Behind the multilateral trading system : legal indigenization and the WTO in comparative perspective / Xing Lijuan.
2014
K4610 .X56 2014 (Map It)
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Author
Title
Behind the multilateral trading system : legal indigenization and the WTO in comparative perspective / Xing Lijuan.
Published
Durham, North Carolina : Carolina Academic Press, [2014]
Copyright
©2014
Call Number
K4610 .X56 2014
ISBN
9781611632941 (pbk.)
1611632943 (pbk.)
1611632943 (pbk.)
Description
xxii, 276 pages ; 26 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)813415837
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 257-269) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Abbreviations
xv
Acknowledgments
xvii
Abstract and Overview
xix
Introduction The Aim, Structure, Conceptual Terminology, and Limitations of This Book
3
Goals
3
Structure and Approach
5
Conceptual Terminology
7
Limitations
11
ch. 1
Review of Literature
13
I.
Survey of the Key Sources
13
A.
WTO Mechanisms
13
1.
Overall assessment
14
2.
On certain mechanisms
14
3.
The WTO and domestic law
15
4.
The WTO and international law
15
5.
Legal principles and the interpretation of the WTO agreements
16
6.
The design of the WTO agreements
16
7.
The position of developing countries in the WTO
17
8.
Domestic context
17
B.
International Negotiation and Rule-Making
17
1.
The current round of multilateral trade negotiations
18
2.
Power of rule-making
18
3.
Strategies or priorities in trade negotiations
18
C.
Domestic Legislation and Policy-Making
19
1.
Legislation
19
2.
Free Trade Agreements
20
3.
Domestic (and regional) influences on the international regime
20
D.
Participation of Members in Multilateral Disputes Settlement
20
II.
Analysis of the Key Sources
21
A.
WTO Mechanisms
22
1.
Overall assessment
22
2.
On certain mechanisms
23
3.
The WTO and domestic law
24
4.
The WTO and international law
25
5.
Legal principles and the interpretation of the WTO agreements
26
6.
The design of the WTO agreements
26
7.
The position of developing countries in the WTO
28
8.
Domestic context
28
B.
International Negotiation and Rule-Making
29
1.
Current multilateral negotiations
29
2.
Power of rule-making
29
3.
Strategies or priorities in trade negotiations
30
C.
Domestic Legislation and Policy-Making
30
1.
Legislation
30
2.
Free Trade Agreements
32
3.
Domestic (and regional) influences on the international regime
32
D.
Participation of Members in Multilateral Disputes Settlement
32
Summary
33
Appendix 1.1
Extended Survey of the Key Sources
35
ch. 2
The Concept of Legal Indigenization
49
I.
Responses to a "Problematic" World
49
A.
Legal Fragmentation in Trade before World War II
49
B.
Legal Globalization as a Response to Fragmentation
51
C.
Legal Globalization --- Inherent Problems
53
D.
Legal Globalization --- Acquired Problems
57
1.
Surge of sovereign countries
57
2.
Self-evolution of the global trading system
58
3.
Development of international law
59
E.
Legal Indigenization as a Response to Problematic Globalization
64
II.
The Concept of Indigenization in the Context of International Law
66
A.
Meaning
66
B.
Comparisons with Other Relevant Terms
68
Summary
72
ch. 3
Legal Indigenization of WTO Law in China
73
I.
International Trade Rule-Making
73
A.
Review of China's Proposals
74
1.
Special and Differential Treatment in China's proposals
74
2.
Substantive provisions in China's proposals
75
3.
Procedural matters in China's proposals
75
B.
Characteristics of China's Trade Negotiations
76
1.
Special and Differential Treatment
76
2.
An inclination for vagueness
76
3.
Procedural matters
77
C.
Pertinent Aspect of Chinese Legal Tradition and Culture
78
1.
Sovereign equality
78
2.
Attitude toward international law
81
3.
Procedural issues
82
II.
International Trade Disputes
83
A.
Overview
84
B.
Chinese Ideologies Challenged by the DSB Disputes
84
1.
Protection of subjects involving illegality
84
2.
Publications and public morality
85
3.
Trading rights and state control
86
4.
Criminal thresholds and the protection of intellectual property rights as civil rights
86
C.
Pertinent Aspects of Chinese Legal Tradition and Culture
86
1.
Protection of subjects of law involving illegal elements
87
2.
Publications and public morality
90
3.
Trading rights and state control
91
4.
The protection of civil rights through the criminal law
94
5.
The protection of intellectual property rights --- more fundamental issues
97
III.
