Codifying choice of law around the world : an international comparative analysis / Symeon C. Symeonides ; foreword by Lord Collins of Mapesbury.
2014
K583 .S96 2014 (Map It)
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Title
Codifying choice of law around the world : an international comparative analysis / Symeon C. Symeonides ; foreword by Lord Collins of Mapesbury.
Published
Oxford ; New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2014]
Copyright
@2014
Call Number
K583 .S96 2014
ISBN
9780199360840 (hardback : alk. paper)
0199360847 (hardback : alk. paper)
0199360847 (hardback : alk. paper)
Description
xlv, 411 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)861120048
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Szladits Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Szladits Fund
Table of Contents
Detailed Table of Contents
List of Charts
xvii
List of Figures
xix
List of Maps
xxi
List of Tables
xxiii
Foreword
xxv
Preface
xxvii
Abbreviations
xxix
List of Choice-of-Law Codifications
xxxv
List of EU Regulations (and Conventions)
xli
List of International Conventions
xliii
1.
Introduction
1
I.
Introduction
1
II.
National or Sub-national Choice-of-Law Codifications
2
A.
The First Generation
2
B.
The Second Generation
4
1.
Chronological List
5
1.
The Numbers
12
3.
Geographical Distribution
14
4.
Placement, Length, and Scope
21
III.
European Union Conventions and Regulations
26
IV.
International Choice-of-Law Conventions
30
V.
Sorting the Data
34
VI.
This Book
35
A.
National Reports
35
B.
A Road Map
36
2.
Law Governing Tort Conflicts
39
I.
Introduction
40
II.
The American Experience in Tort Conflicts
41
A.
The American Choice-of-Law Revolution
42
B.
Differentiating between Conduct-Regulation and Loss-Distribution
45
C.
Summarizing the Results of the Case Law
46
1.
Common-Domicile Cases
46
1.
Split-Domicile Intra-state Torts
47
3.
Split-Domicile Cross-Border Torts
48
4.
Other Tort Conflicts and Products Liability
50
5.
Summary
50
III.
The Lex Loci Delicti Rule in the Codifications of the Last 50 Years
52
A.
General Inventory
52
B.
The Lex Loci Still Rules
53
C.
Defining the Locus Delicti in Cross-Border Torts: The Favor Laesi Principle
59
1.
Express Favor Laesi Rule
60
2.
Implied Favor Laesi
62
3.
Discretionary Favor Laesi
62
4.
Partial Favor Laesi
62
5.
Summary and Comparison
65
IV.
Exceptions to the Lex Loci Delicti Rule
67
A.
Precursors
67
B.
The Closer-Connection Exception
68
1.
Closer Connection without Specific Examples
69
2.
Closer Connection with Examples
69
3.
Closer Connection as an Exception from Both the Lex Loci and the Parties' Common Law
70
4.
Common Party Affiliation as the Sole Exception
72
C.
The Common Domicile Exception or Rule
72
1.
The Common Affiliation
72
2.
The Various Versions of the Common-Domicile Ride
73
a.
Express Bilateral Rule
73
b.
Implied Common-Domicile Rule
78
c.
Unilateral Common-Domicile Rule
78
d.
Summary and Comparison
79
D.
Parties Domiciled in States with the Same Law
80
E.
The Preexisting Relationship Exception
81
F.
The Double Actionability Rule
83
G.
Other Unilateral Exceptions in Favor of the Lex Fori
85
V.
Rules of "Conduct and Safety"
87
VI.
Summary and Critique of the Exceptions
89
VII.
Products Liability
93
A.
Contacts-Based Rules
93
B.
Favor Laesi Rules
96
VIII.
Special Rules for Other Torts
98
IX.
Party Autonomy
99
A.
Post-Dispute Agreements
99
B.
Pre-Dispute Agreements
100
X.
Interim Conclusions
106
3.
Party Autonomy in Contract Conflicts
109
I.
Party Autonomy: Ancient Origins and Modern Triumph
110
II.
The Parameters of Party Autonomy
115
A.
Internationality
116
B.
Connection with Chosen State
118
1.
Required for All Contracts
118
2.
Required for Some Contracts
119
3.
Not Required
120
III.
The Modalities of the Choice-of-Law Agreement
120
A.
Mode of Expression
120
B.
Multiple or Partial Choice
122
C.
