Free trade and cultural diversity in international law / Jingxia Shi.
2013
K4610 .S555 2013 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Free trade and cultural diversity in international law / Jingxia Shi.
Published
Oxford ; Portland, Oregon : Hart Publishing, 2013.
Call Number
K4610 .S555 2013
ISBN
1849464251
9781849464253
9781849464253
Description
xxii, 337 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)818142984
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 303-328) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Foreword
vii
Acknowledgements
ix
Table of GATT/WTO Reports and Rulings
xxi
1.
Introduction: Globalisation as the Context
1
1.1.
Globalisation and Culture
1
1.2.
Globalisation and Trade
4
1.3.
Raising the Issue: Globalisation, Culture and Trade
6
1.3.1.
The Conflicting Conceptions about Trade and Culture
6
1.3.2.
Three `Duals'--Dual Nature, Dual Legislators and Dual Systems
8
1.4.
The Structure of the Book
10
2.
Culture and Cultures in Comparative Perspectives: Towards a Synthesis
15
2.1.
Introduction
15
2.2.
Humanist: Culture as `The Best of Everything'
17
2.3.
An Anthropological View: We Are Our Culture
18
2.4.
Culture as Identity: Centering on Identity Crisis
20
2.4.1.
On Identity and Cultural Identity
20
2.4.2.
The Collectivity of Identity: Linking Culture with Nation Building
22
2.4.3.
Culture and Identity Crisis
24
2.5.
Culture as Commerce: The Perspective of Cultural Economic Interests
25
2.5.1.
The US as the Advocate of the Commerce Argument
26
2.5.2.
An Appraisal of the Root of the Issue
28
2.6.
Culture as Human Rights: Revisiting Cultural Rights
32
2.6.1.
The Hallmarks of Universalism and Cultural Relativism
32
2.6.1.1.
Universalism
33
2.6.1.2.
Cultural Relativism
34
2.6.2.
A Critique of Universalism and Cultural Relativism
35
2.6.3.
Reconciling Human Rights with Cultural Diversity
36
2.6.3.1.
The Necessity to Reconcile Human Rights with Cultural Diversity
36
2.6.3.2.
The Reconcilability of Human Rights with Cultural Norms
37
2.6.3.3.
The Strategies to Reconcile Human Rights with Cultural Norms
38
2.6.4.
The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine in Reconciling Universalism and Cultural Relativism
39
2.7.
Culture as Resource: A Sustainability Perspective
43
2.7.1.
Culture as Resource
43
2.7.2.
Culture as Resource and Sustainable Development
44
2.8.
Chapter Recap and Further Reflections
46
2.8.1.
From Humanist to Anthropological Notions of Culture
47
2.8.2.
Culture-as-Identity versus Culture-as-Commerce
47
2.8.3.
Culture as Human Rights and Culture as Resource
48
2.8.4.
Towards an Integrated Concept of Culture?
49
3.
Domestic Cultural Policy and Measures: The Case of the Audiovisual Sector
51
3.1.
Introduction
51
3.2.
An Overview of Cultural Policies and Measures
53
3.2.1.
Two Polar Views on Cultural Policymaking
54
3.2.2.
Justifying Government Intervention in Cultural Matters
56
3.2.2.1.
The Duality of Cultural Products
57
3.2.2.2.
The Dual Mission of Cultural Policies and Measures
58
3.2.2.3.
Public Goods and Externalities Theory
59
3.2.3.
The Changing Landscape of Technology and its Impact on Culture Policymaking
62
3.3.
Foreign Ownership Restriction
64
3.3.1.
Domestic Legislations on Foreign Ownership Restriction
65
3.3.2.
Disputes Arising from Foreign Ownership Restrictions
67
3.3.2.1.
The Polygram Case
68
3.3.2.2.
Borders Case
68
3.4.
Local Content Regulations
70
3.4.1.
Import Quotas
70
3.4.2.
Screen Quotas
71
3.5.
Subsidies and Tax Concessions
74
3.5.1.
Subsidies and Tax Concessions in Several Countries
74
3.5.2.
The Effectiveness of Subsidies and Tax Concessions
75
3.6.
Other Cultural Policies and Measures
76
3.6.1.
Government Censorship or Content Review
76
3.6.2.
Copyright Protection Mechanism and Culture Policymaking
77
3.6.3.
Film Co-Production Arrangement
79
3.7.
Protective Policies versus Efficient Regulation?
80
3.7.1.
From the Perspective of Cultural Specificity
81
3.7.2.
From the Perspective of Trade Obligations
82
3.7.3.
An Effectiveness Perspective
83
3.8.
Conclusion
85
4.
UNESCO and Cultural Diversity: Theories and Approaches
87
4.1.
