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Items
Details
Title
Unlocking human rights / Peter Halstead.
Published
Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2014.
Call Number
KD4080 .H36 2014
Edition
2nd edition.
ISBN
9780415738347 (hbk)
0415738342 (hbk)
9780415835978 (pbk)
0415835976 (pbk)
9781315817750 (ebk)
0415738342 (hbk)
9780415835978 (pbk)
0415835976 (pbk)
9781315817750 (ebk)
Description
xlviii, 397 pages : color illustrations ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)854980493
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Guide to the book
xiii
Preface
xv
List of figures
xvii
Table of cases
xix
Tables of statutory instruments
xxxii
Table of legislation
xxxiii
Table of EU Treaty Articles and legislation
xlv
1.
Introductory Concepts
1
1.1.
Overview
1
1.1.1.
Hard and soft law
2
1.2.
Bases of rights and freedoms
2
1.2.1.
Rule of law
3
1.2.2.
Separation of powers
3
1.2.3.
Democracy
4
1.2.4.
Rules of natural justice
4
1.3.
Where did `rights' start?
5
1.3.1.
Slavery
5
1.3.2.
English law
6
1.3.3.
International abolition
7
1.4.
Civil and human rights in Europe
7
1.4.1.
Political factors
7
1.4.2.
Philosophical influences
7
1.5.
Significant rights considerations
9
1.5.1.
League of Nations
9
1.5.2.
Aftermath of the Second World War
10
1.5.3.
End of colonialism
10
1.5.4.
Diplomats and heads of state
11
1.5.5.
Non-combatants, refugees and migrants
12
1.6.
EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
12
1.6.1.
Legal scope of EU Charter
13
1.7.
Jurisprudential nature of human rights
13
1.7.1.
Universal v cultural relativism
13
1.7.2.
Implications of universalism
14
1.7.3.
Basic human goods
16
1.7.4.
Generational rights
16
1.7.5.
The Dembour analysis
18
1.8.
UK rights today
19
1.9.
Acronyms and glossary
20
1.10.
Applying international law in the domestic context
22
1.10.1.
Accessing case law
22
1.10.2.
Hudoc
23
Further reading
24
2.
European Convention on Human Rights
25
2.1.
Introduction
25
2.1.1.
Early twentieth century
25
2.1.2.
The United Nations
26
2.1.3.
The Council of Europe
26
2.1.4.
The European rights regime
27
2.2.
European Union
28
2.3.
Council of Europe institutions and personnel
30
2.4.
The Convention Principles
33
2.4.1.
International treaty
33
2.4.2.
Prohibition on discrimination
34
2.4.3.
Protocols
36
2.4.4.
Reservations
38
2.4.5.
Derogations
39
2.4.6.
Hierarchy of rights?
41
2.4.7.
Lawfulness
41
2.5.
Inter-State applications
43
2.6.
Individual applications
44
2.7.
Operating principles of the ECtHR
45
2.7.1.
Proportionality and purposive interpretation
46
2.7.2.
The margin of appreciation
46
2.7.3.
Advisory opinions
47
Sample essay question
50
Further reading
51
3.
Human Rights Act 1998
53
3.1.
Introduction
53
3.1.1.
A proud English tradition
53
3.1.2.
Reluctant Europeans
56
3.1.3.
Need for change
56
3.2.
Genesis of the Act
57
3.2.1.
Bringing rights home
58
3.2.2.
Constitutional significance
59
3.3.
The Human Rights Act 1998
61
3.3.1.
Structure of the Act
62
3.3.2.
Interpretation summary
62
3.4.
Introduction to the Act
63
3.4.1.
The Convention rights section 1
63
3.4.2.
Interpretation of Convention rights section 2
64
3.4.3.
Preamble
64
3.5.
Legislation
65
3.5.1.
Interpretation of legislation section 3
65
3.5.2.
Purposive interpretation
66
3.5.3.
Declarations of incompatibility section 4
67
3.5.4.
Incompatibility case law
67
3.5.5.
