International law : cases and materials / by Lori Fisler Damrosch (Hamilton Fish Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, Columbia University, School of Law), Sean D. Murphy (Patricia Roberts Harris Research Professor of Law, George Washington University Law School, Member, U.N. International Law Commission).
2014
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Title
International law : cases and materials / by Lori Fisler Damrosch (Hamilton Fish Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, Columbia University, School of Law), Sean D. Murphy (Patricia Roberts Harris Research Professor of Law, George Washington University Law School, Member, U.N. International Law Commission).
Published
St. Paul, MN : West Academic, [2014]
Copyright
©2014
Call Number
KZ1242.5 .I578 2014
Edition
Sixth edition.
ISBN
9780314286437
0314286438
9780314286451 (Supplement)
0314286454 (Supplement)
0314286438
9780314286451 (Supplement)
0314286454 (Supplement)
Description
lxxiii, 1,532 pages ; 27 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)876685846
Note
Accompanied by Basic documents supplement (xi, 1034 pages).
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages ix-xii) and index.
Series
Other Editions
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Preface To The Sixth Edition
v
Abbreviations
vii
Acknowledgments
ix
Introduction To The Study Of International Law
xiii
Historical Introduction
xvii
Table Of Cases
lxiii
ch. 1
Nature of International Law
1
1.
International Law as Binding Law
1
A.
International Law and Politics
2
Henkin, International Law: Politics and Values
2
Henkin, How Nations Behave
3
Austin, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined
3
Hart, The Concept of Law
4
Notes
6
B.
Compliance with International Law
8
Henkin, How Nations Behave
8
Koh, Why Do Nations Obey International Law?
12
Notes
13
C.
Enforcement of International Law
17
Damrosch, Enforcing International Law Through Non-Forcible Measures
17
Notes
19
2.
Completeness and Coherence in International Law
20
The Case of the S.S. "Lotus" (France v. Turkey)
21
Notes
24
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
25
Notes
26
Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo
27
Notes
29
Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law
29
Notes
34
3.
Dynamic Change in International Law
34
A.
Changing Dimensions of Sovereignty
35
Henkin, International Law: Politics and Values
36
Xue, Chinese Observations on International Law
37
Notes
38
B.
Changing Historical Contexts
40
Notes
42
4.
Differing Methodological Approaches
43
A.
Legal Positivism
44
Simma & Paulus, The Responsibility of Individuals for Human Rights Abuses in Internal Conflicts: A Positivist View
44
B.
The New Haven School
45
Wiessner & Willard, Policy-Oriented Jurisprudence and Human Rights Abuses in Internal Conflict: Toward a World Public Order of Human Dignity
45
C.
International Legal Process
47
D.
Critical Legal Studies
47
E.
International Law and International Relations
48
Abbott, International Relations Theory, International Law and the Regime Governing Atrocities in Internal Conflicts
48
F.
Feminist Jurisprudence
50
Charlesworth, Chinkin & Wright, Feminist Approaches to International Law
50
G.
Law and Economics
51
Dunoff & Trachtman, The Law and Economics of Humanitarian Law Violations in Internal Conflict
51
Notes
53
ch. 2
Sources: Customary International Law
57
1.
Sources and Evidence of International Law Generally
57
Statute of the International Court of Justice
57
Schachter, International Law in Theory and Practice
57
Notes
59
2.
Customary International Law
60
Notes
62
A.
Core Requirements: General Practice and Opinio Juris
63
The Paquete Habana
63
Notes
68
The Case of the S.S. "Lotus" (France v. Turkey)
71
Notes
76
B.
Effect of Treaties on Customary International Law
79
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands)
79
Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States)
85
Notes
88
C.
Effect of General Assembly Resolutions on Customary International Law
92
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
92
Notes
95
D.
The Position of "Non-Consenting" States
98
Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law, Principle 15
98
Notes
99
E.
Jus Cogens (Peremptory Norms)
101
Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law
101
Questions Relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal)
105
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece Intervening)
107
Notes
111
3.
