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Items
Details
Author
Title
Criminal law in Italy / Astolfo Di Amato.
Uniform Title
International encyclopaedia of laws. Criminal law.
Published
Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands : Kluwer Law International, [2013]
Call Number
KKH3800 .D536 2013
Former Call Number
It 800 D54 2013
Edition
Second edition.
ISBN
9789041151704
9041151702
9041151702
Description
238 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)868000359
Note
"This book was originally published as a monograph in the International Encyclopaedia of Laws/Criminal law."
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 231-234) and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
The Authors
3
List of Abbreviations
17
General Introduction
19
1.
The General Background Of The Country
19
I.
Geography And Climate
19
II.
Population
20
III.
Economy
20
IV.
Political System And Administrative Structure
21
A.
The Founding Principles Of The Italian Constitution
21
B.
Political System
22
1.
The President Of The Republic
22
2.
The Prime Minister
23
3.
The Parliament
23
4.
The Government
26
C.
Judicial System
27
1.
Overview
27
2.
The Criminal Courts
30
3.
Justices Of The Peace
31
4.
The Court Of Appeal
31
5.
The Court Of Cassation
32
6.
The Constitutional Court
32
2.
Criminal Law, Criminal Justice And Criminal Science
33
I.
Definition Of Criminal Law
33
A.
Criminal Law
33
B.
Substantive Criminal Law
34
C.
Criminal Procedure
34
D.
Criminal Offences
34
II.
Overview Of The Criminal Justice System
35
A.
The Police
35
B.
The Prosecution Service
36
C.
Investigating Magistrates And Investigating Jurisdictions
37
D.
Trial Jurisdictions
38
1.
The Justice Of The Peace
38
2.
The Court Of Assizes
38
3.
The Tribunal
38
4.
Appeals
39
5.
The Court Of Cassation
39
E.
Prison System And After-Care
39
1.
The Department Of Prison Administration
39
2.
The Surveillance Magistracy
39
3.
Penal Institutions
40
4.
The Probation Service
41
F.
The Bar
42
G.
Statistical Overview
42
1.
Criminal Actions By Trial Level
43
2.
Reported Offences And Persons
44
3.
Reported Offences
45
4.
Convictions
46
III.
Trends Within Criminal Justice
48
3.
Historical Background
49
4.
Sources Of Criminal Law
52
I.
International Sources
52
II.
Eu Law And Domestic Criminal Law
52
A.
EU Law
52
B.
The Court Of Justice Of The European Union
54
C.
The European Court Of Human Rights
57
III.
The Council Of Europe
58
IV.
National Sources
59
A.
The Constitution
59
B.
Statutes And Legislation
60
C.
Statutory Delegated Legislation
60
D.
Ordinary Laws
60
E.
Court Decisions
61
5.
Classifications And Technique Of Criminal Law
61
Part I Substantive Criminal Law
63
ch. 1
General Principles
63
1.
The Principle Of Legality
63
I.
Limitation On Penalization
63
II.
Legality And Interpretation, And The Prohibition Against Using Analogy
64
2.
The Principle Of The Individual Guilty Mind
64
3.
The Principle Of Proportionality
65
ch. 2
Scope And Application Of Criminal Statutes
66
1.
Principles Concerning The Applicability Of Criminal Statutes With Respect To Time
66
I.
Prohibition Of Retroactive Criminal Law
66
II.
Retroactivity Of The Favourable Statute
66
2.
Principles Concerning The Applicability Of Criminal Statutes With Respect To Space
67
I.
Compulsory Character Of Criminal Law
67
II.
The Territorial Principle
68
III.
Extraterritorial Criminal Jurisdiction
68
A.
Principles
68
B.
Cases
69
C.
Localization
70
D.
The Effect Of Foreign Adjudication And Execution
70
3.
Principles Concerning The Applicability Of Criminal Statutes With Respect To Persons
71
I.
Immunities Based On National Public Law
71
II.
Immunities Based On International Public Law
71
ch. 3
General Principles Of Criminal Law
73
1.
Introduction: The Basic Elements Of Criminal Offences
73
2.
The Material Or Physical Element (Actus Reus)
73
I.
Description
73
II.
Corporate Responsibility
74
III.
Acts, Omissions And Causation
77
A.
Action Offences
77
B.
Omission Offences
77
1.
Mere Omission
78
2.
Commission By Omission (Delicta Commissionis Per Omissionem)
78
C.
Causation Offences
79
D.
The Causal Nexus
79
IV.
Classification Of Offences From The Point Of VIew Of The Material Element
80
A.
Momentary And Continuing Offences
80
B.