Right of Crown to intervene section 5
69
3.6.
Public authorities
69
3.6.1.
Acts of public authorities section 6
69
3.6.2.
Proceedings under section 7
71
3.6.3.
Judicial remedies and acts sections 8 and 9
71
3.7.
Remedial action section 10
71
3.8.
Other rights and proceedings
71
3.8.1.
Freedom of expression section 12
72
3.8.2.
Freedom of thought, conscience and religion section 13
73
3.9.
Derogations and reservations
73
3.9.1.
Derogation
73
3.9.2.
Reservations
75
3.10.
Judges of the European Court of Human Rights
76
3.11.
Parliamentary procedure
76
3.12.
Implementation
77
3.13.
Human rights in the UK
77
3.14.
General features of the 1998 Act
78
Sample essay question
79
Further reading
80
4.
Right to Life
83
4.1.
Introduction
83
4.1.1.
Common law
84
4.1.2.
Rights law
85
4.2.
State liability for protecting life
86
4.2.1.
Public authorities
88
4.2.2.
Positive duty
88
4.3.
Abolition of death penalty
90
4.3.1.
Pre-requisite to membership
90
4.4.
Duty to preserve life
91
4.5.
Protective injunctions
95
4.6.
Who is the applicant?
96
4.7.
Investigation of mistakes
98
4.8.
Wartime deaths
100
4.9.
Deaths and injuries in custody
103
4.10.
Right to die?
106
4.10.1.
Competency
106
4.10.2.
Insoluble dilemma
108
4.10.3.
Legislative reform and the doctrine of double effect
110
4.11.
Right to live
111
4.11.1.
Competency
111
4.12.
Self-defence
111
Sample essay question
114
Further reading
116
5.
Torture, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
117
5.1.
Introduction
117
5.1.1.
International law
118
5.2.
Interpretation under international law
119
5.2.1.
UN Convention against Torture
119
5.2.2.
Fourth Geneva Convention
119
5.2.3.
Rome Statute
120
5.3.
Convention Article 3
120
5.4.
Extradition and deportation
121
5.4.1.
Threat of death penalty
121
5.4.2.
Absolute prohibition
122
5.4.3.
Application in other contexts
123
5.4.4.
Exceptional circumstances
124
5.4.5.
Other case law
125
5.5.
Public authorities
125
5.6.
Trials and imprisonment
126
5.6.1.
Deaths in custody
126
5.6.2.
Humiliation
127
5.6.3.
Conditions of trial
128
5.7.
Corporal punishment
128
5.7.1.
Background
128
5.7.2.
Criminal corporal punishment
129
5.7.3.
Educational punishment
130
5.7.4.
Level of severity
130
5.7.5.
United Kingdom legislation
131
5.8.
UK criminal prosecutions
133
5.9.
The Milgram experiment
135
Sample essay question
135
Further reading
136
6.
Public Order, Police Powers, Freedom of Association and Assembly
139
6.1.
Introduction
139
6.1.1.
Convention Article 11
140
6.2.
Public order
140
6.2.1.
Public Order Act 1936
140
6.2.2.
Public Order Act 1986
141
6.3.
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
145
6.4.
Arrest
148
6.5.
Freedom of assembly
149
6.5.1.
Other preventative powers
150
6.5.2.
Kettling
151
6.6.
Freedom of association
153
6.7.
Breach of the peace
156
Further reading
159
7.
Right to a Fair Trial
161
7.1.
Trials and hearings
161
7.2.
Background
161
7.2.1.
Magna Carta (1215)
162
7.2.2.
Statute of Edward III
162
7.2.3.
English Bill of Rights 1688 c2
163
7.3.
Fair process
163
7.3.1.
Kevin at the police station
164
7.4.
Judicial independence
165
7.4.1.
Protection of judicial office
165
7.4.2.
Judicial bias in hearings
166
7.4.3.
Jury bias
170
7.5.
Article 6 right to a fair trial
172
7.5.1.
Excluded hearings
172
7.5.2.
Fair hearings despite procedural flaws
173
7.5.3.
