Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in China : rules, practice and strategies / Wenliang Zhang.
2014
KNQ1646 .Z483 2014 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in China : rules, practice and strategies / Wenliang Zhang.
Published
Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands : Kluwer Law International, [2014]
Copyright
©2014
Call Number
KNQ1646 .Z483 2014
Former Call Number
Ch.P 998 Z612 2014
ISBN
904115227X
9789041152275
9789041152275
Description
xxii, 364 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)890622627
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 345-360) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
xvii
Acknowledgments
xix
List of Abbreviations
xxi
Introduction
1
I.
Setting the Scene
1
A.
Globalization and China's Recent Legal Evolvement
1
1.
Globalization and International Disputes Resolution
1
2.
Growing China Facing New Legal Challenges
2
B.
Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in the New Era
4
1.
The Increasing Necessity of Recognition of Foreign Judgments
4
2.
The Difficulties Deeply-Rooted in Cooperation of the REJ
6
3.
The Possible Ways to Go Ahead in the REJ
9
II.
Basic Considerations of the RFJ
10
A.
Rationales for the RFJ
10
1.
Existing Theories for the RFJ
10
2.
A Critique
11
B.
The REJ in the Context of Private International Law
14
C.
Recognition of Foreign Judgments versus Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
16
D.
Recognition as an Incidental Question versus Recognition as a Main Claim
18
E.
Driving Forces for the Contemporary REJ
19
ch. 1
A Preliminary Issue: Effects of Foreign Judgments in China
21
1.01.
Introduction: A New Significant Issue to Consider
21
1.02.
The Scene to Set: Differences in Effects of Judgments among Countries
23
1.03.
Possible Ways Out: Approaches to Circulation of Effects of Judgments
26
A.
Preliminary Issues
26
B.
The Typical Approaches
27
C.
The Pros and Cons of the Approaches
28
D.
Is There a Preferable Choice?
32
1.04.
Effects of Foreign Judgments in China
34
A.
The "Equalization of Effects" Approach in China
34
B.
Effects Chinese Judgments Domestically Have
37
1.
Statutory Rules
37
2.
Scholarly Discussion
40
1.05.
Conclusion
41
ch. 2
The Skeleton: The Legal System regarding the REJ in China
43
2.01.
A Broad Picture
43
A.
China with a "Modernized" Legal System
43
B.
Sources of Law on the REJ in China
44
2.02.
A Three-Tiered System to the JRE in China
46
2.03.
The National Laws-Based REJ in China
47
A.
General Considerations
47
B.
A Glance at the Relevant National Rules
48
1.
The Two Articles of the CCP
48
2.
The Three Articles of the Opinion on the CCP
50
3.
The Bankruptcy Act
51
4.
The 1999 Regulation on Foreign Divorce Judgments
51
5.
The 1991 Regulation on Foreign Divorce Judgments
54
6.
Other Relevant Rules
57
7.
Model Law of Private International Law of the PRC
60
C.
Clarification of Key Terms of the Abovementioned National Rules
61
1.
The Term "Judgments or Rulings"
61
a.
Absence of Any Explicit Clarification
61
b.
"Judgments or Rulings" in a Broad Context
62
c.
Recourse to the Term in Judicial Practice
64
2.
The Term "Foreign" or "Foreign Country"
66
D.
Conditions of the National Laws-Based REJ in China
69
1.
Preliminary Remarks
69
2.
The Foreign Judgment Must Be Ripe as "Legally Effective": The Ripeness Requirement
71
a.
Introduction to the Ripeness Requirement
71
b.
Fundamental Issues Surrounding the Ripeness Requirement
73
i.
The Ripeness Requirement versus the Ripeness Issue
73
ii.
Problems and Solutions: From a Broad Perspective
75
c.
The Ripeness Requirement in the Context of Chinese Law
78
i.
A Brief Introduction
78
ii.
The Term "Legally Effective"
79
iii.
Fulfillment of the Requirement in the Context of the REJ in China
82
3.
The Principle of Reciprocity Should Be Established
84
a.
The Broad Picture
84
b.
General Considerations of the Reciprocity Requirement
85
i.
A Requirement: Fading or Flourishing?
85
ii.
Survival of the Reciprocity Requirement
89
c.
The Reciprocity Requirement under Chinese Law
92
i.
Chinese Implications of the Term "Reciprocity"
92
ii.
Particulars Concerning the Reciprocity Requirement
99
iii.
Illustrative Cases
101
iv.
Satisfaction of the Reciprocity Requirement
104
v.
Strategical Considerations
107
4.
The International Jurisdiction of the Rendering Country Should Be Assured
109
a.
Setting the Scene
109
b.
General Considerations
110
i.
The Basic Concepts
110
ii.
The Significance or Rationale of the Jurisdictional Requirement
112
iii.
