Referral of cases from international to national criminal jurisdictions : transferring cases from the ICTY and the ICTR to national jurisdictions / Lena Lindemann.
2013
KZ7375 .L56 2013 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Referral of cases from international to national criminal jurisdictions : transferring cases from the ICTY and the ICTR to national jurisdictions / Lena Lindemann.
Published
Baden-Baden : Nomos ; Bern : Stämpfli, 2013.
Copyright
©2013
Call Number
KZ7375 .L56 2013
Edition
1. Auflage.
ISBN
9783832977429 (Nomos : paperback)
3832977422 (Nomos : paperback)
9783727277191 (Stämpfli : paperback)
372727719X (Stämpfli : paperback)
3832977422 (Nomos : paperback)
9783727277191 (Stämpfli : paperback)
372727719X (Stämpfli : paperback)
Language Note
In English; foreword in German.
Description
300 pages ; 23 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)826683908
Note
Originally presented as the author's thesis--Universität, München, 2010.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 287-296).
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Vorwort
7
List of Abbreviations
19
Introduction
21
First Part
Basic Features of the Prosecution of International Crimes
24
A.
International Crimes
24
I.
Genocide
25
II.
Crimes Against Humanity
26
III.
War Crimes
26
B.
Prosecution of International Crimes
27
I.
International Prosecution of International Crimes
27
1.
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
28
a).
Establishment of the ICTY
28
b).
Structure of the ICTY
29
c).
Jurisdiction of the ICTY
30
2.
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
30
a).
Establishment of the ICTR
30
b).
Structure of the ICTR
35
c).
Jurisdiction of the ICTR
35
3.
The International Criminal Court (ICC)
36
a).
Establishment of the ICC
36
b).
Structure of the ICC
37
c).
Jurisdiction of the ICC
37
II.
National Prosecution of International Crimes
38
1.
Legal Grounds of Jurisdiction
39
2.
Legal Basis for Prosecution
40
a).
Prosecution on the Basis of International Crimes
40
aa).
Prosecution on the Basis of International Crimes in National Law
40
bb).
Direct Application of International Law
41
b).
Prosecution on the Basis of Ordinary Crimes
42
C.
Distribution of Jurisdiction between International and National Courts
44
I.
Primary International Jurisdiction
45
II.
Complementary International Jurisdiction
47
III.
Transfer of Jurisdiction: "Deferral" and "Referral"
48
Second Part
Referral of Cases from the ICTY and the ICTR to National Criminal Jurisdictions
49
D.
The Completion Strategy of the ICTY and the ICTR
50
I.
Raison d'Être of the Completion Strategies
50
II.
Development of the Completion Strategies
52
1.
Expert Group to Conduct a Review for the Effective Operation and Function of the ICTY and the ICTR
53
2.
The 2000 Report on the Operation of the ICTY
53
3.
UN Security Council Resolution 1329
55
4.
The 2001 Progress Report
56
5.
The 2002 Report on the Judicial Status of the ICTY and on the Prospects for Referring Cases to National Courts
57
6.
UN Security Council Resolution 1503 of 28 August 2003
58
7.
The October 2003 Reports
60
8.
UN Security Council Resolution 1534 of 26 March 2004
62
III.
Implementation of the Completion Strategy
63
1.
Internal Measures of Implementation
64
a).
Prosecution
64
b).
Chambers
65
2.
External Measures of Implementation
66
E.
The Referral Mechanism
66
I.
Transfer of Cases Prior to Indictment
67
1.
Legal Basis for the Prosecutor's Decision
68
2.
Relevant Factors to be Considered
69
II.
Referral of Cases After Indictment
70
1.
History of Rule 11bis of the ICTY and ICTR RPE
70
a).
Genesis of Rule 11bis of the ICTY RPE
71
aa).
First Amendment of 1998
72
bb).
Second Amendment of 2002
72
cc).
Third Amendment of 2004
73
dd).
