Genocidal gender and sexual violence : the legacy of the ICTR, Rwanda's ordinary courts and Gacaca courts / Usta Kaitesi.
2014
KTD454 .K34 2014 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Genocidal gender and sexual violence : the legacy of the ICTR, Rwanda's ordinary courts and Gacaca courts / Usta Kaitesi.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom : Intersentia, [2014]
Copyright
©2014
Call Number
KTD454 .K34 2014
Former Call Number
Rw 844 K123 2014
ISBN
9781780682105 (paperback)
1780682107 (paperback)
1780682107 (paperback)
Description
xiii, 271 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)868558579
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 255-268).
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
vii
Abbreviations
xiii
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
Introduction
1
1.2.
The Research Problem and Research Questions
3
1.3.
Research Objectives and the Study Method
9
1.4.
Research Originality
11
1.5.
Definition of Key Terms
12
1.5.1.
Genocide
13
1.5.2.
Genocidal Gender and Sexual Violence
15
1.5.3.
Crimes Against Humanity
18
1.5.4.
Serious Violations of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II
19
2.
Framework And Overview
21
2.1.
Introduction
21
2.2.
Historical Overview
24
2.2.1.
Ethnicity Debates on Rwanda
24
2.2.2.
Rwandan History
28
2.2.2.1.
An Overview
28
2.2.2.2.
Hutu-Tutsi: the Social Class Narrative
29
2.2.2.3.
Colonisation: the Invention of Ethnicity
32
2.2.2.4.
Ethnicity in the First and Second Republics
36
2.2.2.5.
Ethnicity in Rwandan Laws
40
2.2.2.6.
Concluding Remarks
43
2.3.
Introduction to Theory
43
2.3.1.
Overview of Applicable Feminist Theory
43
2.3.2.
Introducing Feminist Debates on Genocidal Rape
45
2.4.
Introduction to Post-Genocide Legal Responses
47
2.4.1.
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
49
2.4.1.1.
The Establishment of the ICTR
50
2.4.1.2.
The Structure of the Tribunal
53
2.4.1.3.
The Jurisdiction of the ICTR
54
2.4.1.4.
ICTR Rules of Procedure and Evidence Relating to Gender and Sexual Violence
56
2.4.2.
Rwanda's Ordinary Courts
57
2.4.2.1.
The Quest for a Judicial Response
58
2.4.2.2.
The Normative Framework
60
2.4.2.3.
Structure and Functioning of Specialised Chambers
60
2.4.2.4.
Categorisation
62
2.4.2.5.
Confession and Guilty Plea
63
2.4.3.
Gacaca Courts
64
2.4.3.1.
The Establishment of Gacaca Courts
64
2.4.3.2.
Objectives of Gacaca Courts
65
2.4.3.3.
Structure and Jurisdiction
67
3.
The Rwandan Experience: A Complex Reality
71
3.1.
Gendered Genocidal Discourse: A Precursor to Genocide
71
3.2.
The Scope and Nature of Gender and Sexual Violence
76
3.3.
The Complex Reality as Seen from the Training
80
3.3.1.
Introduction, Context and Method of the Training
81
3.3.2.
Sharing Genocidal Experiences of Victims
86
3.3.3.
The Dilemmas: Reflections and Impressions
90
3.3.3.1.
The Complex Reality and Challenges on the Legal Platform
90
3.3.3.2.
Theoretical Challenges
92
4.
Feminist Theory
95
4.1.
General Overview of Feminist Theories
96
4.1.1.
Liberal Feminists
97
4.1.2.
Radical Feminists
98
4.1.3.
Cultural Feminists
101
4.2.
A Feminist's General View on Gender and Sexual Violence
104
4.3.
Overview of African Feminism
106
4.4.
African Feminism and Gender and Sexual Violence
113
4.5.
Gender and Sexual Violence in War and Genocide: A Feminist Debate
116
4.6.
Concluding Remarks
122
5.
The Legacy Of The Ictr
123
5.1.
Introduction
123
5.2.
Prosecutor v. Jean Paul Akayesu
126
5.2.1.
Background
126
5.2.2.
The Amended Indictment
128
5.2.3.
The Akayesu Trial and Judgment
130
5.2.3.1.
Findings on Rape and Sexual Violence
132
5.2.3.2.
Discussion and Ruling on Genocidal Gender and Sexual Violence
133
5.2.3.3.
Ruling on Rape and Sexual Violence as Crimes against Humanity
135
5.2.4.
Analysis of the Akayesu Case
136
5.3.
The Prosecutor v. Muhimana
146
5.3.1.
Background
146
5.3.2.
The Muhimana Indictment
147
5.3.3.
Factual and Legal Findings
148
5.3.4.
Muhimana Case Analysis and Comment
151
5.3.5.
Muhimana Concluding Remarks
156
5.4.
The Prosecutor v. Nyiramasuhuko et al
158
5.4.1.
Background
158
5.4.2.
The Amended Indictment and the Alleged Facts
159
5.4.3.
Factual and Legal findings
160
5.4.4.
The Court's Opinion on Rape as Genocide
161
5.4.5.
Analysis of the Nyiramasuhuko Case
163
5.4.5.1.
Defective Indictment for Genocidal Gender Rape and Sexual Violence
163
5.4.5.2.
Female Perpetrators
166
5.4.5.3.
Gender Discourse in Nyiramasuhuko's Defence
169
5.4.5.4.
Complexity of Testifying: Witness Ta's Experience
171
5.4.6.
Final and Concluding Remarks
174
5.4.6.1.
Legacy on Gender and Sexual Violence against Tutsi Men and Boys
175
5.4.6.2.
Remarks on the Defect in not Charging Genocidal Gender and Sexual Violence
180
5.4.6.3.
Final Concluding Remarks for Chapter 5
181
6.
The Legacy Of The Ordinary Courts In Rwanda
185
6.1.
Introduction
185
6.2.
Gender and Sexual Violence in the Legislative Narrative
190
6.2.1.
Rape in the Government's Draft Organic Law
190
6.2.2.
Parliamentary Discourse: Rape vs. Sexual Torture
191
6.3.
Prosecuting Rape and Sexual Torture 1996-2008
194
6.3.1.
Introductory Remarks
194
6.3.2.
The Legacy of the Ordinary Courts
196
6.4.
Guilty Pleas and their Impact on Rape and Sexual Torture
202
6.5.
Conclusion
203
7.
The Legacy Of The Gacaca Courts
205
7.1.
Gacaca Justice and Gender and Sexual Violence Crimes 2001-2007
205
7.1.1.
Introduction
205
7.2.
The Functioning of the Gacaca Courts: Their Impact on Victims of Gender Violence
207
7.2.1.
Information Gathering
208
7.2.2.
Confessions and a Guilty Plea
213
7.3.
Gacaca Trials
219
7.3.1.
Why the Gacaca Courts Became Competent to Try Rape and Sexual Torture
221
7.3.2.
Introduction to Amendment 13/2008
224
7.3.3.
Parliamentary Discussions on Amendment 13/2008
225
7.3.4.
Organic Law No. 13/2008 and Regulation No. 16/2008
232
7.3.5.
The Gacaca Courts' Adjudication of Rape and Sexual Trials
233
7.3.6.
Conclusion
235
8.
Summary And Recommendations
237
8.1.
Summary
237
8.2.
Recommendations
242
Samenvatting (Summary in Dutch)
245
Bibliography
255
Table of Cases
269
Curriculum Vitae
271