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Items
Details
Title
Money awards in contract law / David Winterton.
Published
Oxford : Hart Publishing, 2015.
Call Number
KD1600 .W56 2015
ISBN
9781849464574
184946457X
184946457X
Description
xxix, 335 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)910770381
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Foreword
v
Acknowledgements
vii
Summary Contents
ix
Table of Cases
xix
Table of Legislation
xxxi
Introduction
1
I.
Context and Motivation
1
II.
An Overview of the Argument
2
III.
The Need for the Proposed Distinction
5
IV.
The Place of Theory
8
A.
The Kind of Substitutionary Account Proposed
8
B.
The Distinction Between `Principle' and `Policy'
11
C.
The Theoretical Basis for the Proposed Distinction
12
V.
The Structure of the Book
12
A.
Part I
13
B.
Part II
14
C.
Part III
15
VI.
Methodology
16
A.
An Interpretative Approach
16
B.
Why Take this Approach?
19
pt. I
The Inadequacy of the Orthodox Understanding of Contractual Money Awards
1.
An Overview of the Orthodox; Account
23
I.
Introduction
23
II.
The Conventional Interpretation of the Robinson v Harman Principle
24
A.
The Principle's Indeterminacy
24
1.
Indeterminacy as to Purpose
24
2.
Indeterminacy as to Scope
25
B.
The Meaning of `Loss' in the Orthodox Account
26
1.
A Focus on the Financial Consequences of Breach
26
2.
Limited Recognition of Non-Pecuniary Consequences
28
III.
Expanding Recovery for Non-Pecuniary Loss
30
A.
Damages for `Mental Distress' and `Physical Inconvenience'
30
1.
Two Exceptions to the General Bar on Recovery
30
2.
The Decision in Farley v Skinner
32
3.
More Recent Developments
33
B.
Damages for `Loss of Amenity'
35
1.
Ruxley Electronics v Forsyth
35
2.
Subsequent Judicial Analysis of Ruxley
40
IV.
Conclusion
42
2.
The Doctrinal Inaccuracy of the Orthodox Account
44
I.
Introduction
44
II.
Two Clear Examples of Non-Compensatory Money Awards
45
A.
Nominal Damages for Breach of Contract
45
1.
Conventional Nominal Damages
46
2.
Substantial `Nominal' Damages
46
B.
Gain-Based Awards for Breach of Contract
47
1.
Attorney-General v Blake
48
2.
Subsequent Case Law
50
III.
Other Awards Inconsistent with the Law's Orthodox Understanding
51
A.
Substantial Money Awards in the Three-Party Context
52
1.
Specific Exceptions to the General Exclusionary Rule
52
2.
Extending `the Albazero Exception'
54
3.
The Significance of Panatown
57
4.
Appraising the Current Legal Position
59
B.
Awards Based on a Hypothetical Release Bargain
60
1.
Award In Lieu of a Restorative Injunction
60
2.
Award for Breach of Exclusivity
66
3.
Award for Breach of Confidentiality
67
C.
Awards for the Breach of a Contract of Sale that Exceed the Promisee's Factual Loss
68
1.
Non-delivery
69
2.
Late Delivery
71
3.
Defective Goods
73
4.
Summary of the Sale of Goods Case Law
78
D.
Contractual Awards in Other Contexts that Exceed the Promisee's Factual Loss
79
1.
Contracts of Carriage
79
2.
Contracts of Employment
81
3.
Building Repairs
82
4.
Breach of Tenant's Obligation to Repair
84
5.
Breach of Restrictive Covenant in Relation to Goods
85
E.
Awards Exceeding Factual Loss Due to the Accrual of Post-Breach Benefits
87
1.
Loss Reduced or Eliminated by a Third Party Payment
89
2.
Loss Reduced or Eliminated by Other Post-Breach Events
89
IV.
Conclusion
95
3.
Conceptual and Terminological Difficulties with the Orthodox Account
97
I.
Introduction
97
II.
The Conceptual Inadequacy of the Orthodox Account
98
A.
Fuller and Perdue's Challenge
98
1.
Questioning the Priority of the Expectation Measure
98
2.
Response
100
B.
The Significance of Fuller and Perdue's Critique
101
1.
The Dominance of the Compensatory Paradigm
101
2.
Preoccupation with the Appropriate Measure of Loss
103
III.
The Meaning of `Loss' in English Contract Law
104
A.
General Ambiguity Surrounding the Meaning of Loss
104
1.
The Relationship Between Loss and Harm
105
2.
Distinguishing Damage and Injury
106
B.
Clarifying the Meaning of Loss
107
1.
Three Different Conceptions of Loss in English Contract Law
107
2.
The Best Interpretations of `Loss', `Damage', `Injury' and `Harm'
109
3.
Explaining the Proposed Interpretation of Loss
111
IV.
Other Sources of Terminological Uncertainty
113
A.
The Meaning of `Damages'
114
1.
The Conventional Understanding of `Damages'
114
2.
A Superior Definition
115
B.
The Meaning of `Compensation'
117
L.
The Orthodox Understanding
117
2.
Alternative Judicial Conceptions of `Compensation'
118
3.
Alternative Academic Conceptions of `Compensation'
120
4.
The Proposed Definition
121
C.
The Concept of a Legal Remedy
123
1.
Legal Rights
123
2.
The Proposed Definition of a Legal `Remedy'
124
3.
Classifying Legal Remedies
125
D.
The Need for New Terminology
127
V.
Conclusion
128
pt. II
A New Account of Contractual Money Awards
4.
Foundations of the New Account
133
I.
Introduction
133
II.
A Defence of the Right to Contractual Performance
134
A.
The Basic `Holmesian' Objection
134
B.
Overcoming this Objection
135
1.