Introduction
87
4.2.
Historicism, Anthropology and UNESCO'S Conception of Culture
88
4.2.1.
Historicism
88
4.2.2.
The Anthropological Notion of Culture
90
4.3.
Cultural Diversity: A Core Concept of UNESCO
93
4.4.
UNESCO'S Undertakings on Culture and Cultural Diversity: An Overview
95
4.5.
Culture and Development
97
4.5.1.
Sustainable Development: Pairing Cultural Diversity with Biodiversity
98
4.5.2.
The Role of Culture in Development
100
4.6.
Culture and Globalisation
101
4.7.
The UNESCO Convention Cultural Diversity
105
4.7.1.
The Background of the Convention and Dynamics of the UNESCO Negotiation
105
4.7.1.1.
Two Rationales for Negotiating and Adopting the UNESCO Convention
106
4.7.1.2.
The Negotiation Dynamics of the UNESCO Convention
107
4.7.2.
The Scope and Subject Matter of the Convention
110
4.7.3.
The Imbalance between the Parties' Rights and Obligations
112
4.7.4.
Dispute Settlement Mechanism
114
4.7.5.
A Preliminary Assessment of the Convention
115
4.8.
Conclusion
117
5.
The Treatment of Culture in the GATT/WTO (I): Theoretical and Legislative Framework
119
5.1.
Introduction
119
5.2.
Comparative Advantage Theory and its Application to Cultural Products
121
5.2.1.
The Theory of `Comparative Advantage' Underlying Free Trade Regimes
121
5.2.2.
`Comparative Advantage' Applied to Cultural Products
123
5.3.
An Institutional Evolution and a Shift in Telos
125
5.3.1.
A Historical Narrative: From GATT to WTO
125
5.3.2.
The Transformation of the Telos
128
5.4.
Trade in Cultural Goods: GATT Article IV and its Legacy
129
5.4.1.
The Origin and Background of Article IV
130
5.4.2.
The Scope of Article IV: Is an Evolutionary Interpretation Feasible?
131
5.4.3.
The Legacy Value of Article IV
133
5.5.
Trade in Cultural Services: An Observation on the Audiovisual Sector
134
5.5.1.
Understanding the Schism: A Tale of Two Histories
134
5.5.2.
A Compromise: Agreement to Disagree
135
5.5.3.
The Treatment of the Audiovisual Service under the GATS
137
5.5.4.
Doha Services Negotiation: Culture Has Not Been a Focal Point
138
5.6.
General Exception Clauses
139
5.6.1.
Public Morals Exception
140
5.6.2.
Securing Compliance with Laws or Regulations
142
5.6.3.
National Treasures of Artistic, Historic or Archaeological Value
145
5.6.4.
The Chapeau of General Exceptions: An Emerging Jurisprudence?
146
5.7.
Trade Remedy Measures Which May Involve Cultural Products
148
5.7.1.
Anti-dumping
148
5.7.2.
Subsidies
150
5.7.3.
Safeguard Mechanism (or the Escape Clause)
152
5.8.
The Treatment of Culture in Emerging Areas
153
5.8.1.
Investment
154
5.8.2.
Telecommunication and Audiovisual Services
155
5.8.3.
Intellectual Property Rights Protection and Culture Diversity
155
5.8.4.
Geographical Indications (GIs) and Culture Protection
157
5.9.
Concluding Remarks
159
6.
The Treatment of Culture under the GATT/WTO (II): Case Study and Identification of Problems
161
6.1.
Introduction
161
6.2.
A Brief Account of GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement
162
6.3.
Canada---Periodicals
164
6.3.1.
The Case Background and a Procedural Posture
164
6.3.2.
Lessons from Canada Periodicals
166
6.4.
China---Publications and Audiovisual Products
168
6.4.1.
Case Background and China's Audiovisual Sectors
168
6.4.2.
A Procedural Posture and the Summary of Case Decisions
170
6.5.
How Likely is a Party to Invoke UNESCO Instruments as a General Cultural Defence?
175
6.6.
Applying the `Public Morals' Exception to Cultural Products
177
6.6.1.
The Availability of GATT Article XX(a) as China's Defense
177
6.6.1.1.
The Parties' Arguments and DSB's Findings Based on Different Approaches
177
6.6.1.2.
A Commentary on the Availability Issue
179
6.6.2.
Applying Article XX(a) to China's Measures
180
6.6.2.1.
The Concept of `Public Morals'
180
6.6.2.2.
The Parties' Arguments on the `Necessity' Test
181
6.6.2.3.
The Analytical Approach to the `Necessity' Test under Article XX(a)
183
6.6.2.4.