Domestic Legislation on Trade
98
A.
Legal Regime of Trade
98
B.
WTO Law in Domestic Context and Characteristics of Domestic Legislation
99
1.
WTO law in domestic context
99
2.
Characteristics of domestic legislation
100
C.
Pertinent Aspects of Chinese Legal Tradition and Culture
101
1.
Forms of law in dynastic China
101
2.
Contemporary China's legal regime
102
IV.
Domestic Adjudication of Trade Issues
103
A.
Administrative and Judicial Regimes Relating to Trade
103
B.
WTO Law in Domestic Context and Characteristics of Domestic Adjudication
104
1.
WTO law in domestic context
104
2.
Characteristics of domestic adjudication
105
C.
Pertinent Aspects of Chinese Legal Tradition and Culture
109
1.
Judicial review on administrative activities
109
2.
Direct application of WTO law
111
3.
Administrative litigation as a legal remedy
113
4.
Competence of intermediate courts to exercise jurisdiction over trade cases
115
Summary
116
Appendix 3.1
Specific Amendments to the Dispute Settlement Understanding --- Drafting Inputs from China
119
Appendix 3.2
Dynasties in Chinese History
122
Appendix 3.3
Sentences Requiring Thresholds Prescribed in Chapter III of the Criminal Law
123
Appendix 3.4
Sentences Not Requiring Thresholds Prescribed in Chapter III of the Criminal Law
124
Appendix 3.5
Sentences of Fixed-Term Imprisonment of Not More than Three Years or Criminal Detention Prescribed in Chapter III of the Criminal Law
125
Appendix 3.6
Sentences of Fixed-Term Imprisonment of Not Less than Three Years but Not More than Seven Years Prescribed in Chapter III of the Criminal Law
128
Appendix 3.7
A List of Departmental Rules Issued by the Ministry of Commerce on Anti-dumping Issues
130
ch. 4
Legal Indigenization of WTO Law in the United States
131
I.
International Trade Rule-Making
131
A.
Overview
131
1.
Multilateral trade negotiations
131
2.
Negotiations for free trade agreements
134
B.
Characteristics of the United States' Trade Negotiations
134
1.
Series of proposals
134
2.
Cautiousness toward Special and Differential Treatment
136
3.
Reforms of the WTO mechanisms
136
4.
The international rule of law
137
5.
Procedural justice
137
6.
U.S. practices and experiences
138
7.
Selective partners in free trade agreements
138
8.
Out-reform in trading partners
140
C.
Pertinent Aspects of U.S. Legal Tradition and Culture
141
1.
Procedural fairness in the common law tradition
141
2.
Leadership in the WTO
142
3.
Reciprocity and Special and Differential Treatment
143
4.
The international rule of law
144
5.
Segmentation of power and trade issues
145
II.
International Trade Disputes
146
A.
Overview
147
B.
U.S. Ideologies Challenged by the DSB Disputes
148
1.
Sovereignty or unilateralism
148
2.
The extra-territorial application of American law
150
C.
Pertinent Aspects of U.S. Legal Tradition and Culture
150
1.
Origins of "unilateralism"
151
2.
The extra-territorial application of American law
154
III.
Domestic Legislation on Trade
155
A.
WTO Law in Domestic Context and Characteristics of Domestic Legislation
155
1.
WTO law in domestic context
156
2.
Characteristics of domestic legislation
156
B.
Pertinent Aspects of U.S. Legal Tradition and Culture
159
1.
The civil law and common law traditions
159
2.
Fluctuation of trade policies
160
3.
Subordination of international law to domestic law
161
IV.
Domestic Adjudication of Trade Issues
162
A.
Overview: The Main Agencies, Courts, and Statutory Provisions
162
B.
Characteristics of Domestic Adjudication
163
1.
Administrative segmentation
163
2.
Judicial review
164
3.
Specialized courts and judicial segmentation
165
C.
Pertinent Aspects of U.S. Legal Tradition and Culture
165
1.
"Expertise" deference
166
2.
Administrative deference
166
3.
The extra-territorial application of American law
168
Summary
168
Appendix 4.1
Further Contribution of the United States to the Improvement of the Dispute Settlement Understanding of the WTO Related to Transparency --- Revised Legal Drafting
171
ch. 5
Legal Indigenization of WTO Law in the European Union
173
I.
International Trade Rule-Making
173
A.
Overview
174
B.
Characteristics of the EU's Trade Negotiations
174
1.
