Multi-party redress mechanisms in Europe : squeaking mice? / Editors: V. Harsági, C.H. van Rhee.
2014
KJE3846.5.A8 M86 2014 (Map It)
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Title
Multi-party redress mechanisms in Europe : squeaking mice? / Editors: V. Harsági, C.H. van Rhee.
Published
Cambridge ; Antwerp ; Portland : Intersentia, [2014]
Copyright
©2014
Call Number
KJE3846.5.A8 M86 2014
ISBN
1780682778
9781780682778
9781780682778
Description
xxxvi, 259 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)896787240
Note
"This volume is the result of the conference 'Public Interest Litigation & Group Litigation : Comparative Perspectives' hosted by the Law Faculty of Pázmány Péter Catholic University in Budapest on 7-8 November 2013."--page xvii.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Series
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
List of Authors
xiii
List of Abbreviations
xv
Acknowledgements / C.H. van Rhee
xvii
Collective Redress in the Europe Union -- Comparative Perspectives
xix
pt. I
EU & USA
European Perspectives on Collective Litigation / B. Hess
3
1.
Introduction: Regulating Collective Redress in the European Union
3
2.
The EU Commission's Package of 11 June 2013
5
3.
The New Legislative Approach
7
3.1.
Public v Private Enforcement
7
3.2.
Horizontal and Sectorial Approaches
8
3.3.
Non-binding and Binding Instruments
9
4.
Left-overs of the EU Commission's Recommendation
10
4.1.
Cross-border Collective Redress
10
4.2.
An Area Uncovered: Collective Redress and ADR
11
Bibliography
13
Access to Justice in Environmental Protection Cases / Gy. Bandi
15
1.
Class Actions and Environmental Group Actions -- Similarities and Specialities
15
2.
Modelling Class Actions within the EU
17
3.
Right to Environment and Access to Justice
18
4.
The Aarhus Convention and its Article 9
21
5.
Access to Justice in Environmental Protection Cases within the EU -- Facts and Proposals
23
6.
The Role of CJEU Case Law in Opening up Access to Justice Possibilities
27
7.
Summary
31
Bibliography
33
The Big Bad Wolf: American Class Actions / R.L. Marcus
35
1.
US Litigation and Private Enforcement
36
2.
The Background of the Modern American Class Action
37
3.
The Emergence and Evolution of the Modern American Class Action
38
4.
Recent Revisions by Rule, Statute and Supreme Court Decision
40
4.1.
Rule Revisions
40
4.2.
Statutory Changes
42
4.3.
Supreme Court Class-Action Decisions
43
5.
Further Reform Initiatives?
44
5.1.
Settlement Class Certification
46
5.2.
Class Certification and Scrutiny of the Merits
46
5.3.
`Issue' Classes
47
5.4.
Criteria for Settlement Review
47
5.5.
Use of `Cy Pres' Remedies
47
5.6.
Other Issues
48
6.
Taming the Wolf?
49
Bibliography
50
Why No Class Actions in Europe? A View from the Side of Dysfunctional Justice Systems / A. Uzelac
53
1.
Introduction
53
2.
Alice Meets the White Rabbit: Discovery of Collective Litigation by a (Southern) European Judiciary
54
2.1.
Collective Litigation in Croatia or How Croatia Completed the EU Accession Homework and Devised the `Most Modern' Legislation for Group Litigation
55
2.2.
In the Quest for Gay Rights: First Anti-Discrimination Verbandsklagen and Their Meagre Success
57
2.3.
Interim Victory of Bank Loans Consumers in Swiss Franc Appreciation Case
59
3.
Why Not? Inferences from Particular Southern European Examples
60
3.1.
Slow Individual, even Slower Collective Justice
61
3.2.
Lack of Finality and Effective Enforcement: Toothless Collective Justice
62
3.3.
No Appropriate Personal and Organizational Design for Mass Claim Processing
62
4.
Why Yes? A General Test for the Desirability of Public Interest Litigation in Europe
65
4.1.
Will It Make the Handling of Major Disasters and Burning Social Issues any Better?
65
4.2.
Will It Help to Improve the Functioning of the Judiciary?
66
4.3.
Will It be More Attractive for the End Users of the Justice System?