Understanding English Law's Approach to Coercive Relief
136
2.
Additional Doctrinal Support for the Right to Performance
141
3.
Theoretical Support: The Nature of Legal Rights
146
III.
The Doctrinal Basis for the Distinction Between Substitution and Compensation
148
A.
Historical Foundations
149
1.
The Distinction at Common Law
150
2.
The Distinction in Equity
151
B.
The Action for the Agreed Sum
153
1.
Two Limits on the Recovery of Contractual Debts
153
2.
A Claim in Debt is not a Claim for Loss
156
C.
Money Awards In Lieu of Specific Performance
157
1.
The Law in England
157
2.
The Canadian Position
159
D.
Other Clear Examples of Substitutionary Money Awards
160
1.
The Right to Recover Under a Deed
161
2.
Contracts for the Sale of Goods
161
3.
Contracts for the Provision of Services
162
E.
Restrictions on Compensatory Recovery do not Apply to Substitutionary Awards
165
1.
Mitigation
165
2.
Remoteness
166
IV.
Theoretical Underpinnings of the New Account
167
A.
The Kind of Substitutionary Account Advanced
168
1.
Professor Stevens's `Substitutive Damages' Theory
168
2.
Dissimilarities from the Account Proposed Here
169
B.
The Theoretical Basis for the Proposed Distinction
172
1.
The Uncertain Relationship Between Substantial and Remedial Rights in English Contract Law
172
2.
Towards a Superior Account
173
V.
Conclusion
176
5.
Money Awards that Substitute for Performance
178
I.
Introduction
178
II.
Awards of the Cost of Substitute Performance
179
A.
Quantification
179
1.
Justification
180
2.
Doctrinal Support
183
B.
Restriction
188
1.
Restriction on the Ground of `Reasonableness'
189
2.
The Uncertain Meaning of `Reasonableness' in this Context
190
3.
Against a Focus on Intention
196
4.
Understanding the `Reasonableness' Restriction
199
III.
Awards of the Price of `Release' from Further Performance
201
A.
Quantification
202
1.
Justification
202
2.
Doctrinal Support
206
B.
Restriction
210
1.
The Current Position
211
2.
Future Direction
213
IV.
Conclusion
214
5.
Money Awards that Compensate for Loss
216
I.
Introduction
216
II.
Fitting Compensatory Awards into the New Account
218
A.
The Theoretical Basis for Compensatory Money Awards
218
1.
The Controversial Status of the Secondary Duty to Repair
218
2.
Significance of this Debate for the Argument of this Book
221
B.
Two Inherent Limits on the Recovery of Compensation for Breach of Contract
222
1.
The Causation Principle
223
2.
The Prohibition on Double Recovery
226
3.
Summary and Preview
227
III.
Understanding the Restrictions Applicable to Compensatory Money Awards
228
A.
Remoteness
229
1.
The Orthodox Approach
230
2.
The Challenge Posed by The Achilleas
231
3.
Subsequent English Decisions
234
4.
A Defence of the Orthodox Approach
236
5.
Can the Agreement-Centred View be Salvaged?
244
6.
Summary
246
B.
Mitigation
247
1.
The Rules of `Mitigation'
248
2.
Not Agreement Based
251
3.
Not an Aspect of `Remoteness'
252
C.
Restrictions on Recovery for Non-Pecuniary Loss
253
1.
Not Agreement Based
254
2.
Not an Aspect of `Remoteness'
255
IV.
Conclusion
256
pt. III
The New Account in Practice
7.
Explaining Some Important Decisions in Tension with the Orthodox Account
261
I.
Introduction
261
II.
Substitutionary Awards for the Cost of Repairs
261
A.
The Law Prior to Ruxley
262
B.
Making Sense of the Ruxley Decision
264
1.
Refusal to Award the Cost of Substitute Performance
264
2.
The Award for `Loss of Amenity'
270
III.
Panatown: Substitutionary Awards in the Three-Party Context
273
A.
Availability of an Award of the Cost of Substitute Performance
273
B.
Availability of an Award in Substitution for the Right to Timely Performance
274
C.
Two Further Matters
275
IV.
Contractual Awards in the Sale of Goods Context
277
A.
Awards for Breach by the Buyer
277
B.
Awards for Breach by the Seller
278
1.
Availability of an Award for Non-Delivery
278
2.
Availability of an Award for Defective Goods
279
3.
Availability of an Award for Late Delivery
283
V.
Conclusion
284
8.
Defusing Some Potential Doctrinal Objections
285
I.
Introduction
285
II.
The Significance, Application and Scope of the Golden Victory Principle
286
A.
The Golden Victory: Prospective Loss Reduced by an Extraneous Event
286
1.
The Facts and Decisions Below
286
2.
The Decision in the House of Lords
287
3.
Subsequent Controversy
289
4.
The Preferable Analysis
291
B.
Leofelis v Lonsdale: Prospective Loss Reduced by the Contract's Early Termination
294
1.
The Decision
294
2.
A Defence of the Decision
296
C.
The Glory Wealth: Prospective Loss Must be Proved on the Balance of Probabilities
302
1.
The Decision
302
2.
A Defence of the Decision
305
III.
Specific Performance, `Mitigation' and Damages In Lieu of Coercive Relief
307
A.
The Relationship Between Specific Performance and `Mitigation'
307
1.
A Restatement of the Basic Principles
307
2.
The Decision in Southcott Estates
308
3.
A Preferable Understanding of the Law
310
B.
Damages In Lieu of Specific Performance
312
1.
The Decisions in Wroth and Semelhago
312
2.
Explaining Johnson v Agnew
313
IV.
Conclusion
314
Conclusion
316
I.
Summary of the Argument
316
II.
Principal Conclusions and Implications
319
Index
323