Offshore carbon dioxide capture and storage : an international environmental law perspective / Friederike Marie Lehmann.
2013
K3593.5.C37 L456 2013 (Map It)
Available at Cellar
Formats
| Format | |
|---|---|
| BibTeX | |
| MARCXML | |
| TextMARC | |
| MARC | |
| DublinCore | |
| EndNote | |
| NLM | |
| RefWorks | |
| RIS |
Items
Details
Title
Offshore carbon dioxide capture and storage : an international environmental law perspective / Friederike Marie Lehmann.
Published
Frankfurt am Main : PL Academic Research, [2013]
Copyright
©2013
Call Number
K3593.5.C37 L456 2013
ISBN
9783631642689
3631642687
9783653030440 (e-book)
3631642687
9783653030440 (e-book)
Description
xx, 341 pages : illustrations ; 22 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)851068566
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 333-341).
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
xvii
1.
Introduction
1
A.
Aim of this Thesis
2
B.
Area of Examination
3
I.
Subject of Examination
3
II.
Examination Criteria
5
1.
Coherence within the Treaty
5
2.
Compatibility with other Relevant Sources of Law
7
3.
Acceptability in Light of the Principles of International Environmental Law
10
III.
Resulting Structure of the Thesis
11
C.
Chapter Breakdown and Outline of the Main Arguments
11
2.
Science and Economic Aspects of CCS Projects
17
A.
Capture of C02
17
I.
Capture Mechanisms
18
1.
Post-combustion
18
2.
Pre-combustion
19
3.
Oxyfuel Combustion
20
II.
Environmental Impacts caused by the Capture Process
20
III.
Costs of Carbon Dioxide Capture
22
IV.
Conclusion
23
B.
Transport
23
C.
Sub-Seabed Geological Storage
25
I.
Storage Site Selection Criteria
26
II.
Potential Leakage Pathways
30
III.
Monitoring Plans
33
IV.
Remediation Plans
34
V.
Impacts on the Marine Environment
35
1.
Global Environmental Impacts
35
2.
Local Environmental Impacts
36
a).
Groundwater Contamination
36
b).
Induced Seismicity
37
c).
Effects of the Chemical Change of Seawater on Different Organisms
37
3.
Evaluations Resulting from the Request for the Introduction of Maximum Leakage Rates
40
VI.
Costs of Offshore Storage of C02
41
D.
Economic Feasibility of CCS Projects
42
E.
Conclusion
42
3.
Offshore Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Projects under Marine Environmental Protection Law
45
A.
Different Procedures of Offshore CCS Projects
46
B.
Historical Development
47
C.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
49
I.
Rights and Obligations of States in Different Jurisdictional Zones with regard to Offshore CCS Projects
51
1.
Territorial Sea
52
2.
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
52
3.
Continental Shelf Regime
54
a).
Sovereign Rights over the Storage of Carbon Dioxide pursuant to Article 77 UNCLOS
55
b).
Exclusive Rights with regard to CCS Projects in Sub-seabed Geological Formations
58
c).
Entitlement to Lay Pipelines
60
d).
Conclusion
60
4.
The Regime of the High Seas
61
5.
The Regime of the Area in Part XI of the UNCLOS
62
6.
Conclusion
63
II.
Competences for CCS Projects Classified as Marine Scientific Research
64
III.
Obligation of the State to Preserve and Protect the Marine Environment in the UNCLOS
64
1.
Pollution of the Marine Environment
65
a).
Article 1 para. 4 UNCLOS in Light of the Precautionary Principle
67
b).
Concluding Remarks
68
2.
Does Part XII UNCLOS Constitute a General Obligation to Restrain from any Pollution?
69
3.
Provisions in the UNCLOS regarding the Introduction of Substances into the Marine Environment
71
a).
Article 207 UNCLOS
72
b).
Article 208 UNCLOS
74
c).
Concluding Remarks
76
4.
Article 195 UNCLOS: Duty not to Transfer Damage or Hazards from one Area to Another or to Transform one Type of Pollution into Another
76
5.
Monitoring and Environmental Assessment, Articles 204 and 206 UNCLOS
79
6.
Interrelation of Part XII UNCLOS with other Provisions concerned with Maritime Protection
80
IV.
