The international law of migrant smuggling / Anne T. Gallagher AO, Fiona David.
2014
KZ7155 .G357 2014 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
The international law of migrant smuggling / Anne T. Gallagher AO, Fiona David.
Published
New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Call Number
KZ7155 .G357 2014
ISBN
9781107015920 (hardback)
1107015928 (hardback)
1107015928 (hardback)
Description
lvi, 783 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)861120168
Summary
"Whether forced into relocation by fear of persecution, civil war, or humanitarian crisis, or pulled toward the prospect of better economic opportunities, more people are on the move than ever before. Opportunities for lawful entry into preferred destinations are decreasing rapidly, creating demand for a range of services that is increasingly being met by migrant smugglers: individuals or criminal groups who facilitate unauthorized entry into in another country for profit. This book, a companion volume to the award-winning The International Law of Human Trafficking, presents the first-ever comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the international law of migrant smuggling. The authors call on their direct experience of working with the United Nations to chart the development of new international laws and to link these specialist rules to other relevant areas of international law, including law of the sea, human rights law, and international refugee law. Through this analysis, the authors identify and explain the major legal obligations of States with respect to migrant smuggling, including those related to criminalization, interdiction and rescue at sea, protection, prevention, detention, and return"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 741-774) and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
xvii
Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments
xxxi
Preface
li
Table of Common Abbreviations
lv
Introduction
1
Part I: General Legal Framework
1.
The Legal Framework: Transnational Criminal Law, Law of the Sea, and Migration Control
23
1.1.
Migrant Smuggling in Transnational Criminal Law
25
1.1.1.
Historical Background and Context
25
1.1.2.
The Organized Crime Convention
34
1.1.3.
The Migrant Smuggling Protocol
44
1.1.4.
The Trafficking Protocol: Overview and Comparison with the Smuggling Protocol
66
1.2.
Migrant Smuggling and the Law of the Sea
78
1.2.1.
The United Nations Convention On the Law of the Sea
80
1.2.2.
Protection of Life at Sea Conventions
83
1.3.
Migrant Smuggling and Regional/Bilateral Migration Control Treaties
86
1.3.1.
Regional Instruments: Europe
87
1.3.2.
Bilateral Instruments
95
1.4.
Non-treaty Aspects of the International Legal Framework
110
1.4.1.
Customary Law, Jus Cogens, and Migrant Smuggling
111
1.4.2.
Secondary and Subsidiary Sources of International Law
115
1.4.3.
"Soft" Law Relevant to Migrant Smuggling
119
2.
The Legal Framework: Human Rights and Refugee Law
125
2.1.
Applicability of Human Rights Law
128
2.1.1.
Smuggled Migrants as Noncitizens
128
2.1.2.
Migrant Smuggling, Statelessness, and Human Rights
149
2.2.
Right to Leave and Return
151
2.2.1.
The Right to Leave
151
2.2.2.
The Right to Return
157
2.3.
Right to Seek and Enjoy Asylum from Persecution
158
2.3.1.
The Obligation of Non-refoulement under Refugee Law
160
2.3.2.
Obligation Not to Impose Penalties for Unlawful Entry
163
2.3.3.
Exclusion from Protection on the Basis of Involvement in Migrant Smuggling
169
2.4.
Additional Restrictions on Expulsion and Return of Smuggled Migrants
174
2.4.1.
Non-refoulement in Relation to Torture and Other Serious Violations of Human Rights
175
2.4.2.
Restrictions on Expulsion of Stateless Persons
179
2.4.3.
Restrictions on Collective Expulsion
180
2.4.4.
Protection of Expelled and Returned Persons
182
2.5.
Prohibition on Arbitrary Detention and Inhumane Conditions of Detention
192
2.5.1.
No Arbitrary Detention
193
2.5.2.
Conditions of Detention
197
2.5.3.
Detention of Smuggled Children
199
3.
Acting against Migrant Smuggling: Capacities and Limitations
202
pt. 1
Capacity to Act
204
3.1.
Basic Principles of State Sovereignty
204
3.1.1.
Sovereign Equality and Noninterference
206
3.1.2.
Territorial Sovereignty
207
3.1.3.
The Reserved Domain of Domestic Jurisdiction
208
3.2.
Principles of Jurisdiction in General International Law
210
3.2.1.
Understanding Jurisdiction
211
3.2.2.
Prescriptive Jurisdiction over the Crime of Migrant Smuggling
212
3.2.3.
