Indirect expropriation in international law / Sebastián López Escarcena, Lecturer in International Law, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
2014
K3511 .L67 2014 (Map It)
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Title
Indirect expropriation in international law / Sebastián López Escarcena, Lecturer in International Law, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
Published
Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA, USA : Edward Elgar, [2014]
Call Number
K3511 .L67 2014
ISBN
9781782544104 (hbk.)
1782544100 (hbk.)
9781782544111
1782544100 (hbk.)
9781782544111
Description
xxxix, 254 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)865492169
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 229-248) and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface / Jan Wouters
x
Acknowledgements
xii
List of abbreviations
xiv
List of cases
xviii
List of treaties and other instruments
xxxii
1.
Introduction
1
2.
From compensation to indirect takings
18
2.1.
Calvo doctrine and nationalisations
19
2.1.1.
Against the international standard
20
2.1.2.
The road to lump-sum agreements
23
2.2.
The law of expropriation at the UN
27
2.2.1.
Sovereignty and natural resources
27
2.2.2.
International economic orders
31
2.3.
Changes in economy, politics and treaty law
33
2.3.1.
Investment protection at the turn of a century
34
2.3.2.
A shift in the international debate
37
2.4.
Conclusion
40
3.
Expropriation in human rights law
50
3.1.
A debated right and its taking
51
3.1.1.
Protecting property in the Americas
52
3.1.2.
Deprivations and encroachments
54
3.2.
The European Convention and property
57
3.2.1.
Interferences with a right
58
3.2.2.
Proportionality and deprivations
60
3.3.
Not only expropriations
63
3.3.1.
Public interest and lawfulness
64
3.3.2.
Controls on the use, other interferences
68
3.4.
Conclusion
71
4.
The approach of the Iran-US Claims Tribunal
83
4.1.
Takings in an ad hoc forum
84
4.1.1.
Defining property and expropriation
85
4.1.2.
Other measures affecting property rights
87
4.2.
The problem of indirect takings
90
4.2.1.
Constitutive acts
91
4.2.2.
Claims that were rejected
93
4.3.
Conditions of legality and their consequence
95
4.3.1.
The effect or impact of the measure
96
4.3.2.
Compensation and its standard
99
4.4.
Conclusion
102
5.
Bilateral treaties and international awards
112
5.1.
FCN's failure, BIT's success
113
5.1.1.
Ad hoc investment treaties
114
5.1.2.
Lawful takings under BITs
117
5.2.
Aiming at the case-law
119
5.2.1.
The expropriation of investments
120
5.2.2.
Early claims before arbitral panels
123
5.3.
The question of intent
125
5.3.1.
Exceptions to an approach
126
5.3.2.
Conforming to a trend?
129
5.4.
Conclusion
133
6.
Takings in multilateral treaties
147
6.1.
Doctrine and soft-law
148
6.1.1.
First attempts to address expropriation
149
6.1.2.
Guidelines for a lack of agreement
153
6.2.
Investment chapters of EIAs and the fall of MAI
157
6.2.1.
NAFTA and other plurilateral treaties
158
6.2.2.
A good idea wrongly executed
162
6.3.
The case-law of FTAs and ECT
165
6.3.1.
Early NAFTA awards
165
6.3.2.
In a current state of flux
170
6.4.
Conclusion
173
7.
The applicable standard
184
7.1.
A restless jurisprudence
185
7.1.1.
Replacing the minimum for a maximum
186
7.1.2.
GAL theory and the proportionality test
190
7.2.
Explaining an approach
195
7.2.1.
On public purpose
196
7.2.2.
Substantial and permanent deprivation
200
7.3.
Investment treaties and the rule of law
203
7.3.1.
Aliens under international law
205
7.3.2.
Expectations and governance
208
7.4.
Conclusion
211
8.
Conclusion
225
Bibliography
229
Index
249