Hearsay evidence
174
7.6.
Access to the Court
175
7.6.1.
Impartial court or tribunal
176
7.6.2.
Within a reasonable time
179
7.7.
Article 6(2) presumption of innocence
180
7.7.1.
The reverse burden of proof
181
7.8.
Article 6(3) minimum rights
182
7.8.1.
Article 6(3)(a) prompt information
183
7.8.2.
Article 6(3)(b) adequate time and facilities
183
7.8.3.
Article 6(3)(c) defending oneself and legal assistance
184
7.8.4.
Article 6(3)(d) witnesses
185
7.8.5.
Article 6(3)(e) interpreters
187
7.8.6.
Misuse of Article 6(3)
188
7.9.
No punishment without law
189
7.10.
Due process (of law)
190
7.10.1.
Legislative power of Parliament
191
7.11.
The `Kevin test' revisited
193
7.11.1.
Example of Principle 1
193
7.11.2.
Examples of Principle 2
194
7.11.3.
Example of Principle 3
195
7.12.
Retrospective crime and punishment
196
7.12.1.
Retrospective law
196
7.12.2.
Genocide
196
7.12.3.
Retrospective punishment
197
7.13.
Scope of Article 7 cases
199
7.13.1.
What kinds of case?
199
7.13.2.
Strictly criminal in scope
199
7.13.3.
Presumption of innocence
200
7.13.4.
Conclusions
200
Sample essay question
201
Further reading
202
8.
Freedom of Expression
203
8.1.
The foundation freedom
203
8.2.
Importance of freedom of expression
204
8.3.
Treaty provisions
206
8.4.
Analysis of ECHR Article 10(1)
208
8.5.
Analysis of Article 10(2)
210
8.6.
Margin of appreciation
210
8.7.
Limitations on freedom of expression
211
8.7.1.
Prescribed by law
211
8.7.2.
Necessary in a democratic society
212
8.7.3.
Legitimate aims
215
8.8.
Article 10(2) duties and responsibilities
216
8.8.1.
Interests of national security, territorial integrity, public safety
216
8.8.2.
Prevention of disorder or crime
218
8.8.3.
Protection of health or morals
220
8.8.4.
Protection of the reputation or rights of others
222
8.8.5.
Preventing disclosure of information received in confidence
224
8.8.6.
Maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary
225
8.9.
Human Rights Act 1998
227
8.10.
Anti-terrorism laws
227
8.11.
Press freedom
227
Sample essay question
229
Further reading
229
9.
Privacy, Private Life and Marriage
231
9.1.
Introduction
231
9.2.
Privacy under the common law
232
9.3.
Rights brought home
234
9.3.1.
Convention provisions
235
9.3.2.
Development of `right to privacy'
235
9.4.
Scope of Article 8
237
9.4.1.
Categories
239
9.5.
Exclusion of evidence
254
9.6.
Importance of Article 8
254
9.7.
Marriage and founding a family
255
9.8.
Global recognition
256
9.9.
Overview of European Convention case law
258
9.10.
Understanding the meaning of marriage
259
9.11.
Relationship between Articles 8 and 12
259
9.12.
Right of prisoners to marry and found a family
261
9.12.1.
Marriage
261
9.12.2.
Founding a family
262
9.13.
Consanguinity
263
9.14.
Immigrants, illegal entrants, asylum seekers
264
9.15.
Divorce/legal separation
266
9.16.
Transsexuals
268
9.17.
Tax
270
9.18.
Protocol 7 Article 5
271
Sample essay question
272
Further reading
272
10.
Right to Liberty and Security
275
10.1.
English civil liberties
275
10.2.
Human rights
276
10.2.1.
Universal rights
276
10.2.2.
The European Convention
276
10.2.3.
Circumstances permitting deprivation of liberty
277
10.3.
Practical operation of Article 5
280
10.3.1.
Indeterminate sentences
280
10.3.2.
Non-compliance with lawful court order
281
10.3.3.
Prevention of commission of an offence
283
10.3.4.
