Burden of proof, presumption and argumentation / Douglas Walton, University of Windsor, Canada.
2014
K2263 .W348 2014 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Burden of proof, presumption and argumentation / Douglas Walton, University of Windsor, Canada.
Published
New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Call Number
K2263 .W348 2014
ISBN
9781107046627 (hardback)
1107046629 (hardback)
9781107678828 (paperback)
110767882X (paperback)
1107046629 (hardback)
9781107678828 (paperback)
110767882X (paperback)
Description
xi, 307 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)879034022
Summary
"The notion of burden of proof and its companion notion of presumption are central to argumentation studies. This book argues that we can learn a lot from how the courts have developed procedures over the years for allocating and reasoning with presumptions and burdens of proof, and from how artificial intelligence has built precise formal and computational systems to represent this kind of reasoning. The book provides a model of reasoning with burden of proof and presumption, based on analyses of many clearly explained legal and non-legal examples. The model is shown to fit cases of everyday conversational argumentation as well as argumentation in legal cases. Burden of proof determines (1) under what conditions an arguer is obliged to support a claim with an argument that backs it up and (2) how strong that argument needs to be to prove the claim in question"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 285-295) and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Cardozo Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Cardozo Fund
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
xi
Pt 1 Introduction to Basic Concepts and Methods
1
1.
Problems and Objections
2
2.
Arguments from Ignorance
6
3.
Three Examples of Burden of Proof Problems
9
4.
Survey of Theories of Presumption and Burden of Proof in Argumentation
13
5.
Presumption and Burden of Proof in Legal Argumentation
19
6.
Shifting of Burden Proof and Critical Questioning
23
7.
The Carneades Argumentation System
26
8.
Dialogue Models of Argumentation
31
9.
Formal Dialogue Models for Legal Argumentation
38
10.
A Formal Model of Burden of Proof in the Critical Discussion
42
Pt 2 Burdens of Proof in Legal Reasoning
49
1.
The Normal Default Rule
50
2.
Burden of Persuasion and Evidential Burden
52
3.
Standards of Proof
57
4.
Stages of Dialogue and Legal Burden of Proof
61
5.
Other Legal Burdens of Proof
65
6.
The Link between Burden of Persuasion and Production
68
7.
The Abstract Argumentation Model
70
8.
The Self-Defense Example
73
9.
How Carneades Models the Self-Defense Case
77
10.
Conclusions
83
Pt 3 Presumption in Legal Reasoning
85
1.
The Five Components of Argumentation in a Trial
86
2.
Presumption in Law and Everyday Reasoning
89
3.
Rules and Inferences
91
4.
The Logical Component
94
5.
The Dialogical Component
97
6.
The Letter and the Dark Stairway
101
7.
Combining the Inferential and Dialogical components
105
8.
Application of the Dialogical Theory to Examples
109
9.
Conclusions
114
10.
Directions for Future Research
118
Pt 4 Shifting the Burden of Proof in Witness Testimony
122
1.
Witness Testimony in the Carneades Argumentation System
123
2.
The Case of the State v. Classen
126
3.
Scientific Evidence on the Fallibility of Witness Testimony
128
4.
The State of Oregon v. Lawson
131
5.
The Change Made in Oregon Law
133
6.
Reconfiguring the Argumentation Schemes
135
7.
The Critical Questions Matching the Scheme
137
8.
Admissibility, Bias and Burden of Proof
139
9.
Admissibility, Relevance and Examination
140
10.
Conclusions
142
Pt 5 Burden of Proof in Dialogue Systems
145
1.
Hamblin's Why-Because System with Questions
146
2.
An Example Argument
149
3.
Burden of Proof in Dialogue
150
4.
Situating Support Requests in Types of Dialogue
152
5.
Specifications for a Why-Because System with Questions
155
6.
Analysis of the Argumentation in the Example
158
7.
Solution to the Problem of Evasion and Shifting of Burden of Proof
162
8.
Speech Acts in Dialogue Systems
164
9.
The Dialogue Systems CB1 and CB1CK
167
10.
Dialogue Systems with Argument and Explanation
173
Pt 6 Solving the Problems of Burden of Proof
176
1.
Problems To Be Solved
177
2.
Meta-Arguments and Metadialogues in Logic and AI
178
3.
Theoretical Problems of Metadialogues
181
4.
Analyzing the Los Gatos Example Using Carneades
183
5.
Analyzing the Los Gatos Example Using Abstract Argumentation
187
6.
Arguments from Ignorance Revisited
190
7.
The Nonfallaciousness of Argument from Ignorance
196
8.
When Should a Persuasion Dialogue Be Closed?
200
9.
A Solution to These Problems
203
10.
An Explanation-Based Approach to Modeling Standards of Proof
205
Pt 7 Burdens of Proof in Different Types of Dialogue
211
1.
Some Examples
212
2.
The Formal Structure of Deliberation Dialogue
216
3.
Deliberation versus Persuasion Over Action
218
4.
Analysis of the No-Fault Insurance Example
224
5.
Analysis of the Wigmore, FDA and Precautionary Principle Examples
229
6.
The Persuasion Interval in Deliberation
232
7.
Conclusions on Burden of Proof in Deliberation
234
8.
Burden of Proof in Inquiry and Discovery Dialogues
236
9.
Information-Seeking Dialogue, Negotiation and Eristic Dialogue
240
10.
The Contextual Nature of Burden of Proof
241
Pt 8 Conclusions
245
1.
The Allegation of Hasty Transference
246
2.
Comparing Legal and Nonlegal Burden of Proof
249
3.
Normative Models and Everyday Conversational Arguments
252
4.
The Dialogue on Tipping
256
5.
Burdens of Proof in the Dialogue on Tipping
263
6.
Burdens of Proof in a Forensic Debate
269
7.
The Connection between Burden of Proof and Presumption
273
8.
Dialectical Refinements of the Theory of Presumption
277
9.
The Legal and the Everyday Notions of Presumption
279
10.
Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Research
281
Bibliography
285
Index
297