The Relationship of Custom and Treaties
114
ch. 3
The Law of Treaties
117
1.
Definition and Governing Law
117
A.
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: General Considerations
118
B.
The Vienna Convention as Customary International Law
119
2.
Conclusion and Entry into Force
120
A.
Existence of a Treaty
120
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions (Qatar v. Bahrain)
121
Jiménez de Aréchaga, International Law in the Past Third of a Century
125
Notes
126
B.
Capacity to Conclude Treaties
128
C.
Expression of Consent to Be Bound
129
1.
Persons Considered as Representing States
129
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 7
129
Sinclair, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
130
Notes
131
2.
Methods of Expressing Consent
131
Notes
132
D.
Obligation Not to Defeat the Object of a Treaty
134
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 18
134
Notes
135
3.
Reservations
137
A.
What Is a Reservation?
137
Notes
138
B.
Importance of Reservations
139
C.
Permissibility of and Objections to Reservations
141
Reservations to the Convention on Genocide
141
Notes
146
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Articles 19-21
147
Notes
148
United Nations Human Rights Committee, General Comment 24 on Issues Relating to Reservations Made to the ICCPR
150
Observations by the United States of America on General Comment No. 24
154
Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties
158
Notes
159
4.
Observance, Application, and Interpretation
161
A.
Observance
161
B.
Application
163
C.
Interpretation
163
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 31
164
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro)
165
Notes
169
5.
Invalidity, Termination, and Suspension
174
A.
General Provisions
174
B.
Invalidity
176
1.
Ultra Vires Treaties
176
2.
Coercion
177
3.
Conflict with a Peremptory Norm (Jus Cogens)
180
Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of the Second Part of Its Seventeenth Session
180
Notes
182
C.
Termination or Suspension
183
1.
Termination (or Withdrawal) by the Terms of the Treaty or Consent
183
2.
Termination (or Withdrawal) When the Treaty Is Silent
185
United Nations Conference on International Organization, Commission I: Commentary on Withdrawal
185
United Nations Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 26 on Issues Relating to the Continuity of Obligations to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
186
Notes
187
3.
Termination as a Consequence of Breach
190
Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of the Second Part of Its Seventeenth Session
190
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 60
193
Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece)
194
Notes
200
4.
Termination Due to Impossibility or Changed Circumstances
204
Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of the Second Part of Its Seventeenth Session
204
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Articles 61-62
205
Gabeikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia)
206
Notes
208
D.
Effects of Armed Conflict on Treaties
210
Techt v. Hughes
210
Partial Award on Economic Loss Throughout Ethiopia
212
Draft Articles on the Effects of Armed Conflict on Treaties
214
Notes
215
ch. 4
Other Sources of Law
217
1.
General Principles of Law
217
Prosecutor v. Erdemovie
217
Notes
226
Schachter, International Law in Theory and Practice
228
Notes
233
2.
Judicial Decisions and Publicists
238
A.
Judicial Decisions
238
1.
Decisions of the International Court of Justice
238
2.
Decisions of Other International Courts and Tribunals
241
3.
Decisions of National Courts
243
B.
Teachings of Highly Qualified Publicists
243
3.
Acts of International Organizations
246
A.
Decisions of Plenary Organs
246
B.
Decisions Directly Binding upon Member States
250
Talmon, The Security Council as World Legislature
252
Notes
256
4.
Transnational Public Regulation
257
Krisch & Kingsbury, Introduction: Global Governance and Global Administrative Law in the International Legal Order
257
Notes
259
5.
"Soft Law"
263
Schachter, The Twilight Existence of Nonbinding International Agreements
264
Notes
269
6.
Unilateral Acts
270
Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Denmark v. Norway)
270
Nuclear Tests Case (Australia v. France)
270
Frontier Dispute Case (Burkina Faso/Mali)
275
Guiding Principles Applicable to Unilateral Declarations of States Capable of Creating Legal Obligations
276
Notes
277
ch. 5
States
281
1.
The Determination of Statehood
282
A.