68
Bibliography
70
Beyond Opt-in and Opt-out: The Law and Economics of Group Litigation / A. Szalai
75
1.
Economic Theory of Group Litigation
76
1.1.
The Collective Action Problem: Key Question
76
1.2.
The Free-rider Problem
76
1.3.
The Types of Collective Actions -- Different Collective Action Problems
77
1.4.
The Case for Injunctions
77
1.5.
Compensatory Actions -- The Res Iudicata Problem
78
1.6.
Remedying Collective Action Problems
79
1.7.
Low-value Group: The Prisoner's Dilemma
79
1.8.
High-value Groups: `Chicken Game'
80
1.9.
Necessary Incentives: Personal Benefits for Participants
80
1.10.
The Role of Settlement: The Problem of the Enrichment of the Victim
82
2.
Law and Economics of some Regulatory Problems
83
2.1.
Opt-in or Automatic Membership
84
2.2.
Opt-Out
85
2.3.
The Role of Non-profit Organizations as Representatives
86
3.
Summary
87
Bibliography
89
pt. II
NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
Belgium's New Consumer Class Action / S. Voet
95
1.
Introduction
95
2.
Consumer Law Only
97
3.
Standing to Sue
98
4.
Superiority
99
5.
Brussels Courts
99
6.
Opt-in or Opt-out
100
7.
Procedure: Settlement Phase and Merits Phase
101
7.1.
Settlement before the Proceedings
101
7.2.
No Settlement before the Proceedings
102
8.
Collective Redress in Kind or by Monetary Payment
103
9.
Collective Claims Settler
104
10.
Evaluation
105
10.1.
Holistic Approach
105
10.2.
Bottlenecks
106
Bibliography
108
Multi-Party Litigation in England / N. Andrews
111
1.
Test Cases
111
2.
Consolidation and Joinder
112
3.
Representative Proceedings (`Opt Out')
113
4.
Group Litigation Orders (`Opt In')
116
5.
Rejection (2009) of Generic `Opt Out' Class Action
120
6.
Concluding Remarks
121
Bibliography
124
Collective Litigation in France: From Distrust to Cautious Admission / F. Ferrand
127
1.
Introduction -- Several Previous Attempts to Introduce Group Litigation in France
127
2.
Where Are We? The Current State of Affairs in France before the Coming into Force of the New Statute
130
2.1.
The Existing Procedural Devices
130
2.1.1.
An Action for the Financial Compensation of the Consumers' Collective Interest (Article L. 421-1 Consumer Code)
131
2.1.2.
A Joint Representative Action for Consumers (Article L. 422-1 Consumer Code) Brought by Approved Consumer Associations (action en representation conjointe d'une association agreee de consommateurs)
132
2.1.3.
A Joint Representative Action for Investors (Article L. 452-2, para 1 Monetary and Financial Code)
134
2.2.
The Insufficiencies of the Existing Mechanisms
135
3.
Where Do We Go? The New French Act (Loi No. 2014-344 of 17 March 2014 relative a la consommation)
137
3.1.
The Recent Introduction of an Action de Groupe
137
3.2.
Much Criticism with Regard to the Cautious Regulation of Group Litigation
144
3.3.
Comparison with the Content of European Recommendation 2013
146
4.
Conclusion
148
Bibliography
149
The German Experience with Group Actions -- The Verbandsklage and the Capital Markets Model Case Act (KaPMuG) / M. Bakowitz
153
1.
The Verbandsklage
153
1.1.
Prohibitory Injunctions Act (UKlaG)
153
1.2.
Act Against Unfair Competition (UWG) and Act Against Restraints on Competition (GWB)
154
1.3.
Practical Application
155
2.
The Capital Markets Model Case Act
156
2.1.
Emergence of a Group Action
156
2.1.1.
The Starting Point: The Telekom Case
156
2.1.2.
Legislative Procedure
157
2.1.3.
Limited Scope
157
2.2.
Mechanics of the Act
158
2.2.1.
Constitution of the Civil Courts in Germany
158
2.2.2.
Three Phases
158
2.2.3.
Registration of a Claim
160
2.2.4.
Costs
160
2.2.5.
Nature of the Model Proceeding
161
2.3.
Practical Application
162
2.3.1.
