The privatized art of war : private military and security companies and state responsibility for their unlawful conduct in conflict areas / Evgeni Moyakine.
2015
KZ6418.5 .M68 2015 (Map It)
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Items
Details
Author
Title
The privatized art of war : private military and security companies and state responsibility for their unlawful conduct in conflict areas / Evgeni Moyakine.
Published
Cambridge ; Antwerp ; Portland : Intersentia, [2015]
Call Number
KZ6418.5 .M68 2015
ISBN
9781780682815
1780682816
1780682816
Description
xvi, 477 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)898926280
Note
Based on author's doctoral theses, November 2014, Tilburg University--Title page verso.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 427-455) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
vii
List of Abbreviations
xv
ch. I
General Introduction
1
1.
Introduction
1
2.
Research aims and methodology
3
3.
Misconduct of PMSCs and their personnel
7
Indiscriminate shootings and civilian casualties
8
Intentional killings
19
Property damage
20
Torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
20
Sex trafficking, sex slavery, and running prostitution networks
26
Drug running, profiteering in transnational criminal networks, and weapons violations
27
Mercenary activities
29
Interim conclusion
32
4.
Moral implications
33
5.
Structure of the study
42
ch. II
Privatization of War and Security [—] War is Business and Vice Versa
45
1.
Introduction
45
2.
Historical origins of PMSCs
47
2.1.
Ancient Times
49
2.2.
The Middle Ages
50
2.3.
The Peace of Westphalia and the Age of Reason
55
2.4.
Modern times and the rise of PMSCs
58
2.5.
PMSCs and mercenaries of the past
65
3.
Private military and security companies as non-State business entities
69
3.1.
Industry
70
3.2.
Definition of a PMSC
78
3.3.
Clients of PMSCs
88
3.4.
Legal status
96
3.4.1.
Legal status under national law
96
3.4.2.
Legal status under international law
98
4.
Conclusion
101
ch. III
Existing Legal Framework of PMSC Operation
105
1.
Introduction
105
2.
International legal order
106
2.1.
General rules of public international law
107
2.2.
Specific legal instruments focused on PMSCs
108
2.3.
International human rights law
111
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
118
The European Convention on Human Rights
122
The American Convention on Human Rights
125
The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
127
The UN Convention Against Torture
128
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
129
The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
130
Interim conclusion
130
2.4.
International humanitarian law
131
2.5.
International regulatory initiatives on business and human rights
132
3.
Domestic legal order
136
4.
Self-regulation and transnational private regulatory regimes
139
5.
Hiring contracts
146
6.
Standard operating procedures, rules of engagement, and status of forces agreements
151
7.
Conclusion
155
ch. IV
Legal Status of PMSC Employees
157
1.
Introduction
157
2.
Legal status of PMSC personnel and State responsibility
157
3.
Definition of PMSC employees
160
4.
Legal status under international humanitarian law
161
4.1.
International armed conflicts
161
4.1.1.
Combatants with prisoner-of-war status
163
4.1.2.
Non-combatants with prisoner-of-war status
179
4.1.3.
Civilians
185
4.1.4.
Mercenaries
186
4.2.
Non-international armed conflicts
195
4.2.1.
Armed forces of the legitimate government
195
4.2.2.
Armed opposition groups
196
4.2.3.
Civilians
197
4.2.4.
Mercenaries
198
5.
Conclusion
199
ch. V
State Responsibility under the Draft Articles on State Responsibility
201
1.
Introduction
201
2.
History, framework, and legal status of the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts
203
2.1.
Historical developments
203
2.2.
The Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts
204
2.3.
Legal status of the Draft Articles
208
3.
Conditions for engaging State responsibility
210
4.
Implementation of State responsibility, circumstances precluding wrongfulness, and legal consequences
214
5.
State responsibility and institutional responsibility
221
6.
Attribution of unlawful conduct to States
223
6.1.
Article 4 DARS
227
6.1.1.
General application of the provision
227
6.1.2.
Application of Article 4 DARS with regard to PMSCs
229
6.2.
Article 5 DARS
234
6.2.1.
