International law and boundary disputes in Africa / Gbenga Oduntan.
2015
KZ3684.5.A37 O38 2015 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
International law and boundary disputes in Africa / Gbenga Oduntan.
Published
Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, 2015.
Call Number
KZ3684.5.A37 O38 2015
ISBN
9780415838924 (hardback)
0415838924 (hardback)
9780203776841 (ebook)
0203776844 (ebook)
0415838924 (hardback)
9780203776841 (ebook)
0203776844 (ebook)
Description
xviii, 410 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)914053555
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
xvii
Introduction
1
1.
Africa: Birthing the empire of law and concept of territory
6
1.1.
International law and Africa
8
1.1.1.
Racialism and European appropriation of the 'common law of mankind'
9
1.1.2.
Why the House always wins
14
1.2.
Eurocentriciy and the applicable international boundary laws
16
2.
Sovereignty, jurisdiction, territorial integrity and territorial acquisition in international law
23
2.1.
Concept and forms of sovereignty
23
2.2.
Globalisation vs territorial sovereignty
27
2.3.
jurisdiction within sovereignty
31
2.4.
Westphalian vs indigenous sovereignty
33
2.5.
The principle of territorial jurisdiction
36
2.6.
Territory and territorial acquisition in public international law and international relations
38
2.6.1.
Occupation
42
2.6.2.
Cession
43
2.6.3.
Accretion, erosion and avulsion
44
2.6.4.
Conquest or annexation
44
2.6.5.
Prescription
45
2.6.6.
Renunciation or relinquishment
46
2.6.7.
Adjudication
46
2.6.8.
Abandonment and dereliction
46
2.6.9.
Discovery
46
2.6.10.
Papal grant
47
3.
Frontiers and boundaries in the context of international legal framework of territorial sovereignty and jurisdiction
50
3.1.
The functionality of frontiers and boundaries
50
3.2.
Natural vs artificial boundaries
52
3.3.
Frontier vs boundary
53
4.
Province of international boundary disputes determined
55
4.1.
What are international boundary disputes?
55
4.2.
Internal boundary disputes
63
4.3.
Territorial vs boundary disputes
65
4.4.
Frontiers, borders, fences and walls in law and international relations
69
4.4.1.
Boundaries
69
4.4.2.
Borders and borderlands
73
4.4.3.
Fences and walls
75
4.5.
Delimitation and demarcation juxtaposed
78
4.6.
African delimitation and demarcation of boundaries in their historical, colonial and contemporary contexts
79
4.7.
High power politics: legality and illegalities of the Berlin Conference (1885)
88
4.8.
Classifications and nature of African boundary disputes
90
4.9.
Boundaries and disputes: a multidisciplinary approach
96
5.
Actual and potential role of the African Union Organisation in boundary dispute management and resolution
102
5.1.
African Union early warning system
105
5.2.
The African Union Border Programme (AUBP) and the delimitation, demarcation and settlement of African boundary disputes
108
5.2.1.
Law practice and diplomacy of the African Union Border Programme
109
5.2.2.
Implementation of the African Union Border Programme
118
6.
African regional economic communities and the management of boundary disputes
126
6.1.
Conflict resolution and management in the Fast African sub-region (IGAD area)
127
6.1.1.
Role of CEWARN in detecting and managing cross-boundary disputes
127
6.1.2.
IGAD's relevance in border and boundary disputes
128
6.2.
ECOWAS
131
6.2.1.
Conflict resolution and management in the West African sub-region: ECOWAS area
133
6.2.2.
Rules of the ECOWAS Treaty and Protocols
134
6.2.3.
Actual and potential role of the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States
140
6.2.4.
ECOWAS Early Warning System
141
6.2.5.
ECOWAS experience in boundary disputes
142
6.3.
Conflict and dispute management in the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
143
6.3.1.
Assessing the early warning capabilities and performance of MARAC
148
6.4.
Law and practice of conflict and dispute management in the SADC
149
6.4.1.
Political mechanisms for the resolution of boundary disputes in the SADC region
150
7.
Manifestations of boundary disputes in the African geopolitical zones
155
7.1.
East African boundaries: border disputes
156
7.1.1.
Sudan-Kenya: the Ilemi Triangle
157
7.1.2.
Kenya-South Sudan (Nadapal boundary)
158
7.1.3.
Tanzania-Malawi: Lake Malawi (Nyasa)
159
7.1.4.
Kenya-Uganda: Migingo Island
159
7.1.5.
Eritrea-Ethiopia
160
7.1.6.
Sudan-South Sudan border disputes
162
7.2.
West African boundaries and borders disputes
164
7.2.1.
Cameroon-Nigeria: land and maritime dispute
166
7.2.2.
Gabon and Equatorial Guinea: territorial disputes on the Island of Mbanie
168
7.2.3.
Burkina Faso-Niger frontier dispute
168
7.2.4.
Benin-Niger frontier dispute
169
7.3.
North Africa: boundary disputes and contested territories
170
7.4.
Southern Africa: boundary disputes and contested territories
171
7.4.1.
Swaziland-South Africa
173
7.5.
Central African states (CEMAC): boundary disputes
176
8.
Case study: the arbitral route to settlement of African boundary disputes
177
8.1.
The arbitral route: the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission Case
177
8.1.1.
Synopsis of the Eritrean Case: statement submitted to the EEBC
178
8.2.
Synopsis of Ethiopia's statement in accordance with paragraph 4(8) of the Agreement concluded on 12December 2000
184
8.2.1.
Ethiopia's historical account of the background of the territory
184
8.2.2.
Ethiopian view of applicable law
185
8.2.3.
Ethiopian view of the methodology: the five sectors
186
8.2.4.