Conflicts: Exercise of Jurisdiction versus Review of Jurisdiction
114
iv.
The Design of the Jurisdictional Requirement
116
v.
Special Considerations of Administration of the Jurisdictional Requirement
119
c.
The Jurisdictional Requirement under Chinese Law
122
i.
An Implied Jurisdictional Requirement
122
ii.
The Implications of the Jurisdictional Requirement
124
d.
The Jurisdictional Grounds in Chinese Law
126
i.
Introduction
126
ii.
Domestic Jurisdictional Rules
127
iii.
International Jurisdictional Grounds
130
e.
The Relevant Cases on the Jurisdictional Requirement
133
f.
Summary
134
E.
Defenses to the National Laws-Based REJ in China
135
1.
Preliminary Remarks
135
2.
Contradiction to "Basic Principles of Chinese Law"
139
a.
A General Consideration
139
b.
Contents of "Basic Principles" of Chinese Law
141
3.
Contradiction to China's National Sovereignty, Security and Social and Public Interests
144
a.
Introduction
144
b.
A General Consideration of Public Policy
147
i.
A Dialectical Reading of Public Policy
147
ii.
Public Policy: A Concept of Amorphous Nature
147
iii.
Public Policy in Different Contexts
149
iv.
Application of Public Policy
150
c.
The Public Policy Defense under Chinese Law
153
i.
The Status Quo
153
ii.
Legal Provisions on Public Policy
154
iii.
Propositions for Application of the Defense
156
d.
Chinese Judicial Practice on the Public Policy Exception
159
e.
Further Limits to the Public Policy Exception
161
4.
Fraud
164
a.
A Broad Consideration
164
i.
Introduction
164
ii.
Moderate Application of Fraud
166
b.
The Concept of Fraud in the Chinese National Law
168
5.
Breach of Natural Justice
170
a.
General Considerations
170
b.
Implications of "Breach of Natural Justice"
172
i.
The Term of Natural Justice
172
ii.
Connotations of the Defense
173
c.
"Breach of Natural Justice" under Chinese Law
177
d.
Application of the Defense in Chinese Judicial Practice
181
6.
Parallel Proceedings or Conflicting Judgments
186
a.
Setting the Scene
186
b.
A General Consideration
187
c.
The Res Judicata Effect of Local Judgments
187
d.
The Res Judicata Effect of Foreign Judgments Recognized
189
e.
Pending Proceedings or Future Judgments
190
f.
The Defense of "Conflicting Judgments" under Chinese Law
191
F.
Recognition of Special Categories of Foreign Judgments
195
1.
Introduction
195
2.
Recognition of Foreign Divorce Judgments
196
a.
A General Consideration
196
b.
The Conditions of the Recognition of Foreign Divorce Judgments
196
c.
Defenses to the Recognition of Foreign Divorce Judgments
197
3.
Recognition of Foreign Bankruptcy Judgments
198
4.
Recognition of Foreign Default Judgments
199
G.
Remedies against the Decisions on Applications for the REJ in China
201
H.
Currency and Rate of Exchange Regarding Foreign-Money Judgments
202
1.
Currency and Rate of Exchange: A Common Problem
202
2.
Chinese Law and Judicial Practice
205
I.
Interests Accrued to Foreign Judgments
205
2.04.
The Bilateral Treaties-Based REJ in China
206
A.
A Broad Picture
206
B.
A Preliminary Consideration
208
C.
The Conditions of the RFJ
209
1.
A General Consideration
209
2.
Foreign Judgments Should Be Ripe
210
3.
The Original Courts Must Have International Jurisdiction
211
a.
Introduction
211
b.
Approaches to Prescribing the Jurisdictional Requirement
212
c.
Some Concluding Remarks
218
D.
The Defenses to the RFJ
223
1.
Contradiction to Sovereignty, Security, Social and Public Interests
223
2.
Breach of Natural Justice
224
3.
Conflicting Judgments or Parallel Proceedings
225
4.
Other Available Defenses
226
2.05.
The Multilateral Conventions-Based REJ in China
227
A.
A General Consideration
227
B.
The Multilateral Conventions in This Regard
228
C.
Possibility for China to Accede to the International Conventions on the REJ
234
2.06.
Concluding Remarks
236
ch. 3
The Flesh: The Judicial System Supporting the REJ in China
239
3.01.
Introduction
239
3.02.
The Unique Chinese Judicial System
240
A.
The Structure of the Chinese Courts System
240
B.
The Instances for a Case
241
C.
The Independence of Chinese Courts
242
1.
A Legislative Perspective
243
2.
A Practical Perspective
244
D.
Reform of the Chinese Judicial System
246
E.
The Judges, Lawyers and Other Legal Professionals
248
3.03.
Proceedings Leading to the REJ in China
250
A.