The Traditional Requirements
283
Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States
283
Notes
284
1.
Requirement of a Permanent Population and Defined Territory
288
Statement of U.S. Representative Philip Jessup to the U.N. Security Council Regarding the Admission of Israel to the United Nations
288
Notes
290
2.
Requirement of a Government
291
Report of the International Committee of Jurists Entrusted by the Council of the League of Nations with the Task of Giving an Advisory Opinion upon the Legal Aspects of the Aaland Islands Question
291
Notes
292
3.
Requirement of Capacity to Engage in Relations with Other States
293
B.
Additional Contemporary Requirements?
294
European Community Declaration on the "Guidelines on the Recognition of New States in Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union"
294
Notes
295
C.
Case Study: Dissolution of the Former Yugoslavia
296
European Community Declaration on Yugoslavia and on the Guidelines on the Recognition of New States
297
Conference on Yugoslavia Arbitration Commission Opinion No. 4 on International Recognition of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia[—]Herzegovina by the European Community and Its Member States
298
Notes
300
D.
Prohibitions on Recognizing Statehood
303
Question Concerning the Situation in Southern Rhodesia
303
Notes
304
2.
The Principle of Self-Determination of "Peoples"
307
A.
Decolonization
310
B.
Foreign Occupation
312
C.
Political Participation and Potential "Remedial Secession"
312
Reference re Secession of Quebec
312
Notes
320
3.
Entities with Special Status
321
A.
The State of the Vatican City and the Holy See
321
B.
Palestine
323
C.
Taiwan
325
D.
Hong Kong and Macao
328
E.
Other Types of Sui Generis Entities
330
4.
Recognition of Governments
332
A.
Criteria for Recognizing Governments
332
Memorandum from the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council on the Legal Aspects of the Problem of Representation in the United Nations
333
Notes
334
Acevedo, The Haitian Crisis and the OAS Response: A Test of Effectiveness in Protecting Democracy
335
Notes
337
Murphy, Democratic Legitimacy and the Recognition of States and Governments
338
Notes
345
B.
Is Recognition Necessary?
347
Statement of Secretary of Foreign Relations of Mexico Estrada
347
Notes
348
C.
Unrecognized Governments
351
1.
Capacity of Unrecognized Governments to Bind the State
351
Tinoco Claims Arbitration (Great Britain v. Costa Rica)
351
Note
352
2.
Capacity of an Insurgent Authority in Control of Specific Territory
352
3.
Unrecognized Governments in Municipal Law
353
Salimoff & Co. v. Standard Oil
353
National Petrochemical Co. of Iran v. M/T Stolt Sheaf
354
Notes
355
4.
Termination of Recognition
358
Statement of the United States: U.S. Normalizes Relations with People's Republic of China
358
Notes
359
5.
Acquisition and Delimitation of Territory
359
A.
Acquisition of Territory
359
1.
Title by Discovering or Occupying Terra Nullius
360
2.
Title by Military Conquest
362
Security Council Resolution Concerning Iraq's Attempted Annexation of Kuwait
363
Notes
363
3.
Title by Treaty of Cession
365
4.
Title by State Succession
365
5.
Title Based on Longstanding Effective and Peaceful Possession (Prescription)
366
Island of Palmas Case (United States v. The Netherlands)
366
Notes
371
B.
Determining Boundaries: The Principle of Uti Possidetis Juris
377
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Mali)
377
Notes
380
C.
Settling Boundary Disputes Peacefully
382
ch. 6
International & Non-Governmental Organizations
387
Note
387
1.
International Organizations
388
A.
International Legal Personality
391
Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations
392
Notes
399
B.
Interpreting the Powers of the International Organization
404
Certain Expenses of the United Nations
405
Notes
406
Prosecutor v. Tadie
408
Notes
411
C.
Responsibility of International Organizations
413
Notes
415
D.
Immunities of International Organizations
417
E.
Membership and Representation in International Organizations
419
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia & Montenegro v. United Kingdom)
421
Notes
424
2.