The Agreements pre-figuring the Treaties of 1900, 1902 and 1908
187
8.2.5.
Ethiopian view of the pertinent geography
190
8.2.6.
Ethiopian view of the changing and opportunistic attitude of Italy during key periods
190
8.2.7.
Ethiopia's position
190
8.2.8.
The disposition of the Cunama (Sector II)
191
8.2.9.
Interpretation and application of the Agreements: Sector III - along the Mareb River from the Mai Ambessa to the Belesa River
191
8.2.10.
Interpretation and application of the Agreements: Sector V - from the confluence of the Mareb and Belesa Rivers to the easternmost point defined by the Treaty of 1900
192
8.2.11.
Ethiopian view of the period 1908-present
192
8.2.12.
Incidence of disputes between the parties
194
8.3.
Critiquing the EEBC decision and understanding the difficulties of implementation
195
8.4.
Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (EECC)
203
9.
Case study: mediation route to settlement: the dispute between Malawi and Tanzania over Lake Nyasa
206
9.1.
The applicable treaties and instruments
208
9.2.
Malawi's position
209
9.3.
Tanzania's position
211
9.4.
HLAIT: challenges, achievements and prospects
214
10.
Case study: adjudicative route - a critique of the land and maritime boundary dispute (Cameroon v Nigeria)
218
10.1.
Geophysical setting of the region
219
10.2.
Historical provenance of the boundary and territorial problem
220
10.3.
The judgment
223
10.4.
The law and diplomacy of the Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission
227
10.5.
The structures of diplomacy, administration and implementation
232
10.6.
Identifying Eurocentricity in the jurisprudence of the World Court
235
11.
Sociology, politics, insecurity and the psychology of power in African boundary relations
240
11.1.
Power and political differentials in the diplomacy of African boundary disputes
246
12.
Pacific settlement of international boundary disputes: a critical appraisal of the International Court of Justice
251
12.1.
Conflict resolution and cooling off mechanism functions of the ICJ in the adjudication of African boundary disputes
251
12.1.1.
Diplomatic function of international courts
253
12.1.2.
Advancing jurisprudence and elaboration of the law
254
12.2.
International adjudication of African boundary disputes: a critical appraisal of the contentious and advisory jurisdiction of the World Court
257
12.3.
Role of the International Court of Justice in relation to the struggle for self-determination and independence for the mandate and colonial territories in Africa
262
12.4.
Prospects of the African Court of Justice as a preferred option under the adjudication route
266
12.5.
International arbitration of African boundary disputes: a critical appraisal of the Permanent Court of Arbitration
267
12.5.1.
Arbitration
267
12.5.2.
The Hague Conferences and the Permanent Court of Arbitration
270
12.6.
Evaluation of alternative forms of pacific settlement of boundary disputes
279
12.6.1.
Negotiation
283
12.6.2.
Enquiry
286
12.6.3.
Conciliation
287
12.6.4.
Good Offices
289
12.6.5.
Mediation
291
12.7.
Multi-tracking and indigenising settlement of boundary disputes in Africa: a fusion of law, politics and culture
295
12.7.1.
Bona fide assisted direct negotiations
298
12.7.2.
African mediation
299
12.7.3.
The African Conciliation Commission
300
12.7.4.
The underdeveloped state of indigenous African adjudication
300
12.8.
Factors predictive of the failure of ADR and Tier 2 diplomacy in boundary matters
306
12.8.1.
Poor knowledge, incompetence or careless diagnosis of the crisis
306
12.8.2.
Poor strategy and/or poorly trained mediators
307
12.8.3.
Lack of neutrality/mediators with an interest to serve
307
12.8.4.
Unable to stay the course
308
12.9.
Identification and evaluation of best practices for pacific settlement of disputes
308
12.9.1.
Flexibility
309
12.9.2.
Visit to locus
309
12.9.3.
Determination of locus standi
311
12.9.4.
The interpretative function in boundary dispute resolution
312
12.9.5.
Interim measures of protection and control
313
13.
Role and scope for involvement of Africa's developed northern partners in the settlement of boundary disputes
316
13.1.
Role and scope of involvement of the European Union in African boundary dispute resolution
316
13.2.
Role and scope of involvement of the United States in African boundary dispute resolution
317
14.
The problem of costs and the relevance of legal aid in African boundary dispute resolution: funding delimitation, demarcation and other implementation activities
319
15.
Settlement of international boundary disputes by use of force
324
15.1.
Retorsion, retaliation and war
326
16.
Re-evaluation of the uti possidetis principle in light of the African experience
330
16.1.
Uti possidetis in Africa: a problematic doctrine?
330
16.2.
Uti possidetis within the equation of political separation and self-determination
337
17.
Strategies and modalities to resolve straddling communities and resources under the African Union Boundary Programme
350
17.1.
Boundary demarcation and the problem of straddling communities and enclaves
350
17.2.
Varying demarcation in the interest of justice and accommodating losers' interests
357
17.2.1.
Straddling resources and hydrocarbon fields
357
17.2.2.
Straddling fisheries
359
17.3.
Recognising an African customary rule in favour of sharing straddling resources
360
18.
Alternative futures: strategies of negotiation and innovative methods to avoid deadlock in relation to territorial conflicts
363
18.1.
Special territorial arrangements
364
18.2.
Sale and purchase of territory
365
18.3.
The establishment office cities
365
18.4.
Lease back options
366
18.5.
Cession
367
18.6.
Appropriate recourse to the use of plebiscites
367
18.7.
Afrocentric solutions to the problems of delimitation and demarcation
369
19.
Resolution of international boundary disputes involving African nations: alternative futures and general conclusions
371
Appendix I
389
Appendix II
391
Appendix III
392
Appendix IV
398
Appendix V
400
Index
403