal Sense is Covered
1187
V.
Specific Provisions
1188
VI.
Limitations
1193
VII.
Remedies
1193
E.
Evaluation
1194
Article 47
Right to an Effective Remedy and to a Fair Trial / Angela Ward
1197
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 47
1197
Select Bibliography
1198
A.
Field of Application
1199
B.
Interrelationship with Other Provisions of the Charter
1199
C.
Sources of Article 47 Rights
1200
I.
An `Effective Remedy'
1200
II.
A `Fair and Public Hearing'
1205
III.
`Within a Reasonable Time'
1207
IV.
`By an Independent and Impartial Tribunal Previously Established by Law'
1207
V.
Legal Aid for Indigents
1209
D.
Analysis
1209
I.
General Remarks
1209
II.
Scope of Application
1210
III.
Specific Provisions (Meaning)
1211
IV.
Effective Remedies before Member State Courts and the Principle of Non-Discrimination
1228
V.
Damages for Breach of the Charter
1235
VI.
Effective Judicial Remedies before the Court of Justice
1241
VII.
Article 47(2): Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law. Everyone shall have the possibility of being advised, defended and represented
1250
VIII.
Article 47(2): Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law. Everyone shall have the possibility of being advised, defended and represented
1258
IX.
Article 47(3): Legal aid shall be made available to those who lack sufficient resources in so far as such aid is necessary to ensure effective access to justice
1269
E.
Evaluation
1273
Article 48
Presumption of Innocence and Right of Defence (Administrative Law) / Hanns Peter Nehl
1277
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 48
1277
Select Bibliography
1277
I.
Article 48(1)---Presumption Of Innocence
A.
Field of Application of Article 48(1)
1278
B.
Interrelationship of Article 48(1) with Other Provisions of the Charter
1279
C.
Sources of Rights under Article 48(1)
1280
D.
Analysis
1281
I.
General Remarks
1281
II.
Scope of Application
1282
III.
Specific Provisions: Substantive Content of Article 48(1)
1283
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
1287
V.
Remedies
1288
E.
Evaluation
1289
II.
Article 48(2)---Rights Of The Defence
A.
Field of Application of Article 48(2)
1289
B.
Interrelationship of Article 48(2) with Other Provisions of the Charter
1291
C.
Sources of Rights under Article 48(2)
1291
D.
Analysis
1292
I.
General Remarks
1292
II.
Scope of Application
1292
III.
Specific Provisions: Substantive Content of Article 48(2)
1293
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
1298
V.
Remedies
1298
E.
Evaluation
1301
Article 48
Presumption of Innocence and Right of Defence (Criminal Law) / Debbie Sayers
1303
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 48
1303
Select Bibliography
1303
A.
Field of Application of Article 48(1)
1304
B.
Interrelationship of Article 48(1) with Other Provisions of the Charter
1305
C.
Sources of Rights under Article 48(1)
1306
I.
ECHR
1306
II.
UN Treaties
1307
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
1309
IV.
Other Sources
1309
A.
Field of Application of Article 48(2)
1309
B.
Interrelationship of Article 48(2) with Other Provisions of the Charter
1313
C.
Sources of Rights under Article 48(2)
1313
I.
ECHR
1313
II.
UN Treaties
1316
III.
Other Sources
1319
D.
Analysis
1319
I.
General Remarks
1319
II.
Scope of Application
1321
III.
Specific Provisions: Substantive Content of Article 48
1322
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
1344
V.
Remedies
1345
E.
Evaluation
1347
Article 49
Principles of Legality and Proportionality of Criminal Offences and Penalties / Valsamis Mitsilegas
1351
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 49
1351
Select Bibliography
1351
A.
Field of Application of Article 49
1352
B.
Interrelationship of Article 49 with Other Provisions of the Charter
1352
C.
Sources of Rights under Article 49
1353
I.
UN Sources
1353
II.
ECHR
1354
D.
Analysis
1358
I.
General Remarks
1358
II.
Legality
1359
III.
Proportionality
1365
E.
Evaluation
1371
Article 50
Right not to be Tried or Punished Twice in Criminal Proceedings for the same Criminal Offence / Jonathan Tomkin
1373
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 50
1373
Select Bibliography
1373
A.