Timing of the Choice or Change
112
D.
Choice of an Invalidating Law
123
IV.
The Scope of Party Autonomy
125
A.
Introduction
125
B.
Exempted Contracts
125
1.
Total Exemptions
125
2.
Partial Exemptions
128
C.
Exempted Contractual Issues
129
1.
Capacity
130
2.
Consent and Contract Formation
132
3.
Form
135
D.
Limitation to Contractual Issues
136
E.
Substantive versus Procedural Law
137
F.
Substantive versus Conflicts Law
138
G.
State Law versus Nonstate Norms
140
H.
Summary
146
V.
The Limitations to Party Autonomy within Its Defined Scope
147
A.
Determining the Lex Limitatis
147
1.
Lex Fori Alone
151
2.
Lex Causae Alone
153
3.
Intermediate Solutions and Combinations
154
B.
The Thresholds for Employing the Limitations to Party Autonomy
155
1.
The Ordre Public of the Lex Fori
156
2.
The "Overriding" Mandatory Rules of the Lex Fori
158
3.
The Public Policy of the Lex Causae
159
4.
A Low-Level Ordre Public in Some States
159
5.
The "Simple" Mandatory Rules
160
VI.
Comparison
161
A.
Traditional Systems
162
B.
The Restatement (Second)
162
C.
Rome I
163
VII.
Assessment
164
A.
A Study in Contrasts
164
1.
The Restatement (Second)
164
2.
Rome I
165
B.
Consumers and Employees
166
C.
Passengers and Insureds
166
D.
Other Weak Parties
168
E.
Conclusions
169
4.
Codification and Flexibility
171
I.
Introduction
172
II.
The Perennial Tension between the Goals of Certainty and Flexibility
173
III.
Codification and Judicial Discretion
174
IV.
Rules with Alternative Connecting Factors
175
V.
Rules with Flexible Connecting Factors
176
A.
The Closer or Closest Connection
176
1.
The Closest Connection as the Principal Connecting Factor
177
2.
The Closer Connection as a General Escape
178
3.
The Closer Connection in Specific Roles
178
a.
The Closest Connection as a Presumption in Contract Conflicts, Subject to a Closer-Connection Escape
178
b.
The Closest Connection as a Presumption in Tort Conflicts Subject to a Closer-Connection Escape
182
c.
The Closest Connection as a Connecting Factor in Other Conflicts
183
d.
Close Connection and Mandatory Rules
184
e.
The Closest Connection as a Tiebreaker
185
f.
The Closest Connection as a Pointer in Cases Involving a Federal or Other Plurilegal State
186
g.
The Closest Connection as a Gap-Filler for Unprovided-For Cases
187
B.
Other Soft Connecting Factors
188
VI.
Escape Clauses
190
A.
General Escapes
191
B.
Specific Escapes
195
1.
Escapes Based on the Closer Connection
195
2.
Escapes Based on Other Factors
198
C.
Assessment of Escapes
201
1.
Too Much Geography, Too Little Principle
201
2.
Issue-by-Issue Deployment
203
VII.
"Approaches"
204
VIII.
A Comparison with Uncodified Choice-of-Law Systems
208
A.
The American Conflicts Experience: From Certainty to Revolution, and Then?
209
1.
The Certainty of Rules
209
2.
Discontent and Revolution
210
3.
The Demise of Rules
210
4.
Excessive Flexibility and Its Price
211
5.
Disillusionment and Hope
211
6.
The Benefits of Comparison
214
B.
The European Experience: A Cautious Evolution
214
IX.
Codification and Flexibility
217
5.
Broad or Narrow Choice of Law: Issue-by-Issue Choice and Depecage
219
I.
Introduction
220
A.
Broad Rules
220
B.
Issue-by-Issue Analysis
220
C.
Depecage
221
1.
Definition
221
2.
When Depecage Is Problematic
222
II.
Depecage in Codified Choice-of-Law Systems
224
III.
Depecage in the Rome Convention and the Rome Regulations
226
A.
Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation
226
B.
Rome II
229
IV.
Depecage in Other Modern Codifications
231
A.
Statutory or Voluntary Depecage
232
1.
Contracts
232
a.
Statutory Depecage
232
b.
Voluntary Depecage
234
2.
Torts
235
3.
Marriage
236
4.