Fourth Amendment of 2005
74
b).
Genesis of Rule 11bis ICTR RPE
75
aa).
Adoption in 2002
75
bb).
First Amendment of 2004
76
cc).
Second Amendment of 2005
77
2.
Competence of the Tribunals to adopt Rule 11bis
77
3.
Implementing Rule 11bis -- Cases Referred to National Jurisdictions under Rule 11bis
81
a).
ICTY
81
b).
ICTR
82
III.
Requirements for Referral under Rule 11bis
84
1.
Procedural Requirements
84
a).
Competence to Issue a Referral Decision
84
b).
The Course of Referral Proceedings
85
c).
Participation of the Parties and the States
86
aa).
Parties
86
bb).
States
88
d).
Post-referral Mechanism
89
aa).
Appeal of the Referral Decision
89
bb).
Control of the Proceedings in the Referral State
90
(1).
Monitoring of Proceedings
90
(2).
Revocation of a Referral Order
91
(a).
Locus Standi
92
(b).
Opportunity to be Heard
92
(c).
Substantive Requirements of a Revocation
93
2.
Substantive Requirements
95
a).
Eligibility of the Referral State
95
aa).
Jurisdiction over the Case
95
(1).
The ICTY Practice
97
(a).
Adequate Legal Framework
97
(aa).
Criminal Conduct
99
(bb).
Modes of Criminal Responsibility
101
(cc).
Adequate Punishment
103
(b).
Conclusion
104
(2).
The ICTR Practice
105
(a).
Referral Request to Third Jurisdictions
105
(aa).
Referral Requests to Norway and the Netherlands: The Case of Bagaragaza
105
(aaa).
Background of the Case
105
(bbb).
Referral Attempt to the Kingdom of Norway
106
(ccc).
Referral to the Netherlands
109
(ddd).
All is Well that Ends Well: Trial at the ICTR and Imprisonment in Sweden
111
(bb).
Referral Requests to France
112
(b).
Referral Requests to Rwanda
113
(aa).
Subject Matter Jurisdiction
113
(bb).
Modes of Responsibility
115
(c).
Conclusion
116
(3).
Construction of Rule 11bis
116
(a).
Construction of Rule 11bis according to its Ordinary Meaning
117
(b).
Construction of Rule 11bis in its Context
119
(c).
Construction of Rule 11bis in Light of its Object and Purpose
120
(d).
Supplementary Means of Interpretation
121
(e).
Conclusion
122
bb).
Willingness and Preparedness to Prosecute
124
cc).
Fair Trial
126
(1).
The ICTY Practice
127
(a).
Content of the Fair Trial Requirement
127
(b).
Test Applied
128
(aa).
Right to be Tried Within a Reasonable Time
129
(bb).
Availability and Protection of Defence Witnesses
130
(cc).
Right to Counsel of Own Choosing
132
(dd).
Right to be Tried by an Impartial and Independent Tribunal
132
(ee).
Right to Adequate Case Preparation
133
(ff).
Detention Conditions and Length
134
(gg).
Fairness Towards Other Parties
134
(c).
Analysis
136
(2).
The ICTR Practice
139
(a).
Content of the Right to a Fair Trial
140
(b).
Test Applied
141
(aa).
De Jure Review
141
(bb).
De Facto Review
142
(aaa).
Availability and Protection of Defence Witnesses
143
(bbb).
Adequate Penalty Structure
146
(ccc).
Right to be Tried by an Impartial and Independent Tribunal
147
(ddd).
Detention Conditions
150
(c).
Analysis
151
(3).
Evaluation
153
(a).
Criticism of the Different Standards Applied
153
(b).
The Correct Uniform Standard to be Applied
155
dd).
Non-Imposition of the Death Penalty
159
b).
Eligibility of the Case
161
aa).
Test Applied by the ICTY
163
(1).
Gravity of the Crimes Charged
164
(a).
Particular Circumstances of the Case and Context of Crimes
164
(b).