Preliminary Remarks
250
B.
Proceedings for the National Laws-Based REJ in China
251
1.
Judicial Assistance versus the RFJ in China
251
a.
Judicial Assistance: A Broad Context of the RFJ
251
b.
Implications of the Rules on Judicial Assistance
253
2.
Fundamental Issues regarding the Proceedings of the RFJ in China
254
a.
The Legal Basis
254
b.
Qualified Subjects for Making the Submission
255
c.
The Courts Having Adjudicatory Authority to Entertain the REJ-Related Cases
256
i.
The General Rule: Intermediate People's Courts
256
ii.
Concentrated Jurisdiction in Judicial Practice
257
iii.
To Pinpoint the Specific Courts Addressing the REJ
259
d.
Other Important Procedural Issues
264
i.
The Basic Procedure to Submit Applications
264
ii.
The Issue of Translation of Relevant Documents
266
iii.
The Withdrawal of Applications
268
iv.
Costs Concerning Applications for the REJ in China
268
3.
The Enforcement Procedure under Chinese Law
271
a.
The Importance of Actual Enforcement of the Recognized Foreign Judgments
271
b.
General Issues Regarding Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
273
i.
An Enforcement Dilemma for Foreign Judgments
273
ii.
Enforcement of Foreign Judgments by Analogy
274
iii.
Legislative Basis
275
iv.
Several Notable Aspects
276
c.
The Subjects Qualified to Commence the Enforcement Procedure
278
d.
Basis and Jurisdiction Respecting Enforcement of Judgments
279
e.
Reliefs in the Event of Non-enforcement or Bureaucratic Inertia
281
f.
Objections to Enforcement
283
g.
The Time Limit for Submission of Applications for Enforcement
284
h.
Availability of Provisional, Including Protective, Measures
287
i.
A Practical Necessity for Such Measures
287
ii.
Pre-judgment Provisional Measures
288
iii.
Post-judgment Protective Measures
293
i.
Other Noteworthy Aspects regarding Enforcement of Judgments
294
i.
Settlement or Compromise in the Course of Enforcement
294
ii.
Enforcement in the Case of Death or Demise of Judgment Debtors
295
iii.
The Circumstances for Suspending and Terminating Enforcement
295
iv.
Enforcement Measures to Be Taken
296
v.
The Costs Incurred for Enforcement of Judgments
298
C.
Proceedings for the Bilateral Treaties-Based REJ in China
299
1.
Preliminary Considerations
299
2.
Judicial Assistance versus the REJ in China
300
3.
Specific Rules regarding the Bilateral Treaties-Based Proceedings
301
a.
Qualified Subjects for Making the Submissions
301
b.
Bases and Jurisdiction Respecting the RU
303
c.
The Documents to Be Attached
304
4.
The Enforcement Procedure for the Bilateral Treaties-Based RD in China
305
D.
Proceedings for the Multilateral Conventions-Based RFJ in China
306
3.04.
Summary
306
ch. 4
The Spirit: The Hidden Factors Influencing the RD in China
309
4.01.
A General Introduction
309
4.02.
The Legal Culture
311
A.
Setting the Scene
311
B.
Implications of Legal Culture
312
C.
The Chinese Legal Culture
314
1.
Upheavals in Chinese Law in Recent Decades
314
2.
The Chinese Traditional Legal Culture
317
a.
"Confucianism" versus "Chinese Legal Culture"
317
b.
"Legalism" versus "Confucianism"
319
c.
"Economic and Political Factors" versus "Chinese Legal Culture"
319
d.
Theoretical Anatomy of "Chinese Legal Culture"
320
e.
Summary
321
D.
"The RD in China" versus "the Chinese Legal Culture"
322
i.
A Broad Picture
322
ii.
"Persons' versus "the RD in China"
322
iii.
"Courts and Legislature" versus "the RD in China"
323
iv.
"Government" versus "the REJ in China"
323
4.03.
The Economic, Political and Other Factors
324
4.04.
Summary
327
ch. 5
A Bird's-Eye View of a Selected Chinese Court's Practice
329
5.01.
A General Consideration
329
5.02.
Several Aspects to Be Considered
330
A.
The Identities of the Applicants and Respondents
330
B.
The Time Span from Delivery of Foreign Judgments to Submission of Applications
330
C.
The Time Span for Chinese Courts' Delivery of Rulings on Applications
331
D.
The Litigation Costs
333
E.
The Reasoning of the Beijing Court under the Decisions
333
F.
The Operative Parts of the Rulings
334
5.03.
Summary
335
ch. 6
Conclusion
337
6.01.
A Harsh Reality
337
6.02.
The Essentials for the REJ in China
338
6.03.
Possible Ways Forward: "Litigation Strategies"?
341
6.04.
An Open Mind and the Outlook
343
Bibliography
345
Index
361