Enforcement Jurisdiction
222
3.2.4.
Expanding Capacity to Act through Consent
223
3.2.5.
Concurrent or Overlapping Jurisdiction
226
3.3.
Principles of Jurisdiction at Sea
227
3.3.1.
Key Treaties
228
3.3.2.
Zones of Maritime Jurisdiction
230
3.3.3.
-The Principle of Exclusive Flag State Jurisdiction on the High Seas and Its Exceptions
243
pt. 2
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and Limitations on Capacity to Act
249
3.4.
Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Obligations
250
3.4.1.
International Instruments and Jurisprudence
250
3.4.2.
Regional Instruments and Jurisprudence
257
3.4.3.
Preliminary Conclusions about Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Law
262
3.4.4.
Extraterritorial Application of the Obligation of Non-refoulement
264
3.5.
Summary of the Key Principles of Sovereignty and Jurisdiction Relevant to Migrant Smuggling
272
4.
State Responsibility and Migrant Smuggling
276
4.1.
International Law and Responsibility
278
4.2.
Responsibility for Violations of International Law Associated with Migrant Smuggling
281
4.2.1.
Requirement of Attribution
282
4.2.2.
Requirement of a Breach of Obligation
292
4.3.
State Responsibility for Breach of Obligations Originating in the Conduct of Private Persons or Entities
297
4.3.1.
Implications of the General Rule of Non-attribution of Private Conduct
298
4.3.2.
Moving Beyond the General Rule: State Responsibility to Prevent, Protect, and Respond in Relation to Migrant Smuggling
299
4.3.3.
Identifying Violations Giving Rise to Responsibility: The Due Diligence Standard
302
4.3.4.
Conclusion: The Primacy of the Primary Rules
307
4.4.
State Responsibility in the Context of Joint Operations or Other Forms of Interstate Cooperation
309
4.4.1.
The Principle of Independent Responsibility
310
4.4.2.
Placing an Organ at the Disposal of Another State
311
4.4.3.
Joint Conduct and the Implication of One State in the Act of Another State
313
4.4.4.
Operations Associated with International Organizations
318
4.5.
Consequences of a Finding of State Responsibility
322
4.5.1.
The Obligations of Cessation and Reparation
322
4.5.2.
Consequences Attached to Serious Breaches of Peremptory Norms
328
4.6.
Invocation of Responsibility
331
4.6.1.
General Rules Governing Invocation of Responsibility
332
4.6.2.
Rules Governing Invocation of Responsibility for Violations of Human Rights Norms
336
4.6.3.
Countermeasures
339
4.7.
Responsibilities of Other Entities
341
4.7.1.
International Organizations
342
4.7.2.
Legal Responsibilities of Private Persons and Private Entities
348
4.8.
Summary of Key Principles of State Responsibility Relevant to Migrant Smuggling
349
Part II: Specific Rules And Obligations
5.
Criminalization of Migrant Smuggling
355
5.1.
Criminalization Obligations under the Migrant Smuggling Protocol
356
5.1.1.
Conduct to be Criminalized and Key Aspects of the Criminalization Obligation
358
5.1.2.
Elements of the Offense of Migrant Smuggling
363
5.1.3.
Criminalization of Offenses Related to Migrant Smuggling
367
5.1.4.
Circumstances of Aggravation
374
5.1.5.
Criminalization and Related Obligations under the Organized Crime Convention
384
5.2.
Criminalization Obligations: The European Union
392
5.2.1.
2002 EU Directive on Facilitation of Unauthorized Entry, Transit, and Residence
393
5.2.2.
2002 EU Framework Decision on Facilitation of Unauthorized Entry, Transit, and Residence
396
5.3.
A Note on the Rights of Suspects and the Right to a Fair Trial
398
5.4.
Conclusions on Obligations Related to Criminalization
401
6.
Migrant Smuggling by Sea: Interdiction and Rescue
403
6.1.
Interdiction at Sea
407
6.1.1.
Power to Interdict under the Law of the Sea
409
6.1.2.
Impact of the Migrant Smuggling Protocol
430
6.1.3.
A Note on Regional and Bilateral Arrangements for Interdiction
439
6.2.
Search, Rescue, and Disembarkation
443
6.2.1.
Obligations regarding Persons or Vessels in Distress
445
6.3.
Human Rights and Refugee Law during Interdiction and Rescue
464
6.3.1.
Application of Human Rights Law at Sea
466
6.3.2.
Application of Refugee Law at Sea
471
6.3.3.