The Key Elements of the `Necessity' Test
183
6.7.
Distinguishing Cultural Goods from Cultural Services
185
6.7.1.
Identifying the Issue and its Associated Difficulties
186
6.7.2.
The Practice of WTO Tribunals
188
6.7.3.
The Overlap of the GATT and the GATS in Application to Cultural Products
191
6.8.
Factoring Cultural Elements into Deciding the `Likeness' of Cultural Products
193
6.8.1.
GATT/WTO's General Jurisprudence on `Like Products'
194
6.8.2.
`Like Products' Analysis in Canada--Periodicals
196
6.8.3.
`Like Products' Analysis in China---Publications and Audiovisual Products
198
6.8.3.1.
Reading Materials
198
6.8.3.2.
Sound Recordings Intended for Electronic Distribution
200
6.8.3.3.
A. Commentary: Factoring Cultural Elements into Deciding the `Likeness' via the Traditional Route Establishing `Like Products'
202
6.8.4.
The `Aim and Effect' Approach: Another Possibility of Factoring Cultural Elements into Deciding `Likeness'?
205
6.9.
Concluding Remarks
210
7.
Culture under Regional Agreements: The Perspectives from the EC/EU and NAFTA
213
7.1.
Introduction
213
7.2.
The European Community/European Union
214
7.2.1.
Culture in the EC/EU: A Unique Situation
215
7.2.2.
Culture Clause in the EC Treaty: Article 151
217
7.2.3.
Culture in the EC Directives: From TVWF to AVMS
220
7.2.3.1.
TVWF
220
7.2.3.2.
AVMS: An Improvement to Promote Cultural Diversity
224
7.2.4.
The ECJ and Cultural Diversity
227
7.2.5.
A Preliminary Remark on the Cultural Protection in the EC/EU
231
7.3.
NAFTA
232
7.3.1.
Cultural Exception in NAFTA and Associated Problems
233
7.3.2.
CMT Case: An Unwillingness to Resort to the NAFTA Cultural Exception?
235
7.3.3.
UPS Case: A Promising Sign to Use Cultural Exception?
237
7.4.
The Interface between Regional and Global Trade Agreements: The Issue of Forum Shopping, Among Others
239
7.5.
Further Observations
241
8.
Reform Proposals for the Culture and Trade Quandary
245
8.1.
Introduction
245
8.2.
A Recap of the Interaction between Trade and Culture
247
8.2.1.
On the Specificity of Cultural Products
247
8.2.2.
On the Dynamics and Openness of Culture
248
8.2.3.
On Cultural Diversity and Trade Liberalisation
250
8.3.
Designing WTO-Compatible Domestic Policy Measures
251
8.3.1.
The Challenges in Designing Domestic Cultural Policy Measures
252
8.3.2.
A Guiding Principle: Distinguishing Cultural Protection from Cultural Protectionism
254
8.3.3.
Designing WTO-Compatible Domestic Cultural Policy Measures
257
8.4.
Searching for Solutions within the Trade System
259
8.4.1.
Exempting Cultural Products from General Trade Rules
260
8.4.2.
Requesting Waiver for Cultural Policy Measures
263
8.4.3.
Other Options
266
8.4.4.
Towards a Jurisprudence of `Jus Gentium of International Trade'?
267
8.5.
The Relationship between the UNESCO Convention and WTO Agreements
270
8.5.1.
A Background Note: Norm Integration in International Law
270
8.5.2.
Norm Integration versus Authority Integration: The Case of the WTO and UNESCO
271
8.5.3.
The Relationship between the UNESCO Convention and the WTO Rules
274
8.5.3.1.
An Overview of the Relationship Prescribed in the UNESCO Convention
274
8.5.3.2.
`Mutual Supportiveness' in Article 20(1)
275
8.5.3.3.
When the Issue Gets Tough: Article 20(2)
277
8.6.
Connecting WTO Rules with the UNESCO Convention: The Perspective of Dispute Settlement
278
8.6.1.
Identifying the Legal Basis for Linking WTO Rules with the UNESCO Convention
279
8.6.2.
Connecting WTO Rules with the UNESCO Convention under VCLT Article 31(1)
280
8.6.3.
The Relevance of the UNESCO Convention under VCLT Article 31 (3)(c): An Observation on Customary International Law
283
8.6.4.
A Procedural Link to Connect the WTO Rules and the UNESCO Convention?
287
8.7.
The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine: Ripe for Extrapolation?
189
8.7.1.
The Application of Margin of Appreciation Doctrine
289
8.7.2.
Extrapolating the Margin of Appreciation Doctrine to the Area of Trade
291
8.8.
Conclusion
294
9.
Concluding Remarks
297
Bibliography
303
Index
329