Abbreviations

xii

Preface

xv

Pt 1. "I Believe in the Power of Human Beings to be Agents of Change:" An Interview with Kamal Hossain

1

Pt 2. The Return of the NIEO and the Retreat of Neo-Liberal International Law / Sharif Bhuiyan Philippe Sands Nico Schroer

32

1.

Introduction / Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah

32

2.

The NIEO Package / Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah

35

2.1.

The NIEO and Its Impact on Foreign Investment / Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah

38

2.2.

Multinational Corporations and a System Based on Private Power / Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah

38

2.3.

The Developing States' Response through the New International Economic Order / Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah

45

3.

"The Roaring Nineties" / Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah

50

4.

The Reaction against Neo-Liberalism / Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah

56

Pt 3. Critical Concepts in the New International Economic Order and Its Impact on the Development of International Economic Law: A Tribute to the Call for a NIEO / Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah

60

1.

Introduction / Asif Qureshi

60

2.

Scrutiny of the "Waste Paper Basket Perspective" / Asif Qureshi

62

3.

Conclusion / Asif Qureshi

67

Pt 4. Some Thoughts on the Making of International Law / Asif Qureshi

69

1.

The Survival of International Law / M.C.W. Pinto

69

2.

Making International Law in the Twentieth Century / M.C.W. Pinto

71

3.

What is to be Done? / M.C.W. Pinto

77

3.1.

Universal Participation / M.C.W. Pinto

78

3.2.

Reducing the Cost of Participation / M.C.W. Pinto

78

3.3.

Voting Procedures / M.C.W. Pinto

79

3.4.

Representation / M.C.W. Pinto

80

3.5.

Building and Maintaining a Broad Ethical Consensus / M.C.W. Pinto

81

Pt 5. International Trade Law and Human Rights: The ILA's 2008 "Rio de Janeiro Declaration" / M.C.W. Pinto

83

1.

Introduction / Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann

83

2.

Justice and Rule of Law in the Worldwide Division of Labour among Citizens Depend on Respect for Human Rights / Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann

86

3.

WTO Law Protects Legal Security and Judicial Remedies also for Individuals Engaged in International Trade / Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann

88

4.

Justice Requires Coherent and Reasoned Interpretation of the Law "in Conformity with Principles of Justice" and Human Rights / Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann

89

5.

Clarification of the Human Rights Dimensions of WTO Law by Human Rights Bodies / Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann

91

6.

Political WTO Bodies Avoid References to Human Rights / Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann

92

7.

The Emerging Human Rights of Access to Justice: Implications for WTO Law? / Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann

93

8.

Focus of the ILA Draft Resolution on Customary Principles of Treaty Interpretation / Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann

94

9.

The Final Text Approved by the ILA in August 2008: One Step on the Endless Road Towards "Constitutional Justice" / Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann

98

Pt 6. Judicial Supervision of Countering Terrorism: The Case of Palestine / Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann

103

1.

Countering Terrorism / Paul de Waart

103

1.1.

Legal Integration / Paul de Waart

104

1.2.

Defining Terrorism / Paul de Waart

105

1.2.1.

Discretionary Powers of States / Paul de Waart

106

1.2.2.

Security Council / Paul de Waart

107

2.

Law of the Future / Paul de Waart

108

2.1.

Democratic Society / Paul de Waart

108

2.2.

Humanization of International Law / Paul de Waart

110

2.3.

Shared Values / Paul de Waart

111

3.

Judicial Supervision of the UN Counter Terrorism Strategy / Paul de Waart

112

3.1.

International Court ofJustice / Paul de Waart

112

3.2.

European Court of Human Rights / Paul de Waart

113

3.3.

Court ofJustice of the European Communities / Paul de Waart

115

4.

The Case of Palestine / Paul de Waart

116

4.1.

Palestinians with their Back to the Wall / Paul de Waart

116

4.1.1.

Israeli Disengagement from Gaza / Paul de Waart

117

4.1.2.

Self-Defence and Terrorism / Paul de Waart

119

4.2.

Remedies / Paul de Waart

120

4.2.1.

International Criminal Court / Paul de Waart

121

4.2.2.

A Matter of Recognition / Paul de Waart

123

5.

Meeting the Challenges / Paul de Waart

123

Pt 7. Climate Change and Financial Assistance: A Fragmented, Unified or Coordinated Approach? / Paul de Waart

126

1.