Geltl v Daimler Chrysler
163
2.3.2.
The Telekom Case -- A Never-Ending Story
163
2.4.
First Conclusions
164
3.
Summary
165
Bibliography
166
The Need for Further Development of Collective Redress in Hungary / V. Harsagi
171
1.
Introduction
171
2.
Present Areas of Collective Rights Protection (actio popularis)
173
2.1.
Public Interest Litigation on Unfair Standard Contract Terms
173
2.2.
Further Means of Consumer Protection
177
2.3.
Actions against Financial Service Providers
179
2.4.
Other Areas of Collective Redress under the Hungarian Regulations in Force
181
3.
On the Lack of Group Litigation
181
4.
Outlook for the Future
181
Bibliography
184
Private Enforcement in Hungary with a View on Class Actions / P. Szilagyi
187
1.
Introduction
187
2.
The Proposed Directive on Actions for Damages
188
3.
The European Way: Collective Redress instead of Class Actions
189
4.
Experience in Hungary Regarding Private Enforcement -- Stand-alone Actions
190
5.
Experience in Hungary Regarding Private Enforcement -- Follow-on Actions
191
6.
Practical Difficulties with Antitrust Claims
192
7.
Rules Supporting Private Enforcement
193
8.
Conclusions
194
Bibliography
195
Class Actions in Italy: Great Expectations, Big Disappointment / E. Silvestri
197
1.
Introduction
197
2.
Collective Actions for Injunctive Relief
198
3.
Class Actions Italian-Style
201
4.
`Public Class Actions'
205
5.
Conclusions
205
Bibliography
207
Collective Redress in the Netherlands / I.N. Tzankova
209
Introduction
209
1.
Collective Litigation
210
1.1.
Sources of Law and Scope
210
1.2.
Content of the Rules
211
2.
Collective Settlement Procedures (Wet Collectieve Afwikkeling Massaschade or WCAM)
215
2.1.
Sources of Law and Scope
215
2.2.
Content of the Rules
216
3.
Final Remarks
221
Bibliography
223
Polish Perspectives and Provisions on Group Proceedings / R. Kulski
225
1.
Introductory Notes
225
2.
Key (Basic) Issues Related to the Act on Enforcing Claims in Group Proceedings
227
2.1.
The Scope of Matters that can be dealt with in Group Proceedings (Article 1, Sec. 2 of the Act)
227
2.2.
Admissibility of Group Proceedings
228
2.3.
The Model of Group Membership
230
2.4.
The Possibility of Introducing the Opt-out Model into the Polish System of Court Proceedings
231
3.
Parties to Group Proceedings
232
3.1.
Competence and Composition of the Court in Group Proceedings
232
3.2.
Plaintiff
232
3.3.
Defendant
233
4.
Stages in the Course of Group Proceedings
234
4.1.
Introductory Remarks
234
4.2.
Proceedings on Admissibility of Group Proceedings
234
4.2.1.
Instituting an Action
234
4.2.2.
Delivering a Copy of the Group's Statement of Claim to the Defendant and Submitting a Reply to a Statement of Claim
234
4.2.3.
Court's Decision on Admissibility of Group Proceedings
234
4.3.
The Actual Group Proceedings
235
4.3.1.
Announcement of Initiation of Group Proceedings
235
4.3.2.
Submitting Declarations on Joining the Group to the Group Representative by Parties whose Claims might be included in Group Proceedings
235
4.3.3.
Delivering the List of Persons who have joined the Group to the Defendant and Defining the Time Limits for the Defendant to Submit Objections as to Group Membership
236
4.3.4.
Decision on the Composition of the Group
236
5.
Judgment in Group Proceedings
236
6.
Enforcement proceedings
237
7.
Appeal
238
8.
Costs of Group Proceedings
238
Bibliography
239
Group Actions in Sweden -- A Moderate Start / L. Ervo
243
1.
The Scope of Group Actions
243
2.
The Nature of Group Actions
245
3.
Opt-in
247
4.
The Role of Group Members
248
5.
Evidence
250
6.
The Role of the Court
251
7.
Funding and Costs
252
8.
Enforcement
254
9.
Case Law and Evaluation
255
10.
Conclusion
257
Bibliography
258