From lowlands to high skies : a multilevel jurisdictional approach towards air law : essays in honour of John Balfour / edited by Pablo Mendes de Leon and sponsored by the European Air Law Association (EALA) and Clyde & Co, London.
2013
K4095 .F76 2013 (Map It)
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Title
From lowlands to high skies : a multilevel jurisdictional approach towards air law : essays in honour of John Balfour / edited by Pablo Mendes de Leon and sponsored by the European Air Law Association (EALA) and Clyde & Co, London.
Published
Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2013.
Call Number
K4095 .F76 2013
ISBN
9789004260634 (hbk. : alk. paper)
9004260633 (hbk. : alk. paper)
9789004260641 (e-book)
9004260641 (e-book)
9004260633 (hbk. : alk. paper)
9789004260641 (e-book)
9004260641 (e-book)
Description
liii, 282 pages : illustrations, 1 color portrait ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)862400924
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Added Corporate Author
Table of Contents
Preface
xv
Sovereignty in the Sky / Lauren Payne
xvii
Highlander, Islander or Lowlander?
xvii
Arbroath
xviii
The Sovereignty Story
xix
Conclusions
xxi
About John Balfour
xxiii
Curriculum Vitae
xxv
List of Abbreviations
li
pt. A
Public Air Law
1
1.
A Substantive and Procedural Critique of the U.S. Open Skies Policy / Brian F. Havel
3
1.
Introduction
4
2.
The Substantive Critique: Moving Beyond the Open Skies Template
5
2.1.
Reclaiming the Legacy of Open Skies
5
2.2.
Unresolved Issues of Open Skies
6
3.
The Procedural Critique: Moving Beyond The Current Treaty Paradigm
8
3.1.
Use of Executive Agreements in U.S. International Aviation Policy
8
3.2.
The U.S./EU Air Transport Agreement: A Stalled Process?
9
3.3.
Exclusion of Congress from the Air Services Agreements Process
9
3.4.
Possible Constitutional Infirmity of Certain Executive Agreements
12
3.5.
More Legally Secure Constitutional Alternatives for Air Services Agreements
14
3.6.
Other Legal Risks Within the Existing Treaty Process
15
3.7.
In Search of a Better Approach to Air Services Treaty-Making
16
4.
Conclusion
18
2.
New Rules on Concordato Preventivo (Composition with Creditors) in Italian Law and their Repercussions on Aviation Claims / Anna Masutti
21
1.
The current crisis in the Italian air transport sector
21
2.
The new protective measures for firms in difficulty
25
2.1.
The establishment of protective measures for companies in difficulty: the `Decreto Sviluppo'
25
2.2.
Requirements for composition with creditors application and the introduction of `automatic stay'
26
2.2.1.
Preliminary steps
26
2.2.2.
The admission of the debtor to the procedure and the approval of the distribution plan by creditors
29
2.3.
Composition with creditors with business continuity
30
2.4.
Cancellation of pending contracts
31
2.5.
Bridging finance and the suspension of recapitalization obligations
34
2.6.
Advance payment to strategic creditors
35
3.
Ancillary suits: jurisdiction and applicable law
37
3.1.
Jurisdiction under EU law
37
3.2.
Effectiveness of arbitration clauses
40
4.
Conclusions
41
3.
The Technical Defragmentation of Air Navigation Services -- The Legal Challenges of Virtualisation / Francis Schubert
43
1.
Introduction
43
2.
Technical defragmentation
45
3.
The virtualisation of the technical infrastructure
49
4.
Pioneering virtual initiatives
52
4.1.
System Wide Information Management (SWIM)
52
4.2.
Centralised Services
52
4.3.
The Virtual Center Model
53
4.4.
The European Aeronautical Database
54
5.
Legal challenges
55
5.1.
Relationship with existing European legislation
55
5.2.
Regulatory challenges
57
5.3.
Liability implications
62
5.4.
The need for contractual arrangements
64
6.
Conclusions
65
4.
Taxes and Charges under the Chicago Convention / Mark Bisset
67
1.
Introduction
67
2.