Specific Human Rights Issues
473
6.3.4.
Obligation of Non-refoulement at Sea
478
6.4.
A Note on Attribution of Responsibility for Unlawful Acts in Responding to Smuggling by Sea
484
6.5.
Conclusions on Obligations Related to Interdiction and Rescue
487
7.
Prevention and International Cooperation to Combat Migrant Smuggling
490
7.1.
Prevention in Relation to Migrant Smuggling
492
7.1.1.
General Prevention Obligations in Transnational Criminal Law
493
7.1.2.
Migrant Smuggling: Specific Obligations of Prevention
498
7.1.3.
Corruption and Prevention of Migrant Smuggling
519
7.2.
International Cooperation
528
7.2.1.
Obligations Related to Extradition
530
7.2.2.
Mutual Legal Assistance in Relation to Migrant Smuggling
537
7.2.3.
Informal Cooperation and Information Exchange
544
7.2.4.
Joint Investigations / Joint Operations
545
7.2.5.
Transfer of Proceedings and of Sentenced Persons
548
7.3.
Conclusions on Obligations of Prevention and Cooperation
550
8.
Obligations of Protection, Assistance, and Response
552
8.1.
An Obligation to Protect and Assist Smuggled Migrants?
554
8.1.1.
Relevant Provisions of the Specialist Instruments
554
8.1.2.
Protection from Smuggling-Related Violence and Exploitation
561
8.1.3.
Obligation to Assist Smuggled Migrants in Danger
565
8.2.
Status-Related Protection and Assistance
568
8.2.1.
Smuggled Children
569
8.2.2.
Smuggled Victims of Trafficking
574
8.3.
Additional Obligations with Respect to Smuggled Migrants Who Are Victims of Crime or Human Rights Abuses
586
8.3.1.
Obligations of an Effective Criminal Justice Response
587
8.3.2.
Violence and Exploitation: The Right to a Remedy
590
8.4.
Conclusions on Obligations of Protection, Assistance, and Response
597
9.
Obligations Relating to Detention of Smuggled Migrants
599
9.1.
Right to Liberty and Freedom of Movement
605
9.2.
Right to Liberty and the Prohibition on Unlawful or Arbitrary Detention
607
9.2.1.
Defining "Detention" and "Deprivation of Liberty"
607
9.2.2.
Requirement of Lawfulness
611
9.2.3.
Prohibition on Arbitrariness
615
9.2.4.
Detention Provisions of the EU-Returns Directive
633
9.3.
Rights of Detained Smuggled Migrants
636
9.3.1.
Right to Humane Conditions of Detention
636
9.3.2.
Right of Access to Legal Assistance, Information, and Consular Assistance
640
9.3.3.
Scrutiny and Monitoring of Detention
646
9.4.
Special Groups of Smuggled Migrants: Additional Rights and Obligations
648
9.4.1.
Detention of Women Smuggled Migrants
649
9.4.2.
Detention of Smuggled Victims of Trafficking
650
9.4.3.
Detention of Smuggled Children
651
9.4.4.
Detention of Smuggled Asylum-Seekers
656
9.5.
Summary Conclusions on Detention of Smuggled Migrants
661
10.
Return of Smuggled Migrants
664
10.1.
Right of States to Return Smuggled Migrants
668
10.2.
Limitations on the Right to Return Smuggled Migrants
669
10.2.1.
Prohibition on Arbitrary Expulsion
670
10.2.2.
Prohibition on Collective Expulsion
677
10.2.3.
Access to-International Protection and the Obligation of Non-refoulement
680
10.3.
Obligation to Accept and Facilitate Return
694
10.3.1.
Right of Nationals to Return and Obligation to Accept and Facilitate Return of Expelled Nationals
694
10.3.2.
Obligation to Accept and Facilitate Return under the Migrant Smuggling Protocol
696
10.3.3.
Obligation to Accept Return under Bilateral Agreements
698
10.4.
Conduct of Returns
705
10.4.1.
Due Process Obligations under International Human Rights Law
707
10.4.2.
Pre-return Detention
711
10.4.3.
Safety and Dignity in the Return Process
717
10.4.4.
Re-entry Bans
722
10.5.
Return of Special Groups of Smuggled Migrants: Additional Rights and Obligations
724
10.5.1.
Return of Trafficked Persons
724
10.5.2.
Return of Children
730
10.6.
Summary Conclusions on Return of Smuggled Migrants
732
Epilogue
735
Select Bibliography
741
Index
775