Detention of minors
284
10.3.5.
Detention on medical or social grounds
285
10.3.6.
Unauthorised entrants
287
10.4.
Detention involving foreign States
288
10.5.
Guantanamo Bay
289
Further reading
291
11.
Prohibition of Discrimination
293
11.1.
Background
293
11.1.1.
Domestic legislation
293
11.1.2.
Consolidation of domestic provisions
293
11.1.3.
The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013
296
11.1.4.
International declarations and treaties
296
11.2.
Discrimination under the European Convention
296
11.3.
Discrimination and equality
299
11.4.
Getting a case heard
299
11.5.
What is discrimination?
300
11.5.1.
Rational justifiability
300
11.5.2.
Direct discrimination
302
11.5.3.
Indirect discrimination
303
11.5.4.
The Michalak Catechism
304
11.6.
Levels of scrutiny
305
11.7.
Margin of appreciation in discrimination cases
306
11.8.
Royal succession discrimination removal
309
11.8.1.
Royal Marriages Act 1772
309
11.8.2.
Succession to the Crown Act 2013
309
Further reading
311
12.
Terrorism
313
12.1.
Introduction
313
12.2.
Background
313
12.3.
Meaning of terrorism
314
12.3.1.
Main provisions of the Terrorism Act 2000
316
12.4.
9/11 and reaction to it
317
12.4.1.
The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001
317
12.4.2.
Derogation
319
12.5.
Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005
322
12.6.
Terrorism Act 2006
324
12.6.1.
Publishing statements and `glorification'
325
12.6.2.
Preparation of terrorist acts and terrorist training
325
12.6.3.
Radioactive devices and nuclear facilities
325
12.6.4.
Widening anti-terrorist powers and provisions
325
12.7.
Counter-Terrorism Act 2008
326
12.8.
Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011
326
12.9.
Protection of Freedom Act 2012
329
12.10.
Terrorism and fair process
330
12.10.1.
Detention and trial
330
12.10.2.
Presumption of innocence
332
12.10.3.
Closed material
333
12.10.4.
Torture evidence
334
12.10.5.
Degrees of risk in the UK
336
Sample essay question
337
Further reading
338
13.
Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion
339
13.1.
Introduction
339
13.2.
Freedoms interconnectivity
341
13.3.
Analogous provisions
342
13.4.
Manifestation of religion
343
13.4.1.
Proselytising
345
13.4.2.
Interpretation of Article 9
346
13.5.
Human Rights Act section 13
347
13.5.1.
Case law on section 13
347
13.6.
Variety of beliefs
349
13.6.1.
Bad faith
350
13.7.
UK State recognition of religion
351
13.8.
Secular beliefs
352
13.8.1.
Pacifism
352
13.8.2.
Humanism
353
13.8.3.
Anti-abortion
353
13.8.4.
Sartorial self-expression
354
13.8.5.
Animals
355
13.8.6.
Veganism
355
13.8.7.
Assisted suicide
355
13.8.8.
Christianity and homosexuality
356
13.9.
EU policy
356
13.10.
Scope of Article 9
357
Sample essay question
358
Further reading
359
14.
Property Rights
361
14.1.
Introduction
361
14.2.
Property and possessions
362
14.3.
Guaranteeing the right of property
363
14.3.1.
The three rules
363
14.3.2.
Peaceful enjoyment of property and possessions
364
14.3.3.
Deprivation of property and possessions
367
14.3.4.
Justified State interference
369
14.3.5.
Interim summary
373
14.4.
Examples of operation of A1P1
373
14.4.1.
Acquisition of land by possessory title
374
14.4.2.
Liability for overriding interests
376
14.4.3.
Confiscation of proceeds of crime
377
14.4.4.
Termination of tenancies
378
14.4.5.
Deductions from wages
381
Further reading
382
15.
Themes
385
15.1.
Introduction
385
15.2.
United Nations periodic review report
385
15.3.
Constitutional reform
387
15.4.
Security
388
Further reading
389
Index
391