The international law concept of neutrality in the 21st century : an analysis of contemporary neutrality with a focus on Switzerland / Alexander Spring, Dr. iur., LL.M.
2014
KZ6422 .S67 2014 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
The international law concept of neutrality in the 21st century : an analysis of contemporary neutrality with a focus on Switzerland / Alexander Spring, Dr. iur., LL.M.
Published
Zurich : Dike, [2014]
Call Number
KZ6422 .S67 2014
ISBN
3037516569 (pbk.)
9783037516560 (pbk.)
9783037516560 (pbk.)
Description
xiii, 281 pages : illustrations ; 23 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)889996975
Note
Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--University of Bern, 2014.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 261-281).
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Part I: Preface
1
Part II: Historical Development of Neutrality
5
1.
Introduction: The By-product of War
5
2.
The search for the Beginning of Neutrality as a Legal Concept
6
3.
The 18th Century: The End of Bellum Iustum and the Effect on Neutrality
12
4.
The 19th Century: The Century of Recognition
17
5.
The Beginning of the 20th Century: From the Hague Conventions to the End of the First World War
20
6.
1918-1945: The Failure of the League of Nations and the Second World War
24
7.
Post-1945: Cold-War and the United Nations
27
8.
Post-Cold-War: The End of History and the End of Neutrality?
29
9.
Conclusion: The Historical Problem of Neutrality
31
Part III: Neutrality as a Concept of Contemporary International Law-Forms of Appearance and Distinction from Related Forms of Behaviour in Conflicts
33
1.
Introduction
33
2.
Definition of Contemporary Neutrality
34
3.
Relative Neutrality
36
4.
Permanent Neutrality
39
4.1.
Classical Permanent Neutrality
39
4.2.
Factual Permanent Neutrality
41
4.3.
Neutralisation
42
5.
Distinction of Neutrality from Non-belligerents and Non-alignment
43
5.1.
Non-belligerents
43
5.2.
Non-alignment
46
5.3.
Excursus: Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
47
Part IV: Neutral States in the 21st Century
53
1.
Permanently Neutral States
53
1.1.
Switzerland
54
1.1.1.
The Birth: From Marignano to the Helvetic Republic
54
1.1.2.
The Age of Consolidation: From Vienna to The Hague
56
1.1.3.
The Age of Experiments: From Integral to Differential Neutrality and Back
58
1.1.4.
The Age of Diminishing Success: The United Nation and other Cold War Troubles
62
1.1.5.
The Age of Confusion: Of Falling Walls and Moving Lines
67
1.2.
Austria
70
1.2.1.
The Roots of Austrian Neutrality: A Product of the Post Second World War Era
70
1.2.2.
The Austrian Neutrality during the Cold War Period
72
1.2.3.
The Post-Cold War Period: Permanently Neutral State in the European Union
74
1.3.
Other Permanently Neutral States
77
1.3.1.
Costa Rica
77
1.3.1.
Vatican City State
79
1.3.2.
Malta
79
1.3.3.
Turkmenistan
81
2.
(Former) Factual Permanently Neutral States
83
2.1.
Finland
83
2.1.1.
1917-1945: From Revolutions to Winter Wars
83
2.1.2.
1945-1992: Friendship Treaties and Finlandisation
84
2.1.3.
Post-Cold War: From Nordic Neutral to Nordic European
86
2.2.
Sweden
88
2.2.1.
1813-1945: From the End of the Swedish Empire to the End of the Second World War
88
2.2.2.
1945-1991: From the Scandinavian Defence Union to an Active UN Membership
90
2.2.3.
Post-Cold War: From Neutrality to Non-alignment
93
2.3.
Ireland
96
2.3.1.
1922-1945: From Independence Efforts to the End of the War
97
2.3.2.
1945-1990: NATO without Ireland-EEC with Ireland
98
2.3.3.
Post-Cold War: The End of the "Singular Stance"?
101
2.4.
Others: European Microstates
103
3.
Conclusion: Neutral States in Decline
105
Part V: The Law of Neutrality
107
1.
Introduction
107
2.
The Law of Relative Neutrality
108
2.1.
The Sources of the Law of Relative Neutrality
108
2.1.1.
Treaty Law
108
2.1.2.
Customary Law
113
2.1.3.
Conclusion: International Law Sources for the Law of Relative Neutrality in Poor Shape
119
2.2.
Scope of Application of the Law of Relative Neutrality
121
2.2.1.
Effects of the Law of Relative Neutrality on the Neutral Status
121
2.2.2.
Activation of the Law of Relative Neutrality: The Notion of Conflict in International Law and the Law of Relative Neutrality
122
2.2.3.