Field of Application of Article 50
1374
I.
Criminal Law
1375
II.
Administrative Law Proceedings and Sanctions
1377
B.
Interrelationship of Article 50 with Other Provisions of the Charter
1378
C.
Sources of Rights under Article 50
1379
I.
ECHR
1380
II.
UN Treaties
1381
III.
Other Sources
1383
D.
Analysis
1384
I.
General Remarks
1384
II.
Scope of Application
1385
III.
Specific Provisions
1392
IV.
Limitations and Derogations
1407
V.
Remedies
1410
E.
Evaluation
1411
Article 51
Field of Application / Angela Ward
1413
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 51
1413
Select Bibliography
1414
A.
Field of Application of Article 51
1415
B.
Interrelationship of Article 51 with Other Provisions of the Charter
1415
I.
Article 51(1)
1415
II.
Article 51(2)
1421
C.
Sources of Article 51 Rules
1422
D.
Analysis
1424
I.
General Remarks
1424
II.
Specific Provisions
1427
E.
Evaluation
1449
Article 52
Scope and Interpretation of Rights and Principles / Sacha Prechal
1455
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 52
1455
Select Bibliography
1457
A.
Field of Application of Article 52
1458
B.
Interrelationship of Article 52 with Other Provisions of the Charter
1458
C.
Sources of Article 52 Rules
1459
D.
Analysis
1459
I.
General Remarks
1459
II.
Specific Provisions
1461
E.
Evaluation
1521
Article 53
Level of Protection / Bruno de Witte
1523
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 53
1523
Select Bibliography
1523
A.
Sources of Article 53
1524
B.
Analysis
1524
I.
Relation with the Rest of European Union Law
1525
II.
Relation with International Law
1526
III.
Relation with National Constitutions
1527
IV.
An Exception to the Primacy of EU Law?
1529
V.
The Legal Significance of Article 53
1533
C.
Conclusion
1537
Article 54
Abuse of Rights / Lorna Woods
1539
Text of Explanatory Note on Article 54
1539
Select Bibliography
1539
A.
Article 54 and the Scope of EU Law
1539
B.
Interrelationship of Article 54 with Other Provisions of the Charter
1540
C.
Sources of Article 54 Rights
1540
I.
ECHR
1540
II.
UN Treaties
1541
III.
Council of Europe Treaties
1543
IV.
Other Sources
1544
D.
Analysis
1545
I.
General Remarks
1545
II.
Scope of Application
1545
III.
Specific Provisions
1547
IV.
Limits and Derogation
1550
E.
Evaluation
1550
pt. II
Reflections on the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
The Place of the Charter in the EU Constitutional Edifice / Jose Antonio Gutierrez-Fons
1559
A.
The Scope of Application of the Charter
1561
I.
Wachauf as a Token of Positive Action on the Part of the Member States
1562
II.
The Derogation Situation
1568
III.
Annibaldi as an Example of the Situations where the Charter does not Apply
1569
B.
The Charter and Primary EU Law
1571
I.
The Charter and the Treaties
1571
II.
The Charter and General Principles of EU Law
1575
C.
The Charter and the Common Constitutional Space
1580
I.
The Charter and the ECHR
1580
II.
The Charter and the Constitutional Traditions Common to the Member States
1586
D.
Concluding Remarks
1592
Protocol (No 30) on the Application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to Poland and the United Kingdom / Anthony Arnull
1595
Select Bibliography
1596
A.
Introduction
1597
B.
The Background to Protocol No 30
1599
C.
The Meaning and Effect of Protocol No 30
1603
I.
The Preamble
1603
II.
Article 1(1) of the Protocol
1604
III.
Article 1(2) of the Protocol
1607
IV.
Article 2 of the Protocol
1609
D.
Evaluation
1610
The EU Fundamental Rights Agency and the Fundamental Rights Charter: How Fundamental is the Link Between them? / Gabriel N Toggenburg
1613
A.
Introduction
1613
B.
The FRA: a Glimpse at its Role in the Eu's Institutional Landscape
1614
C.
The Agency's Founding Regulation and its Multiannual Framework: a Case of `Charter-blindness'?
1616
D.
The Charter in the Agency's Practice: Legal Benchmark and Tool
1619
E.