Occasional And Cumulative Offences
81
C.
Offences Causing Actual Harm And Endangerment Offences
82
3.
The Moral Or Mental Element (Mens Rea)
82
I.
Subjective Guilt Or Culpability
82
II.
Strict Or Objective Liability
83
III.
Intent
84
A.
Degrees Of Intent
84
1.
General Intent
84
2.
Special Intent
85
B.
Types Of Intent With Reference To Intensity
85
1.
Act Of Impulse And Deliberate Intent
85
2.
Premeditation
86
C.
Types Of Intent With Reference To Their Consequences
86
1.
Direct Intent (Dolus Directus)
86
2.
Indirect Or Eventual Intent (Dolus Eventualis)
86
IV.
Negligence
87
A.
Definition
87
1.
General Negligence
87
2.
Specific Negligence
88
B.
The Evaluation Of Negligence
88
C.
Types Of Negligence
88
V.
Unintentional Acts
89
VI.
The Required Form Of Guilt
89
ch. 4
Justification, Excuse And Chargeability
91
1.
General Principles
91
I.
Justification: Introduction
91
II.
Justification: Remarks
91
III.
Legal Excuse
91
IV.
Difference Between Justification And Legal Excuse
92
2.
Justification
92
I.
Consent
92
II.
Exercise Of A Right
93
A.
The Concept Of Right Ex Article 51 PC
93
B.
Sources Of The Rights
94
C.
Actions Aimed At Protecting Property: The Offendicula
94
III.
Public Duty Or Order Of The Authorities
94
A.
Fulfilment Of A Duty Arising By Law
95
B.
Fulfilment Of A Duty Arising By An Order Of The Authorities
95
IV.
Legitimate Use Of Arms
96
V.
Self-Defence
96
A.
General Characterization
96
B.
Conditions
96
1.
Conditions Relating To The Attack
96
2.
Conditions Relating To The Reaction
97
C.
Self-Defence At Home And In The Workplace
98
VI.
Necessity
98
A.
Generally
98
B.
Conditions
98
3.
Legal Excuse
99
I.
Introduction
99
II.
Type Of Legal Excuses
100
A.
Fortuitous Event
100
B.
Force Majeure
100
C.
Duress
101
D.
Ignorance Of The Criminal Law
101
E.
Mistake Of Fact
102
4.
Chargeability
102
I.
Introduction
102
II.
Exclusions
103
A.
Minority
103
B.
Insanity
104
1.
Insanity At The Moment Of The Act
104
2.
Insanity Ai The Moment Of Trial
105
3.
Mental Incompetence Caused By Another
105
C.
Alcoholic Intoxication, Drug Abuse And Deaf-Mutism
105
1.
Alcoholic Intoxickion
106
2.
Drug Abuse
107
3.
Deaf-Mutism
107
ch. 5
Incomplete Or Partly Perpetrated Criminal Offences
108
1.
Criminal Attempt
108
I.
Introduction
108
II.
Italian Attempt Statutes
108
III.
Conditions
109
IV.
The Judgment Of Suitability (Il Giudizio Di Idoneità )
109
V.
Object Of Intent
110
VI.
Incompletion Of The Offence And Perpetrator's Will
111
A.
Intentional/Voluntary Withdrawal
111
B.
Active Withdrawal
111
VII.
Attempt And Legally Impossible Offences
111
VIII.
The Penalty For Attempt
112
2.
Participation In, Or Parties To Criminal Offences
112
I.
General Remarks
112
II.
Italian Participation Law
113
III.
Conditions Of Participation
113
A.
Plurality Of Persons
114
B.
The Requirement Of A Principal Offence (Performed Or Attempted)
114
C.
Chain Of Causation
114
D.
Awareness And Will To Participate
115
1.
The Required Intent
115
2.
Special Cases
115
IV.
Forms Of Participation Provided For By Law: Material And Moral
116
V.
Punishment For Participation
116
VI.
Withdrawal From Participation And Proactive Withdrawal
117
A.
Withdrawal From Participation
117
B.
Proactive Withdrawal
117
VII.
Agent Provocateur
117
VIII.
Negligent Participation
118
ch. 6
Classification And Survey Of Criminal Offences
119
1.
General Classification Of Criminal 01-Fences
119
I.
Legal Classification
119
II.
Italian Penal Code Framework
119
2.
Survey Of Criminal Offences
119
I.
Offences Of The Penal Code
120
A.
Title I: Crimes Against The Nation
120
B.
Title II: Crimes Against The Public Authority
120
C.
Title III: Crimes Against Judicial Authority
122
D.