The Influence of the Jus Ad Bellum on the Scope of Application of Relative Neutrality Law
136
2.2.4.
Deactivation of the Law of Relative Neutrality
146
2.2.5.
Conclusion: Which Conflicts activate the Law of Relative Neutrality?
149
2.3.
The Rights and Duties of Relative Neutrality Law
150
2.3.1.
General Rights and Duties of Relative Neutrality Law
150
2.3.2.
Relative Neutrality Law and War on Land
157
2.3.3.
Relative Neutrality Law and Naval Warfare
158
2.3.4.
Relative Neutrality Law and Aerial Warfare
161
2.3.5.
Relative Neutrality Law and Economic Sanctions
166
3.
The Law of Permanent Neutrality
169
3.1.
The Sources of the Law of Permanent Neutrality
169
3.2.
Scope of Application of the Law of Permanent Neutrality: Formation and Cessation of a Permanent neutral status
170
3.2.1.
The Erga Omnes Nature of Permanent Neutrality
170
3.2.2.
Formation of a Permanent neutral status
171
3.2.3.
Cessation of a Permanent neutral status
175
3.3.
The Rights and Duties of Permanent Neutrality Law
181
3.3.1.
Rights of the Permanently Neutral State
181
3.3.2.
Duties of the Permanently Neutral State
182
3.4.
Excursus: Neutrality Policy of a Permanently Neutral State and its Separation from the Law of Permanent Neutrality
192
3.5.
Conclusion: Challenges for Permanently Neutral States in Connection with the Law of Permanent Neutrality
197
Part VI: Selected Legal Aspects of Contemporary Neutrality
199
1.
Trade of War Material and Neutrality
199
1.1.
Traditional Rules of Relative Neutrality: Trade of War Material according to the Hague Conventions
199
1.1.1.
General Rule: Separation of Private and Governmental Trade of War Material
199
1.1.2.
Definition of War Material according to the Hague Conventions
200
1.2.
Changed Circumstances for the Trade of War Material: New Relative Neutrality Customary Law and Contemporary Interpretation of Treaty Law
201
1.2.1.
New General Customary Law Rule: Merger of Private and Governmental Trade of War Material
201
1.2.2.
Contemporary Definition of War Material
205
1.3.
Permanent Neutrality and Trade of War Material
206
1.3.1.
The Law of Permanent Neutrality and Trade of War Material: Additional Peace Time Duties for Permanently Neutral States?
207
1.3.2.
The Policy of Permanent Neutrality and Trade of War Material: The Case of Switzerland
208
1.4.
Out-dated Views and Inconsistencies: The State Practice of Switzerland regarding Relative Neutrality Law and Trade of War Material
210
1.4.1.
The Missing Merger of Private and Governmental Export of War Material
211
1.4.2.
Inconsistencies Regarding the Duty of Non-Discrimination in the Past
212
1.4.3.
The Swiss Definition of War Material: A Special Treatment for Special Military Goods
215
1.4.4.
A Homogenous Interpretation for More Credibility
217
2.
The Privatisation of Warfare and Neutrality
218
2.1.
Private Military and Security Companies: Modern Mercenaries in a Global World and a Threat to Neutral States?
218
2.1.1.
The Rise of Private Military and Security Companies and their Connection to Neutral Switzerland
218
2.1.2.
The Definition of Private Military and Security Companies and their Distinction from Mercenaries
221
2.2.
The Privatisation of Warfare and Relative Neutrality
225
2.3.
The Privatisation of Warfare and Permanent Neutrality: The Case of Switzerland
228
2.4.
Excursus: How Does the Swiss Federal Act on Private Security Services Provided Abroad Protect the Neutral Status of Switzerland?
229
3.
Cyber Warfare and Neutrality
234
3.1.
War in Cyberspace: The Place for 21st Century Conflicts?
234
3.1.1.
Examples of Cyber-Attacks: A Story of War Memorials and Collapsing Homepages
234
3.1.2.
The Definition of Cyber Warfare
236
3.1.3.
Cyberspace: A Unique Theatre of War
238
3.2.
Cyber Warfare and the Activation of the Law of Relative Neutrality
240
3.2.1.
Cyber Warfare and the Notion of International Armed Conflicts
240
3.2.2.
Cyber Warfare and the Jus ad Bellum
243
3.3.
Cyber Warfare and Relative Neutrality Law Problems
245
3.3.1.
Cyber Warfare and Relative Neutrality Rights
246
3.3.2.
Cyber Warfare and Relative Neutrality Duties
250
Part VII: Final Conclusions
253
1.
Summary
253
2.
Concluding Observations
258
Publication Bibliography
261