Regulation under Article 15 of the Chicago Convention
68
3.
UK -- Air Passenger Duty
68
3.1.
Introduction of the Air Passenger Duty
68
3.2.
Application of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
69
3.3.
Application of Article 15 of the Chicago Convention
69
3.3.1.
Interpretation of texts in different languages
69
3.3.2.
The heading of the Article
70
3.3.3.
Meaning of `solely'
70
3.3.4.
The impact of State practice, ICAO, and the travaux preparatoires
71
3.3.5.
Belgian authority
71
4.
The Netherlands -- Dutch Ticket Tax
72
4.1.
Introduction of the Dutch Ticket Tax
72
4.2.
Interlocutory proceedings
72
4.3.
The Court of Appeal
72
4.4.
The Supreme Court
73
4.5.
John Balfour's views
73
5.
Belgium -- Zaventem Passenger Tax
74
6.
The EU -- Emissions Trading Scheme
75
7.
Conclusion
75
5.
Aircraft Registration: Challenges under German Law / P. Nikolai Ehlers
77
1.
Sale and deregistration of a German aircraft
77
1.1.
Deregistration requirements for aircraft in Germany
79
1.1.1.
The question of deregistration in Germany
79
1.1.2.
The relationship between the German Aircraft Register and the German Aircraft Mortgage Register
79
1.1.3.
Implications of the separation between the German Aircraft Register and the German Aircraft Mortgage Register
79
1.1.4.
Mortgagee's consent
80
1.1.5.
The LBA deregistration form
80
1.1.6.
Other jurisdictions
80
1.2.
The risks for mortgagees of aircraft registered in Germany
81
1.2.1.
Formulation of the question addressed in this section
81
1.2.2.
States party to the Geneva Convention 1948
81
1.2.3.
Other States
82
1.3.
Possible claims against the German State resulting from deregistration of mortgaged aircraft
82
2.
Registration of Aircraft in Germany for Non-European Owners
83
2.1.
Former policy
83
2.2.
New policy
84
2.3.
Problems resulting from the new registration policy
84
2.4.
Registration policies in other European jurisdictions
85
2.4.1.
Comparison with Germany
85
2.4.2.
The United Kingdom
85
2.4.3.
France
86
2.4.4.
Denmark
86
2.4.5.
Italy
86
2.4.6.
Spain
86
2.4.7.
Belgium
87
2.4.8.
The Netherlands
87
3.
Conclusion
87
6.
Article 83bis (Revisited): Transfer of Safety Oversight Responsibilities Seen from a European Regulator's Perspective / Frank Manuhutu
89
1.
Introduction
89
2.
The ICAO Regime
90
2.1.
Article 83bis Chicago Convention
90
2.2.
Which responsibilities can be transferred?
91
3.
The EASA Regime
92
3.1.
Transfer of responsibilities intra EU
93
3.2.
International recognition under Article 83bis
93
4.
Final Observations -- Food for Thought
94
7.
How to Sell Tickets -- IATA's New Distribution Capability (NDC): A New Model? / Mia Wouters
97
1.
The background of IATA Resolution 787
97
1.1.
The need for a new resolution
97
1.2.
The early days
98
1.3.
The development of alternative distribution channels by airlines
99
2.
Unbundling of air products
99
3.
IATA Resolution 787
100
4.
Reaction from the industry
101
5.
The entry of the EU into the discussion
103
6.
Conclusion
104
pt. B
EU Air Law
107
1.
Regulatory Air Transport Developments in the European Union / Peter Haanappel
109
1.
Introduction
109
2.
The Factortame case
110
3.
State aid
111
4.
Lessons from the European experience
112
5.
European external aviation relations -- The Question of Competence
113
6.
Slots for sale
114
7.
General conclusion
115
2.
Regulation 261/2004 -- Passengers' Right to Compensation in Case of Flight Delay. Looking for a Fair Balance of Interests. The Role of the Court of Justice of the EU and the Risk to Waste a Chance for Reform / Laura Pierallini
117
1.
The need for reform of EC Regulation 261/2004
117
2.
A brief analysis of Regulation 261/2004
118
3.