Conclusion
81
D.
The London Convention and its Protocol
82
I.
Storage of CO2 in Sub-seabed Geological Formations under the London Convention and its Protocol before its 2006 Amendment
84
1.
Geographical Coverage and Application to the Seabed
84
2.
Substances Covered by the London Convention and the London Protocol
87
3.
Actions Covered by the London Convention and the London Protocol
89
a).
Positive Definition of Dumping
90
b).
Negative Definition of Dumping
90
c).
Exception from the Definition of Dumping
92
4.
Conclusion regarding the Scope of Application of the London Convention and its Protocol
92
II.
Storage of CO2 in Sub-seabed Geological Formation under the London Protocol after the 2006 Amendment
93
1.
Basic Rules and Conditions for Dumping of Exceptional Substances
94
2.
Rules and Conditions under the London Protocol for Offshore CCS Projects
94
a).
No. 4 Annex 1 London Protocol
94
b).
Permit Procedures and Conditions under Annex
2
London Protocol and its Guidelines
96
aa).
Introductory Remarks
98
bb).
Waste Prevention Audit
99
cc).
Consideration of Waste Management Options
99
dd).
Chemical and Physical Properties
100
ee).
Action List
100
ff).
Site Selection and Characterisation
101
gg).
Assessment of Potential Effects
103
hh).
Monitoring and Risk Management
106
ii).
Permit and Permit Conditions
108
c).
Concluding Remarks
109
3.
Coherence with other Provisions, the Objective and General Obligations of the London Protocol
109
a).
Article 6 London Protocol
109
b).
Objective and General Obligations of the London Protocol
111
4.
Permissibility of Offshore CCS Projects under the Amended London Protocol
114
5.
Compatibility with other Relevant International Environmental Protection Agreements
115
a).
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
116
b).
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context
117
III.
Conclusion
120
E.
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto
121
F.
Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment oft he North-east Atlantic
122
I.
Objectives and General Obligations
123
II.
Applicability of the OSPAR Convention
To Sub-seabed Geological Formations
125
III.
Legality of the Storage of Carbon Dioxide Streams in Sub-seabed Geological Formations under the OSPAR Convention
126
1.
Pollution from Land-based Sources
127
a).
Application of Article 3 OSPAR Convention and its Annex I - Definition of Land-based Sources of Pollution
127
b).
Permissibility of CCS Projects Classified as Land-Based Sources of Pollution
131
c).
Concluding Remarks
132
2.
Pollution by Dumping or Incineration
133
a).
Application of Article 4 OSPAR Convention and its Annex II - Definition of Dumping
133
b).
Exceptions from the Dumping-Prohibition after the Amendment 2007
137
c).
Authorisation or Regulation for Permissible CCS Projects
138
3.
Pollution from Offshore Sources
139
a).
Dumping from an Offshore Installation
139
b).
Exceptions to the Dumping-Prohibition after the Amendment 2007
141
c).
Authorisation or Regulation for Permissible CCS Projects
141
4.
Conclusion
142
IV.
Conditions for the Storage of Carbon Dioxide Streams in Sub-seabed Geological Formations under the new OSPAR Regime
143
1.
OSPAR Decisions 2007/1 and 2007/2
144
2.
OSPAR Guidelines for Risk Assessment and Management of Storage of CO2 Streams in Geological Formations
147
3.
Comparison to the Specific Guidelines to the London Protocol
148
V.
Coherence between the Amendment and the General Obligations under Article 2 OSPAR Convention
151
VI.
Compatibility of the Amended OSPAR Convention with the Global Regime
154
1.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
154
2.
London Convention and its Protocol
155
3.
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
157
4.
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context
158
VII.
Conclusion
160
G.
Convention of the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area
161
I.
Pollution from Land-based Sources
163
II.
Pollution by Dumping
164
III.
Pollution from Offshore Activities
164
IV.
Evaluation
165
H.
Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean
167
I.
Pollution from Land-based Sources
170
II.
Pollution by Dumping
173
III.
Pollution from Exploration and Exploitation of the Continental Shelf and the Seabed and its Subsoil
176
IV.
Conclusion
178
I.
Conclusion
179
4.
The Integration of Carbon Capture and Storage into the Climate Protection Regime
183
A.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
184
I.