Comparison to Other Cases
167
(2).
Level of Responsibility of the Accused
169
(a).
Formal Position of the Accused
169
(b).
Role of the Accused in the Commission of the Crimes Charged and Degree of Participation
171
(aa).
Actual Role of the Accused
171
(bb).
Degree of Participation
172
bb).
Evaluation
174
3.
Determination of the Appropriate Venue for Trial
177
a).
Candidate States for Referral
177
b).
Positive Conflicts of Jurisdiction
178
c).
The Approach of the ICTR
179
d).
The Approach of the ICTY: Comparative Nexus
180
e).
Evaluation
183
4.
The Referral of Cases and the Applicability of the Law of Extradition
188
a).
The Law of Extradition
189
aa).
Extradition Requirements
190
bb).
Grounds of Refusal
190
cc).
Conditions of Surrender
191
(1).
The Rule of Specialty
191
(2).
The Prohibition Against Re-Extradition
191
dd).
The Extradition Procedure
192
b).
Applicability of Extradition Law
192
aa).
Applicability to the Transfer of an Accused to the ICTY and ICTR for Trial
193
bb).
Applicability to the Referral Process
194
(1).
The Opinion of the Referral Bench
195
(2).
Evaluation
198
(a).
Scope of the Duty to Cooperate
199
(b).
Applicability of Extradition Law
200
IV.
The Impact of the Referral Process on National Judicial Systems
203
1.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
203
2.
Rwanda
207
3.
Conclusion
212
V.
The Impact of the Referral Practice on National Extradition Decisions
213
1.
United Kingdom
215
a).
Background of the Case
215
b).
The High Court Decision of April 2009
217
aa).
The Law
217
bb).
Test Applied
218
cc).
Assessment
218
2.
France
221
3.
Germany
221
4.
Finland
222
5.
Switzerland
223
6.
Sweden
223
a).
Background of the Case
224
b).
The Supreme Court Decision
224
c).
The Governmental Decision
227
d).
Ahorugeze's Individual Application to the ECtHR and the Interim Measures of the ECtHR
228
e).
Criticism
228
7.
Evaluation
229
a).
Applicability of Article 6 ECHR on Extradition Decisions
230
b).
Flagrant Denial of a Fair Trial
231
Third Part
Referral under Rule 11bis and the ICC
236
F.
The Principle of Complementarity and the System of Admissibility of a Case
238
I.
The Principle of Complementarity
238
II.
The System of Admissibility of a Case
238
G.
Complementarity and Adequate National Legislation
240
I.
Prosecuting as an Ordinary Crime
242
1.
Ongoing National Prosecution
242
a).
Unwillingness
243
b).
Inability
246
2.
Completed National Prosecution
251
a).
Ordinary Meaning
252
b).
Context
252
c).
Object and Purpose
253
d).
Drafting History
254
II.
No Prosecution due to Lack of Criminalization
256
H.
Complementarity and Fair Trial Rights
257
I.
De Lege Lata
258
1.
Ordinary Meaning
259
a).
Unwillingness
259
aa).
Principle of Due Process Recognized by International Law
259
bb).
Delay, Independence, Impartiality
260
b).
Inability
262
c).
Genuineness
263
2.
Object and Purpose
265
3.
Drafting History
266
4.
Conclusion
269
II.
De Lege Ferenda
271
1.
Anti-Fair Trial-Approach
271
2.
Fair Trial Approach
272
3.
Moderate Fair Trial Approach
274
I.
Referral of Cases from the ICC to National Criminal Jurisdictions
276
I.
Relevance of ICC Referrals to National Jurisdictions
277
II.
Current Legal Framework for Referral of Cases from the ICC to National Jurisdictions
279
1.
Revision of Admissibility by the Court Proprio Motu
279
2.
Revision on Request of the Prosecutor
279
III.
Conclusion
279
Synthesis
282
Bibliography
287
Table of Cases
297