The role of the European Court of Justice: indulging in acts of judicial legislation?
120
3.1.
The central role of the European Court of Justice
120
3.2.
The IATA and ELFAA case (2006)
121
3.3.
The Sturgeon case (2009)
122
3.4.
The Nelson case (2010)
125
3.5.
The Folkerts case (2013)
127
4.
A view on the Italian experience
129
5.
A much-needed review of Regulation 261/2004
131
3.
Locked Out of Heaven: The Air Greenland Case and Extraordinary Circumstances / Jacob Skude Rasmussen
135
1.
Introduction
135
2.
The legal framework
136
3.
Regulation 261/2004
137
4.
Extraordinary circumstances
138
5.
Application of the exemption concerning "extraordinary circumstances"
139
6.
The Air Greenland case
140
6.1.
Extraordinary circumstances under EU law
140
6.2.
Facts of the case
140
6.3.
Reasoning of the court
141
6.4.
Is a lock-out an "extraordinary circumstance" within the meaning of the Regulation?
141
6.5.
The Wallentinn-Hermann test
143
7.
Conclusion
144
4.
Cooperative Agreements in the Aviation Sector and EU Competition Law / Solange Leandro
145
1.
Introduction
145
2.
Code share agreements (CSAs) in the EU
146
3.
The varieties of CSAs
147
3.1.
Complementary and overlapping CSAs
147
3.2.
CSAs with block seat arrangements
148
4.
EU competition law's approach to CSAs
148
5.
Applicable EU competition law
149
6.
EU case law on CSAs
150
6.1.
Analytical framework
150
6.2.
The SAS/Maersk Air case
152
6.3.
The decisions of the Italian competition courts
153
6.4.
EU merger decisions
155
6.5.
The Free Flow CSA cases
155
7.
Conclusions on CSAs
156
8.
The different treatment of liner shipping companies
157
9.
The lack of justification for the comparatively less favourable treatment of airline cooperative agreements
159
10.
Conclusion
160
5.
Disproportionate Jurisprudence: The CJEU's Approach to Proportionality in Regulation 261/2004 / Thomas van der Wijngaart
163
1.
The principle in general terms
164
2.
Proportionality and the Regulation
166
2.1.
Analysis of the Commission's position
166
2.2.
The IATA judgment
166
2.3.
The TUI judgment
168
2.4.
The McDonagh and Folkerts judgments
170
3.
Comments / analysis
172
6.
Portugal and the New Age of Discovery -- Navigating the New World of Sale, Acquisition and Privatization via the Waters of Competition / Geoffrey Graham
173
1.
Introduction
173
2.
Competition law at an international level
174
3.
Competition law on the EU and national level
174
4.
Regulation of competition in Portugal
175
5.
The establishment and functioning of the Competition Authority
175
6.
The establishment and functioning of INAC
177
7.
Articulation between the Competition Authority and INAC
177
8.
Case Review
178
8.1.
Acquisition of PGA by TAP
179
8.2.
Purchase of Portway -- Handling de Portugal, by ANA -- Aeroportos de Portugal
180
9.
The nationalisation and re-privatization of TAP
182
10.
The privatisation of ANA
184
11.
Conclusion
186
7.
John Balfour's Contribution to IATA Leadership in the Airline Industry / Lorne Clark
189
1.
The IATA challenge to European Council Regulation (EC) No. 2027/97
190
2.
The hearing before the English High Court of Justice
191
3.
John Balfour's role
192
4.
The judicial review case
192
5.
The adoption of EC Regulation 2027/97
192
6.
High Court of England Queen's Bench Division judgment
193
7.
European Commission's effort to square the circle while IATA stands firm
194
8.
ICAO resumes a leading role
194
9.
The EC's accession to the Montreal Convention, 1999
194
pt. C
Private Air Law
197
1.
International and National Aviation Rules Versus Consumer Protection Regulations: A Comparative Report on the Position of Latin American Countries in Relation to EU Regulation 261/2004 / Elizabeth Freidenberg
199
1.
Argentina
199
1.1.
The autonomy of air law
199
1.2.