Matrimonial Property Regimes
237
5.
Successions
238
6.
Trusts
240
B.
Judicial Depecage
240
1.
Incidental Question
240
2.
Ordre Public
241
3.
Mandatory Rules
242
4.
Escape Clauses
242
V.
Assessment
243
6.
Codification and Result Selectivism
245
I.
Introduction
246
II.
The Classical View: "Conflicts Justice"
246
III.
The Second View: "Material Justice"
247
IV.
"Only in America?"
250
V.
Result-Selective Statutory Choice-of-Law Rules
251
A.
Rules Favoring the Validity of Certain Juridical Acts (favor validitatis)
252
1.
Testaments (favor testamenti)
252
a.
Formal Validity
252
b.
Substantive Validity
255
2.
Other Juridical Acts [favor negotii)
256
a.
Formal Validity
256
b.
Capacity
259
B.
Rules Favoring a Certain Status
260
1.
Legitimacy (favor legitimationis)
260
2.
Filiation (favor infantis)
261
3.
Acknowledgment
263
4.
The Common Denominator
263
5.
Adoption
266
6.
Marriage (favor matrimonii)
267
7.
Same Sex Unions
269
8.
Divorce (favor divortii)
269
C.
Rules Favoring One Party: Choice of Law by, or for the Benefit of, One Party
271
1.
Pre-dispute Choice by One Party
272
2.
Post-dispute Choice by One Party
273
a.
Victim's Choice in Cross-Border Torts and Products Liability
273
b.
Choice by Owner of Stolen Property
276
c.
Choice by Unwed Mother
277
3.
Post-dispute Choice by the Court
277
a.
Court Choice for the Benefit of Tort Victims
277
b.
Court Choice for the Benefit of Maintenance Obligees
278
c.
Court Choice for the Benefit of Children and Other Weak Parties
280
d.
Protecting Consumers or Employees from the Consequences of an Adverse Choice-of-Law Clause
282
VI.
Result-Selectivism in the Courts and in Uncodified Systems
283
VII.
Summary and Conclusions
285
A.
Summary
285
B.
Not "Only in America"
287
C.
The Difference: Conflicts Justice Tempered by Material Justice
287
7.
The Publicization of PIL: Unilateralism, State Interests, and International Uniformity
289
I.
Introduction
290
A.
What's in a Name: Private or Public Law?
290
1.
International
291
2.
Private
292
B.
Internationalist Heritage and Aspirations
291
C.
Protectionist Urges
293
II.
Unilateralist Inroads in Choice-of-Law Codifications
293
A.
Localizing Rules in Substantive Statutes
294
1.
Consumer Contracts
295
2.
Insurance Contracts
296
3.
Franchise, Distributorship, and Commercial Agency Contracts
297
4.
Employment Contracts
298
5.
Other Contracts
298
6.
Antitrust
299
B.
Mandatory Rules or Rules of Immediate Application
299
1.
The Concept
299
2.
Scholastic Discovery
300
3.
Legislative Sanction
302
4.
Mandatory Rules, Unilateralism, and State Interests
310
C.
Unilateral Choice-of-Law Rules
312
1.
Old-Fashioned, General Unilateral Rules
313
2.
Unilateral Rules for Tort Conflicts
313
a.
Inward-Looking Rules
313
b.
Outward-Looking Rules
316
3.
Multiple Nationalities
316
4.
Capacity
317
5.
Marriage
318
6.
Divorce
320
7.
Adoption
322
8.
Maintenance
323
9.
Successions
324
10.
Formal Validity
325
11.
Contracts
326
12.
Rights in Movables
327
13.
Mea Culpa
328
D.
Multilateral but Non-impartial Choice-of-Law Rules
329
III.
Assessment
332
A.
A Paradigm Shift
332
B.
Methodological Implications: From Antagonism to Co-existence
333
C.
Unilateralism and State Interests
335
D.
Unilateralism and Parochialism
338
E.
The Unilaterality of Multilateralism
341
F.
Comparison
342
G.
The Loss of Innocence
343
8.
Conclusions
345
Appendix: Codifications, Regulations, And Conventions: Alphabetical List And Bibliography
353
I.
Codifications
353
II.
EU Regulations (And Conventions)
380
III.
Hague Conventions
387
IV.
Inter-American Conventions
398
Index
401