An emphasis on overall goals of the WTO mechanisms
174
2.
A unique perspective on constituents of the DSB
175
3.
A fixed style of proposals
175
4.
A focus on development, sustainability, and Special and Differential Treatment
175
5.
Proposed texts accompanying discussions
176
6.
An emphasis on regional issues
177
7.
A heavy reliance on principles and guidelines
177
8.
Status of independent experts in trade disputes settlement
177
C.
Pertinent Aspects of EU Legal Tradition and Culture
178
1.
Role of judges
179
2.
Principles and doctrines
179
3.
Jurists in the civil law tradition
180
4.
Sustainable development
180
II.
International Trade Disputes
181
A.
Overview
182
B.
EU Ideologies Challenged by the DSB Disputes
183
1.
Approaches of interpreting the WTO agreements
183
2.
Multilateralism and trade preferences in FTAs
184
3.
The application of legal principles in arguments
185
C.
Pertinent Aspects of EU Legal Tradition and Culture
186
1.
The interpretation of international agreements
186
2.
The relationship between trade preferences and multilateralism
188
3.
The status of legal principles
189
III.
"Domestic" Legislation on Trade
189
A.
Overview
190
B.
WTO Law in "Domestic" Context and Characteristics of "Domestic" Legislation
191
1.
WTO law in "domestic" context
191
2.
Characteristics of "domestic" legislation
191
C.
Pertinent Aspects of EU Legal Tradition and Culture
193
1.
Different concepts of law
193
2.
The relationship between EU law and national law
194
IV.
"Domestic" Adjudication of Trade Issues
195
A.
Overview
195
1.
Administrative organs
195
2.
Courts
196
B.
Characteristics of "Domestic" Adjudication
197
1.
The form of determinations on trade defense
197
2.
Judicial protection of individual rights
197
3.
Types of actions
198
4.
The application of legal principles
199
5.
Procedural rights
200
6.
The style of judgments
200
7.
Case law
200
8.
Opinions of Advocates General
201
9.
The application of the WTO agreements
201
C.
Pertinent Aspects of EU Legal Tradition and Culture
202
1.
Judicial review
202
2.
The style of judgments
203
3.
The application of legal principles in EU jurisprudence
204
4.
The centrality of the person and the protection of fundamental rights
208
5.
The principle of due process
209
6.
The system of Advocate General
209
Summary
210
Appendix 5.1
EU Emphasis on Principles, as Illustrated in Proposals on Special and Differential Treatment and Environmental Goods
212
Appendix 5.2
Independent Group of Experts for the Enforcement of Initiation Standards
215
Appendix 5.3
Illustrations of EU Basic Regulations on Trade
217
ch. 6
Legal Indigenization and the WTO
219
I.
Indigenized WTO Agreements and Practices
219
A.
The United States and the Multilateral Anti-dumping Mechanism
219
1.
History of U.S. anti-dumping legislation
220
2.
Article VI of the GATT 1947
221
3.
The Kennedy Code
222
4.
The Tokyo Code
224
5.
Anti-dumping Agreement 1994
224
B.
Rules for Applying the Notion of "Legitimate Expectations"
226
1.
Case of Japan --- Film
227
2.
Case of EC --- Computer Equipment
228
3.
Case of EC --- Asbestos
229
4.
Rules for applying the notion of "legitimate expectations"
231
C.
Admissibility of Amicus Curiae Submissions
231
II.
Legal Indigenization in the Context of Further Negotiations
232
A.
Competing (Indigenized) Views on Special and Differential Treatment
232
1.
China
233
2.
The United States
234
3.
The EU
235
B.
Competing (Indigenized) Views on Trade and the Environment
237
1.
China
237
2.
The United States
238
3.
The EU
239
C.
Competing (Indigenized) Views on Fisheries Subsidies
240
1.
China
241
2.
The United States
241
3.
The EU
241
D.
Competing (Indigenized) Views on Reform of the DSB
242
1.
China
242
2.
The United States
243
3.
The EU
244
III.
General Implications for the WTO
246
A.
In the Short Term
246
1.
Overview of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism
248
2.
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism and legal indigenization
248
3.
Concerns regarding the Trade Policy Review Mechanism
249
B.
In the Long Term
250
Summary
250
Conclusion The Context, Concept, and Significance of Legal Indigenization
253
Legal Indigenization and China
253
Legal Indigenization and the United States
254
Legal Indigenization and the EU
255
Legal Indigenization and the WTO
255
Bibliography
257
About the Author
271
Index
273