Title IV: Crimes Against Sentiments Regarding Religion And Against The Dead
122
E.
Title V: Crimes Against Public Order
122
F.
Title VI: Crimes Against Public Safety
122
G.
Title VII: Crimes Against Public Faithfulness
123
H.
Title VIII: Crimes Against Public Economy, Industry And Commerce
123
I.
Title IX: Crimes Against Public Morality
123
J.
Title IXbis: Crimes Against Feelings For Animals
124
K.
Title X: Crimes Against Well-Being And Soundness Of The Race
124
L.
Title XI: Crimes Against The Family
124
M.
Title XII: Crimes Against The Person
124
N.
Title XIII: Crimes Against Property
125
1.
Offences Against Property Committed By Means Of Violence: Theft And Robbery
125
2.
Offences Against Property Committed By Means Of Fraud
126
II.
Cybercrimes
127
III.
Misdemeanours
128
IV.
Criminal Offences In The Special Laws
128
ch. 7
The Sanctioning System
129
1.
The General Sanctioning System
129
2.
The Death Penalty
130
3.
Punishment Features
130
4.
Punishments
131
I.
The Principal Penalties
131
A.
Crimes
131
1.
Life Imprisonment (Ergastolo)
131
2.
Imprisonment (Reclusione)
132
3.
Fine (Multa)
132
B.
Misdemeanours
132
1.
Misdemeanour Imprisonment (Arresto)
132
2.
Misdemeanour Fine (Ammenda)
132
II.
Accessory Penalties
133
A.
Disqualification From Holding Public Office
133
B.
Disqualification From Practising An Art Or Profession
134
C.
Legal Disqualification
134
D.
Temporary Diqualification From Managing Corporations Or Enterprises
134
E.
Disqualification From Entering Into Contracts With The Public Administration
134
F.
Removal And Suspension Of Parental Authority
134
G.
Suspension From Practising An Art Or Profession
135
H.
Publication Of The Conviction
135
III.
Substitute Sanctions
135
IV.
Alternative Measures To Imprisonment
136
A.
Assignment Of The Offender To The Probation Service
137
B.
House Arrest
137
C.
Semi-Liberty
138
D.
Assignment Of Special Categories Of Offenders To The Probation Service
138
E.
Community Service
139
F.
Juvenile Criminal Mediation
140
5.
General Rules Concerning Sentencing
140
I.
The General Principles
140
II.
Length Of The Sentence
140
III.
Grounds For Increasing Or Mitigating Punishment
141
A.
General Principles
141
B.
Classification Of Circumstances
141
1.
Aggravating And Mitigating Circumstances
142
2.
Common And Specific Circumstances
142
3.
Circumstances Efficacia Comune And Efficacia Speciale
142
4.
Objective And Subjective Circumstances
143
5.
Definitive And Discretional Circumstances
143
C.
Sentencing And Circumstances
143
D.
Concurrence Of Circumstances
143
E.
Recidivism
144
1.
Simple Recidivism
144
2.
Aggravated Recidivism
145
3.
Repeat Recidivism
145
6.
Security Measures
145
I.
Personal Measures
146
A.
Custodial Security Measures
146
B.
Non-Custodial Security Measures
146
II.
Property Measures
146
7.
Concurrence Of Offences
147
I.
Real Concurrence
147
II.
Formal Concurrence
147
III.
Apparent Concurrence
148
8.
Continued Offences
148
ch. 8
The Causes For Extinguishing The Crime And/Or The Penalty
149
1.
Introduction
149
2.
The Causes For Extinguishment
149
I.
Death Of The Offender
149
II.
Amnesty
149
III.
Pardon
150
IV.
Grazia (Presidential Pardon)
150
V.
Statute Of Limitations
150
VI.
Payment Of A Fine (Oblation)
151
VII.
Judicial Pardon
152
VIII.
Suspension Of The Conditions Of The Penalty
152
IX.
No Mention Of The Conviction In The Criminal History Certificate
152
X.
Conditional Liberty
153
XI.
Plea Bargain
153
XII.
Withdrawal Of The Querela
153
XIII.
Rehabilitation
153
Part II Criminal Procedure
155
ch. 1
Principles, Institutions, Stages
155
1.
The Judicial Organization
155
I.
Trial Jurisdictions
155
A.
The First-Instance Level: The Justice Of The Peace, Tribunal And Court Of Assizes
155
B.
The Second-Instance Level: The Court Of Appeal And The Court Of Appeal Of Assizes
156
C.
The Court Of Cassation
156
II.
The Investigative Powers
157
A.
The Public Prosecutor
157
B.
The Judicial Police
159
2.