Common but Differentiated Responsibilities ih the Climate Change Regime and the Provision of Financial Assistance to Developing Countries / Laurence Boisson de Chazournes

126

2.

Financial Obligations of Developed Countries under the Climate Change Convention, the Kyoto Protocol and the Global Environment Facility / Laurence Boisson de Chazournes

130

3.

The Adaptation Fund / Laurence Boisson de Chazournes

134

4.

The Least Developed Countries Fund and the Special Climate Change Fund / Laurence Boisson de Chazournes

136

5.

Clean Development Mechanism / Laurence Boisson de Chazournes

138

6.

The World Bank's Carbon Funds and Facilities / Laurence Boisson de Chazournes

141

7.

New Instruments for Increasing Financial Resources through Multilateral Channels / Laurence Boisson de Chazournes

146

8.

The Green Climate Fund and the Post-2012 Climate Change Regime / Laurence Boisson de Chazournes

148

9.

Which Type of Coherence in a Context of Multiplication of Financial Mechanisms? / Laurence Boisson de Chazournes

151

Pt 8. The Regulatory Framework of International Commercial Arbitration: The Amended UNCITRAL Rules / Laurence Boisson de Chazournes

153

1.

Introduction / James Crawford

153

2.

Key Issues / James Crawford

154

2.1.

The Subject-Matter ofArbitratiOn (UNCITRAL Rules Article 7) / James Crawford

155

2.2.

Formal Requirements for an Arbitration Agreement: "An Agreement in Writing" / James Crawford

157

2.3.

Applicable Law (Article 35) / James Crawford

159

2.4.

Defences, Counterclaims and Set-Off / James Crawford

162

2.4.1.

Response to the Notice of Arbitration (UNCITRAL Rules Article 4) / James Crawford

162

2.4.2.

Counterclaims and Set-Off (UNCITRAL Rules Article 21) / James Crawford

162

2.5.

Joinder and Consolidation / James Crawford

163

2.6.

Interim Measures and Preliminary Awards (UNCITRAL Rules Article 26) / James Crawford

164

2.7.

Confidentiality and Privacy / James Crawford

170

2.8.

The Role of the PCA as Default Authority / James Crawford

172

3.

Conclusion / James Crawford

173

Pt 9. Improving the Process and Institutions of Investment Arbitration: A Modest Contribution to a Complicated Debate / James Crawford

174

1.

Introduction / ArifHyder Ali Thomas Waelde

174

2.

Towards More Rigorous Conflict-of-Interest Rules / ArifHyder Ali Thomas Waelde

175

3.

The Relevance of Arbitral Precedent to the Transparency versus, Confidentiality Debate / ArifHyder Ali Thomas Waelde

179

4.

Amicus Participation - Public Interest Representation / ArifHyder Ali Thomas Waelde

184

5.

Standing ICSID Annulment Committee / ArifHyder Ali Thomas Waelde

188

6.

A World Investment Court? / ArifHyder Ali Thomas Waelde

190

7.

Conclusion / ArifHyder Ali Thomas Waelde

195

Pt 10. Risk Management and Dispute Avoidance in Oil and Gas Investments in Developing Countries: The Way Forward / ArifHyder Ali Thomas Waelde

198

1.

Introduction / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

198

2.

Risk and Dispute Management in the Host Country / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

199

3.

Legal/Contractual Risk-Mitigation / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

200

3.1.

International Law or a-National Law as the Governing Law Clause of the Contract / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

200

3.2.

Dispute Settlement Clause: International Arbitration/Mediation / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

202

3.3.

Stabilization Clause / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

205

3.4.

Progressive Taxation/Profit-Sharing Method / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

207

3.5.

Political Risk Insurance / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

209

4.

Risk Management and Dispute Avoidance Tools and Strategy / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

211

4.1.

Equity Participation with the Host Government / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

211

4.2.

Corporate Social Responsibility: Social, Environmental and Health Considerations for the Host Community / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

212

4.3.

Transparency / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

215

4.4.

Early Detection and Prevention Mechanism of Disputes / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

217

4.5.

Involvement of International Financial Institutions / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

218

5.

Conclusion / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

218

Pt 11. Relationship between Investment Contracts and Human Rights: A Developing Countries' Perspective / A.F.M. Maniruzzaman

220

1.

Introduction / Abdullah Al Faruque

220

2.

Shaping Factors of Human Rights Dimension of Investment Contracts / Abdullah Al Faruque

222

3.