Instead of Conclusions: a Triptych of Proposals for Making the Link Between the Charter and the Agency even more Fundamental
1623
The Implementation of the Charter by the Institutions of the European Union / Olivier De Schutter
1627
A.
Introduction
1627
B.
The Integration of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in the Work of the European Parliament
1629
I.
The Parliament's Role in Monitoring the EU Member States
1629
II.
The Parliament as Guardian of Legality
1636
III.
The Parliament as Co-legislator
1641
C.
The Integration of the Charter of Fundamental Rights by the European Commission
1643
I.
Assessment of Compatibility of Legislative Proposals with the Charter
1643
II.
Impact Assessments
1645
III.
Ensuring the Implementation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights
1648
D.
The Integration of the Charter of Fundamental Rights by the Council of the EU
1650
E.
The Integration of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in Law- and Policy-making: the Next Steps
1652
The Extraterritorial Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: From Territoriality to Facticity, the Effectiveness Model / Cathryn Costello
1657
Select Bibliography
1657
A.
Introduction
1658
B.
Relevant Provisions: The Treaty and the Charter
1661
C.
The Place of `Jurisdiction' in the EU Legal Order
1663
I.
`PIL Jurisdiction' and EU Law
1663
II.
`IHRL Jurisdiction' and EU Law
1668
D.
Analysis: The Applicability of EU Fundamental Rights, an Autonomous Paradigm
1679
E.
Evaluation: The Emergence of a New Model
1682
The Charter and Universal Human Rights Instruments / Allan Rosas
1685
A.
Introduction
1685
B.
The Relevance of International Human Rights Instruments for the Development of EU Fundamental Rights
1687
C.
Examples from Case Law
1691
D.
Human Rights Instruments in EU External Relations
1694
E.
The Lisbon Treaty, the Charter and Universal Instruments
1697
F.
Conclusions
1700
Fundamental Social Rights in the Charter---Are They Rights? Are They Fundamental? / Niilo Jaaskinen
1703
A.
Introduction
1703
B.
A Short History of EU Fundamental Social Rights
1704
C.
Nature and Effects of Fundamental Social Rights
1707
I.
Philosophical Foundations of Fundamental Social Rights
1708
II.
Effects of Fundamental Social Rights
1710
D.
Protection of Fundamental Social Rights in a Multi-level Constitutional Structure
1710
E.
From an Exception to the Fundamental
1712
The Explanations Relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union / Jean-Paul Jacque
1715
A.
The Origin of the Explanations
1715
I.
The First Convention: the Explanations as an Explanatory Report
1716
II.
The Second Convention: Moving Towards a Specific Status for the Explanations
1717
B.
A Diversified Content
1718
C.
The Use of the Explanations in Jurisdiction
1721
I.
The Search for the Source of a Guaranteed Right
1721
II.
Interpreting the Charter's Guaranteed Rights and General Provisions
1722
D.
Conclusion
1724
pt. III
Commentary on the Treaty of EU Accession to the European Convention on Human Rights
Agreement on the Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights / Paul Gragl
1727
Text of the Agreement
1727
Select Bibliography
1733
A.
Background and Overview of EU Accession to the ECHR
1734
I.
The Long History of Accession
1734
II.
The Constraints of Article 218 TFEU, Article 6(2) TEU, and Protocol No 8 to the Treaties
1737
III.
The Relevance of Article 52(3) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights
1741
B.
The Substantive Provisions of the Accession Agreement
1745
Article 1
Scope of the Accession and Amendments to Article 59 of the Convention
1745
Article 2
Reservations to the Convention and the Protocols
1758
Article 3
Co-Respondent Mechanism
1761
Article 4
Inter-Party Cases
1790
Article 5
Interpretation of Articles 35 and 55 of the Convention
1795
Article 6
Election of Judges
1797
Article 7
Participation of the European Union in the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe
1801
Article 8
Participation of the European Union in the Expenditure Related to the Convention
1812
Article 9
Relations with other Agreements
1815
Article 10
Signature and Entry into Force
1817
Article 11
Reservations
1819
Article 12
Notifications
1819
C.
Appraisal
1820
Appendix
1825
Index
1861

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