General application of the provision
234
6.2.2.
Application of Article 5 DARS with regard to PMSCs
237
6.3.
Article 8 DARS
251
6.3.1.
General application of the provision
251
6.3.2.
Application of Article 8 DARS with regard to PMSCs
255
6.3.2.1.
The "effective control" test established in the ICJ Nicaragua case
257
6.3.2.2.
The "overall control" test established in the ICTY Tadic case
260
6.3.2.3.
Reaffirmation of the "effective control" test in the ICJ Bosnian Genocide case
263
6.3.2.4.
Other types of control
266
6.3.2.5.
Which test to apply?
269
6.4.
Article 11 DARS
282
6.4.1.
General application of the provision
282
6.4.2.
Application with regard to PMSCs
283
7.
Breaches of international obligations of States
284
Indiscriminate shootings and civilian casualties
284
Intentional killings
289
Property damage
289
Torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
290
Sex trafficking, sex slavery, and running prostitution networks
297
Drug running, profiteering in transnational criminal networks, and weapons violations
297
Mercenary activities
298
8.
Conclusion
301
ch. VI
State Responsibility for Non-Compliance with Positive International Law Obligations
303
1.
Introduction
303
2.
Indirect responsibility
305
3.
Positive State obligations of result
310
3.1.
General analysis
310
3.2.
Application to hiring States, host States, and home States
311
International humanitarian law
311
International human rights law
316
4.
Positive State obligations of diligent conduct
317
4.1.
General analysis
317
4.2.
Application to hiring States
328
4.2.1.
Positive State obligations under international humanitarian law
329
Common Article 1 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions
329
State intervention
333
Protection of certain groups of people
334
Suppressing and repressing violations of the law of armed conflict
336
Obligations of occupying powers
338
Specific positive measures to comply with positive obligations
339
4.2.2.
Positive State obligations under international human rights law
340
4.2.2.1.
Obligation to prevent
341
State intervention
341
Preventive regulation
349
Specific positive measures to comply with the obligation to prevent
352
4.2.2.2.
Obligation to punish
354
Reactive regulation
354
Investigation, prosecution, and punishment
355
Specific positive measures to comply with the obligation to punish
360
4.3.
Application to host States
362
4.3.1.
Positive State obligations under international humanitarian law
362
Common Article 1 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions
363
State intervention
364
Protection of certain groups of people
365
Suppressing and repressing violations of the law of armed conflict
365
Obligations of occupying powers
365
Specific positive measures to comply with positive obligations
366
4.3.2.
Positive State obligations under international human rights law
367
4.3.2.1.
Obligation to prevent
368
State intervention
369
Preventive regulation
370
Specific positive measures to comply with the obligation to prevent
370
4.3.2.2.
Obligation to punish
371
Reactive regulation
371
Investigation, prosecution, and punishment
372
Specific positive measures to comply with the obligation to punish
372
4.4.
Application to home States
373
4.4.1.
Positive State obligations under international humanitarian law
374
Common Article 1 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions
374
State intervention
375
Suppressing and repressing violations of the law of armed conflict
375
Specific positive measures to comply with positive obligations
376
4.4.2.
Positive State obligations under international human rights law
377
4.4.2.1.
Obligation to prevent
378
State intervention
378
Preventive regulation
379
Specific positive measures to comply with the obligation to prevent
380
4.4.2.2.
Obligation to punish
382
Reactive regulation
382
Investigation, prosecution, and punishment
382
Specific positive measures to comply with the obligation to punish
383
5.
State compliance with positive obligations
383
6.
Conclusion
391
ch. VII
Summary, Overall Conclusions, and Final Observations
393
Introduction
393
Misconduct and moral implications
394
The phenomenon of PMSCs
394
Legal framework of PMSC activities
395
Legal status of PMSC employees
396
The ILC's Draft Articles and attribution
397
Positive State obligations
401
Final observations
407
Dutch Summary
409
Russian Summary
417
Selected Bibliography
427
Table of Cases
457
Selected United Nations Documents
463
Index
469
Curriculum Vitae
477