Legal Character of Investment Agreements / Abdullah Al Faruque

226

4.

Quest for Stability in Investment Contracts / Abdullah Al Faruque

227

5.

Different Forms of Stabilization Clauses / Abdullah Al Faruque

429

6.

Arbitral Practice on Stabilization Clauses 23t / Abdullah Al Faruque

7.

Stabilization Clauses and Human Rights / Abdullah Al Faruque

235

8.

Exceptions to Stabilization Clauses / Abdullah Al Faruque

237

9.

Case Studies: BTC and Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Projects / Abdullah Al Faruque

240

10.

Applicable Law and Human Rights / Abdullah Al Faruque

243

11.

Transparency in Contract / Abdullah Al Faruque

245

12.

Human Rights in Contract Based Investment Arbitration / Abdullah Al Faruque

248

13.

Conclusion / Abdullah Al Faruque

249

Pt 12. The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf with Special Reference to Developing Countries / Abdullah Al Faruque

251

1.

Introduction / L.D.M. Nelson

251

2.

Allocation of Seats in the Commission / L.D.M. Nelson

251

3.

Functions of the Commission / L.D.M. Nelson

254

4.

Establishment of Trust Funds / L.D.M. Nelson

255

4.1.

Trust Fund for the Purpose of Facilitating the Preparation of Submissions to the Commission / L.D.M. Nelson

255

4.2.

Trust Fund for Defraying Expenses of Members of the Commission Participating in Meetings / L.D.M. Nelson

255

5.

Status of the Trust Funds / L.D.M. Nelson

256

6.

Emoluments and Expenses of the Members of the Commission / L.D.M. Nelson

257

7.

Date of Submission of Data and Information / L.D.M. Nelson

257

8.

Concluding Observations / L.D.M. Nelson

260

Pt 13. Transparency as an Element of Good Governance in the Practice of the WTO / L.D.M. Nelson

262

1.

Introduction / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

262

2.

The Concepts of Good Governance and Transparency: Origin, Content and Definitions / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

264

2.1.

Origins of "Good Governance" / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

264

2.2.

Content of Good Governance / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

265

2.3.

International Organizations: Definitions and Practice / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

265

2.3.1.

Definitions / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

266

2.3.2.

Practice / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

267

3.

Transparency in the WTO / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

268

3.1.

Article X GAIT / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

270

3.1.1.

Doctrinal Views / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

270

3.1.2.

Panel Practice on Article X GATT / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

271

3.2.

Other WTO Agreements / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

275

3.2.1.

Transparency through Notification Obligations in Other WTO Agreements / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

275

3.2.2.

Transparency Provisions in WTO Agreements / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

278

3.3.

Transparency in Dispute Settlement / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

279

3.4.

Does the WTO Grant Transparency to Individuals? / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

281

3.5.

Recent Developments in WTO Practice / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

283

3.6.

Transparency in Relation to Developing Countries / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

285

4.

Final Assessment and Outlook / Silke Steiner Friedl Weiss

287

Pt 14. China's Changing Judicial System in the Time of Globalization: Challenges of Integrating International Standards and the National Realities / Friedl Weiss Silke Steiner

288

1.

Introduction / Yuwen Li

288

2.

The Transition from Tradition to Modernization: Progress Achieved / Yuwen Li

289

2.1.

A Change in the Perception of the Judicial System / Yuwen Li

289

2.2.

Changes in Trial Procedure and Open Trials / Yuwen Li

289

2.3.

Expanding the Jurisdiction of the Courts into New Fields / Yuwen Li

291

2.4.

The Modernization of the Infrastructure of Courts / Yuwen Li

291

2.5.

An Increased Caseload Judicial Organs and Personnel / Yuwen Li

292

3.

The Challenges and Dilemmas Faced by the Judiciary / Yuwen Li

293

3.1.

Multiple Functions of the Courts vs. Adjudication according to the Law / Yuwen Li

293

3.2.

A Weak Historical Legacy of the Courts vs. An Increasing Necessity for its Independence / Yuwen Li

295

3.3.

Detached Professionalism vs. Judicial Populism / Yuwen Li

296

3.4.

The Integration of International Rules vs. National Realities / Yuwen Li

298

3.5.

The Infantile Judicial Situation vs. High Public Expectations / Yuwen Li

301

4.

Conclusion / Yuwen Li

304

Biographical Data of Kamal Hossain / Yuwen Li

305

About the Contributors / Yuwen Li

316

Index / Yuwen Li

321