Excluding intellectually disabled offenders from execution : the continuing journey to implement Atkins / Peggy M. Tobolowsky.
2014
KF9227.C2 T63 2014 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Excluding intellectually disabled offenders from execution : the continuing journey to implement Atkins / Peggy M. Tobolowsky.
Published
Durham, North Carolina : Carolina AcademIc Press, [2014]
Copyright
©2014
Call Number
KF9227.C2 T63 2014
ISBN
9781611635638 (pbk.)
1611635632 (pbk.)
1611635632 (pbk.)
Description
xv, 257 pages ; 23 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)890814309
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
xi
ch. 1
The Evolution of the Prohibition of the Execution of Intellectually Disabled Offenders: The Journey from Penry to Atkins and Beyond
3
A.
The Journey to Penry
3
B.
Penry: The Execution of Intellectually Disabled Offenders Is Not Unconstitutional
6
C.
From Penry to Atkins: A Growing Movement to Exclude Intellectually Disabled Offenders from Execution
9
D.
Atkins: The Execution of Intellectually Disabled Offenders Is Unconstitutional
13
E.
The Implementation of the Atkins Constitutional Mandate
18
ch. 2
Processes to Identify Intellectually Disabled Offenders and Exclude Them from Execution: The Intellectual Disability Definition
21
A.
Introduction
21
B.
Court Guidance Regarding the Category of Intellectually Disabled Offenders Excluded from Execution
23
C.
Federal and State Intellectual Disability Definitions for Atkins Purposes
36
1.
Intellectual Functioning
37
a.
Clinical Standards
37
b.
Federal and State Intellectual Functioning Standards
38
c.
SEM
41
d.
Flynn Effect
43
e.
Conclusion Regarding the Impact of Hall on the Implementation of the Atkins Intellectual Functioning Criterion
46
2.
Adaptive Functioning
47
a.
Clinical Standards and Court Guidance
47
b.
Federal and State Adaptive Functioning Standards
51
3.
Manifestation During the Developmental Period of Life
56
D.
Conclusion
59
ch. 3
Application Issues Regarding the Intellectual Disability Definition
61
A.
Intellectual Disability Assessment Testing-Related Issues
62
B.
Intellectual Disability Testimonial-Related Issues
67
C.
Application Issues Related to the Types of Evidence Relevant to Intellectual Disability and the Manner in Which They Are Considered
68
D.
Conclusion
75
ch. 4
Processes to Identify Intellectually Disabled Offenders and Exclude Them from Execution: Procedures to Address Atkins Claims
77
A.
Introduction
77
B.
Court Guidance Regarding the Key Procedural Aspects of the Atkins Determination
79
1.
Burden of Proof and Standard of Proof
79
2.
The Fact-Finder and Timing of the Determination
83
C.
Federal and State Procedures to Address Atkins Claims
86
1.
Pretrial Notice and Preliminary Showing
86
2.
Burden of Proof and Standard of Proof
87
3.
Fact-Finder for and Timing of the Determination
90
4.
Appeals from Atkins Determinations
94
5.
Collateral Review of Atkins Determinations
95
D.
Conclusion
99
ch. 5
Federal Courts' Resolution of Post-Atkins Intellectual Disability Claims by Federal Offenders
101
A.
Introduction
101
B.
Successful Federal Offender Atkins Claims
105
C.
Unsuccessful Federal Offender Atkins Claims
110
D.
Conclusion
116
ch. 6
State Courts' Resolution of Post-Atkins Intellectual Disability Claims
119
A.
Introduction
119
B.
Successful State Offender Atkins Claims
132
C.
Unsuccessful State Offender Atkins Claims
140
D.
Conclusion
148
ch. 7
Challenges for State Offenders Pursuing Atkins Claims through Federal Collateral Review
149
A.
Introduction
149
B.
The Application to Atkins Claims of the AEDPA's Restrictions Regarding Federal Collateral Relief for State Offenders
150
1.
Barriers to Federal Review of State Offenders' Atkins Claims
151
2.
Deferential Federal Review of Atkins Claims Considered on the Merits
158
C.
The Substantive Standards for Federal Court Review of State Offender Atkins Claims
165
D.
Conclusion
167
ch. 8
Federal Courts' Resolution of Post-Atkins Intellectual Usability Claims by State Offenders
169
A.
Introduction
169
B.
Successful State Offender Atkins Claims
174
C.
Unsuccessful State Offender Atkins Claims
184
D.
Conclusion
191
ch. 9
"Appropriate Ways" to Enforce the Atkins Execution exclusion for Intellectually Disabled Offenders
195
A.
Introduction
195
B.
"Appropriate Ways" to Define Intellectual Disability for Atkins Purposes
197
C.
"Appropriate Ways" to Procedurally Implement Atkins
214
D.
"Appropriate Ways" to Implement Atkins Pursuant to the AEDPA
232
E.
Conclusion
241
ch. 10
The Continuing Journey to Implement Atkins
243
Appendix Atkins Statutory Provisions or Interim Judicial Procedures
255
Index
257