The Stages Of The Penal Process
160
I.
Preliminary Investigation
160
A.
The Notitia Criminis
160
1.
Notitia Criminis Under The CCP
161
2.
Other Forsins Of Notitia Criminis (Notizia Innominata)
161
B.
The Preliminary Investigation Phase
162
1.
Generally
162
2.
Investigation By The Public Prosecutor
162
3.
Investigation By The Judicial Police
163
4.
Investigations By The Defence Lawyer
163
5.
The Probatory Hearing (Incidente Probatorio)
164
C.
The Judge For Preliminary Investigations
165
D.
The End Of Preliminary Investigation
166
E.
Options For The Public Prosecutor At The End Of The Preliminary Investigation
168
1.
Direct Citation
168
2.
Dismissal Of The Charge
168
3.
Motion To Commit For Trial
170
4.
Proceeding By Decree (Decreto Penale Di Condanna)
171
5.
Request For Immediate Trial
171
F.
The Preliminary Hearing
174
1.
Generally
174
2.
The Regulation Of New Charges Against The Defendant
175
3.
The End Of The Preliminary Hearing
176
4.
Decree Committing The Defendant For Trial
176
II.
Powers, Rights And Duties In The Pre-Trial Proceedings
177
A.
Introductory Remarks
177
B.
Transmission Of Notice Of Crime And Inscription On The Register Of Parties Under Investigation
177
C.
The Role Of The Judge For The Preliminary Investigation
178
D.
Powers Of The Public Prosecutor
178
E.
Powers Of The Judicial Police
179
1.
Investigation Of The Things And The Leads Pertinent To The Crime, Search For Witnesses
181
2.
Interrogation Of Persons Subject To Investigations And Tests
181
3.
Searches
182
III.
Special Procedures
182
A.
Abbreviated Trial
182
B.
Plea Bargain
183
C.
Proceeding By Decree
184
D.
Immediate Trial
185
E.
Summary Trial
186
F.
Service Of The Summons To Immediate Trial Or Abbreviated Trial
187
IV.
Personal Precautionary Measures
187
A.
General Conditions Of Applicability
187
B.
The Precautionary Measures
188
C.
Applicable Proceedings
188
D.
Challenging The Coercive Order
189
V.
The Trial Phase
189
A.
Constitutional Principles Of The Italian Process
189
B.
The Principle Of Debate In The Collection Of Evidence
191
C.
The Acts Of The Trial
192
1.
The Preliminary Acts
192
2.
The Hearing
192
3.
The Acts Following The Hearing
197
3.
The Legal Position Of The Accused And The Civil Party
199
I.
Introductory Remarks
199
II.
The Legal Position Of The Accused
200
A.
The Provisions In The Code Of Criminal Procedure
201
B.
The Freedoms Of The Citizens In The European Convention Of Human Rights
202
C.
The Rights Of The Defence In The European Convention Of Human Rights
203
III.
The Legal Position Of A Civil Party
204
A.
General Observations
205
B.
The Role Of The Private Party In The Preliminary Phase And In The Trial Phase
207
4.
The Rules Of Evidence
208
I.
General Introduction
208
II.
General Principles
209
A.
The Rules Of Evidence In The CCP
210
B.
The Admission Of The Evidence
211
C.
The Presumptio Innocentiae Rule
211
D.
The Judge's Freedom To Decide On The Evidence
212
III.
The Means Of Proof
212
A.
Testimony
212
B.
Examination Of The Parties
213
C.
Confrontations, Recognitions And Judicial Experiments
214
D.
Expert Evaluation
214
E.
Documental Evidence
215
IV.
Obtaining The Means Of Proof
216
A.
Inspections And Searches
216
B.
Seizure
216
C.
Phone Tapping And Interceptions
218
Part III Execution Of Sanctions
219
ch. 1
Sources Of Penitentiary Law And Nature Of Regulations
219
ch. 2
The Prison System
221
1.
Aspects Of Living Conditions
221
2.
Visits, Correspondence, Telephone Calls, Information And Media
222
3.
Prison Labour, Practice Of Religious Rites, And Cultural, Recreational, And Sporting Activities
223
4.
Leave From Prison
224
5.
Disciplinary Measures
224
ch. 3
Forms Of Alternative Execution Of The Prison Sentence
226
ch. 4
Early And Conditional Release
227
ch. 5
Revision Of Sentences
228
1.
Sentences Subject To Revision And Cases Of Revision
228
2.
Legitimate Subjects And The Form Of The Request
229
3.
Procedure, Suspension Of The Execution And Granting Of The Request
229
Selected Bibliography
231
Index
235