The rights of passengers, shippers / consignees in Argentine Aviation Law
200
1.3.
The Consumer Protection Law
202
1.4.
Carrier's duties to the passenger pursuant to the Consumer Protection Law
204
1.5.
Duty of Disclosure
204
1.6.
Duty of Publicity
206
2.
Uruguay
207
3.
The Andean Community
207
4.
Peru
207
5.
Colombia
208
6.
Chile
208
7.
Brazil
208
8.
Latin-American Civil Aviation Commission (CLAC)
210
9.
Panama
211
10.
Nicaragua
211
11.
Mexico
211
12.
Mercosur (Southern Common Market)
211
13.
Conclusion
212
2.
Aerial Conflicts of Law: An Analysis of Conflicts of Law Rules as Applied to Aircraft / Berend Crans
215
1.
Introduction
215
2.
Analysing the options
216
3.
No uniformity provided by conventions
218
3.1.
Conflicts rules under the Geneva Convention
218
3.2.
Conflicts rules under the Cape Town Convention
219
3.3.
Conflicts of conventions
220
4.
Variety of conflict rules creates chaos
221
4.1.
Lack of uniformity leads to unsatisfactory results: The Blue Sky decisions
221
4.2.
Lack of uniformity leads to unsatisfactory results: Accession rules vs. Cape Town Convention
222
4.3.
Why the lex situs should not apply to aircraft
224
4.4.
... and why the lex registrii should
225
5.
Concluding observations
226
3.
Scratching Beneath the Surface: The Unlawful Interference Convention 2009 / Michael Gill
227
1.
Introduction and background
228
2.
Scope
231
3.
The first layer: Strict but limited airline liability
232
4.
The second layer: The International Civil Aviation Compensation Fund
234
5.
The third layer: Unlimited liability
236
6.
Channeling
238
7.
Mental injury
239
8.
Entry into force
240
9.
Conclusion
242
4.
Climbing Every Mountain: A History of Change, Transition and the Rise of Consumerism in the Airline Industry Viewed from the Insurance Perspective / Philip Chrystal
245
1.
The 1920s to 1940s -- an infant industry
246
2.
The 1950s to 1960s -- the focus on limits of liability amid increasing US challenges
247
3.
1970s -- The advent of mass travel and tentative steps
248
4.
The 1980s -- the stirrings of change
249
5.
The 1990s -- the tide finally turns
251
6.
The 2000s -- A new century, a new industry, a new emphasis
256
7.
The 2010s and beyond -- standing at the sidelines?
257
5.
Jurisdiction under and Exclusivity of Private International Air Law Agreements on Air Carrier Liability: The Case of Airbus versus Armavia Airlines (2013) / Pablo Mendes de Leon
261
1.
Introduction
262
2.
The facts of the case
262
3.
The initiation of legal proceedings
263
4.
The claims made by Airbus
264
5.
The position adopted by Armavia Airlines
265
5.1.
The incompetency of the court of Toulouse
265
5.2.
Rebuttal of the arguments raised by Airbus
265
5.3.
Conclusions
267
6.
The exclusivity of the Warsaw Convention
268
7.
Mandatory jurisdiction under the Warsaw Convention, 1929 and the Montreal Convention, 1999
270
8.
The decision of the Court of Appeals of Toulouse
272
9.
Conclusions
272
6.
The Malaise Affecting the Global Uniform Effectiveness of the Montreal Convention, 1999 (MC99) / George N. Tompkins Jr.
275
1.
The goal of global uniformity
275
2.
The malaise caused by the absence of significant aviation States from the MC99 family of States
276
3.
Disadvantages arising from non-ratification of MC99 as illustrated by court decisions
277
4.
The malaise from court decisions contrary to the intent of the parties to MC99
278
4.1.
Introduction
278
4.2.
Exclusivity of MC99 and preemption
278
3.3.
Right of recourse and limitation of actions
279
3.4.
The fifth jurisdiction and forum non-conveniens
280
5.
Malaise caused by consumer protection regulations
281
6.
Suggested remedies for the malaise threatening the universal uniformity of MC99
282