Historic Development and Basis of Negotiation
186
II.
Obligations under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol
188
1.
Obligations under Article 4 UNFCCC
189
a).
General Commitments applicable to all Parties
190
b).
Specific Commitments of Annex I States
191
2.
CCS as Policy or Measure in Terms of Article 2 Kyoto Protocol?
193
3.
CCS Projects as a Contribution to Compliance with the Commitments under Article 3 Kyoto Protocol
195
a).
Obligations under Article 3 Kyoto Protocol and their Concretisation by Means of the `Marrakesh Accords'
196
b).
CCS Projects as a Climate Change Mitigation Measure under the Kyoto Protocol? A Source or a Sink?
199
c).
Flexible Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol
201
aa).
Joint Implementation
202
bb).
Clean Development Mechanism
204
(1).
Basic Concept of the CDM
205
(2).
CCS Projects in the CDM
209
(a) Additionality
212
(b) Assistance for the non-Annex I State to Achieve Sustainable Development
216
(c) Does Non-permanence of CCS Projects Conflict with Long-term Environmental Integrity of the CDM?
217
(3).
Concluding Remarks
221
cc).
Emissions Trading Scheme
222
4.
Conclusion
226
III.
Reporting Requirements
227
IV.
Non-Compliance Procedures
231
V.
Coherence of the Objective and Principles with the Integration of CCS Projects into the Climate Protection Regime
234
1.
Legal Implication of the Objective and the Principles
234
2.
Conflicts of the Objective and Principles with the Integration of CCS Projects into the Climate Protection Regime
236
a).
Objective of the UNFCCC
236
b).
Inter-generational Equity and the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility
237
c).
Precautionary Principle
237
d).
The Concept of Sustainable Development
240
3.
Conclusion
242
VI.
Conclusion
242
B.
Further Developments in the Negotiations until Today: Post-Kyoto Process
245
5.
Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage in Sub-seabed Geological Formations under European Law
251
A.
European Politics on CCS Technology
252
B.
The Binding Effect of International Law for the European Union and its Member States
253
C.
European Directive on the Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide
254
I.
Relation to other Relevant European Regulations
255
II.
Capture of Carbon Dioxide from Industrial Processes
256
III.
Transport of Carbon Dioxide Streams
258
IV.
Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide
259
1.
Selection of Storage Sites and Exploration Permits
261
2.
Storage Permits
262
a).
Requirements for the Storage Permit
263
b).
Procedural Issue - European Commission Review
263
c).
Maintenance of the Storage Permit
265
3.
Operation of the Storage Site
266
a).
Composition of the CO2 Stream
266
b).
Monitoring Requirements
269
c).
Reporting Requirements
271
d).
Leakages and Significant Irregularities
271
4.
Closure and Post-closure Obligations
273
V.
Accordance with European Law as well as with International and Regional Law of Maritime Protection
274
VI.
Conclusion
277
D.
CCS Projects under the European Emissions Trading Scheme
278
I.
Scope of Application of the Emissions Trading Scheme Directive
280
II.
The Cycle of Allowances
281
1.
General Functioning of the Emissions Trading Scheme
282
2.
Regulations regarding the Trade of Allowances
284
3.
Changes according to the ETS 2020 Directive
285
4.
Extension through the Link to the Use of Project-Based Mechanisms
289
III.
Conclusion regarding the European Emissions Trading Scheme
291
E.
Conclusion
292
6.
Principles of International Environmental Law
295
A.
General Remarks
296
B.
Content of the Principles of International Environmental Law
297
I.
Sustainable Development
297
1.
Content of the Concept of Sustainable Development
297
2.
Sustainable Development and Offshore CCS Projects
300
II.
Precautionary Principle
303
1.
Content of the Precautionary Principle
304
2.
The Precautionary Principle and Offshore CCS Projects
306
III.
Inter-generational Equity
308
IV.
Intra-generational Equity and the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility
309
V.
Polluter-Pays Principle and Liability for Environmental Damage
311
VI.
Conclusion
313
C.
Relevance of Principles of International Environmental Law in International Environmental Law
314
D.
Conclusion
317
7.
Conclusion
319
A.
Summary
319
B.
Evaluation
329
Bibliography
333