Non-Governmental Organizations
424
Charnovitz, Nongovernmental Organizations and International Law
425
Notes
429
ch. 7
Individuals and Corporations
433
1.
Status, Rights, and Obligations of the Individual
433
Lauterpacht, International Law and Human Rights
435
O'Connell, International Law
437
Notes
438
A.
Rights of the Individual
439
LaGrand Case (Germany v. United States)
439
Notes
440
B.
Obligations of the Individual
441
2.
Nationality of Individuals
443
A.
Significance of Nationality
443
B.
Acquisition and Denial of Nationality
444
Spiro, A New International Law of Citizenship
445
Notes
446
C.
"Genuine Link" and Voluntary Choice as Limitations
448
Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala)
449
Notes
453
D.
Dual Nationality
455
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, Case No. A/18
455
Notes
459
E.
Denationalization
461
Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, Partial Award, Civilian Claims, Eritrea's Claims 15, 16, 23 & 27-32
461
Notes
467
3.
Transnational Corporations Under International Law
468
A.
Nationality of Corporations
469
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Ltd. (Belgium v. Spain)
469
Notes
477
B.
Regulating Transnational Corporations
479
Murphy, Taking Multinational Corporate Codes of Conduct to the Next Level
479
Notes
482
ch. 8
Rules on State Responsibility
485
1.
General Principles of State Responsibility
485
A.
General Principles
485
B.
The 2001 International Law Commission Articles on State Responsibility
487
2.
Attribution of Conduct to a State
490
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia & Herzegovina v. Serbia & Montenegro)
490
Notes
497
3.
Breach of an International Obligation
500
A.
Fault
500
B.
Is Tangible Injury Required?
501
C.
Can Third Parties Complain? Erga Omnes Obligations
502
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Ltd. (Belgium v. Spain)
504
Notes
505
4.
Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness
506
Rainbow Warrior (New Zealand v. France)
507
Gabeikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia)
511
Notes
514
5.
Reparation for the Breach of an International Obligation
517
Notes
518
6.
Countermeasures
521
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia)
521
Notes
523
ch. 9
Dispute Settlement
531
1.
The Obligation to Settle Disputes by Peaceful Means
531
A.
The Source of the Obligation
531
1.
U.N. Charter
531
2.
General Act of 1928
532
3.
Regional Dispute Settlement Treaties
532
4.
Dispute Resolution Clauses in Specialized Treaty Regimes
533
B.
Meaning of "Dispute"
534
2.
Non-Adjudicatory Procedures
535
A.
Negotiation
535
B.
Mediation
538
C.
Conciliation
540
3.
Arbitration
543
A.
The Nature and Role of International Arbitration
543
B.
Key Elements in the Arbitral Process
544
C.
Choice of Forum
545
1.
Permanent Court of Arbitration
546
2.
International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes
547
3.
The Iran[—]United States Claims Tribunal
548
4.
Mass Claims
549
5.
International Commercial Arbitration Centers
550
D.
Validity and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards
551
4.
The International Court of Justice
552
A.
Structure of the International Court
554
Murphy, The International Court of Justice
554
Notes
556
B.
Jurisdiction and Admissibility in Contentious Cases
559
1.
Jurisdiction Based on Joint Referral
559
2.
Jurisdiction Based on Forum Prorogatum
560
3.
Jurisdiction Based on a Treaty
561
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda)
561
Notes
565
4.
Jurisdiction Based on Declarations Accepting Compulsory Jurisdiction
566
Restatement of the Law (Third), The Foreign Relations Law of the United States [§] 903, Reporter's Note 2 (1987)
569
Notes
570
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States)
572
Notes
576
5.
Admissibility of the Claim
578
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States)
578
Statement of the Legal Adviser of the State Department, Abraham D. Sofaer, to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
581
Notes
583
C.
Ancillary Issues in Contentious Cases
584
1.
Provisional Measures of Protection
585
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russia)
585
Notes
590
2.
Non-Appearance
591
3.
Intervention
592
4.
Counter-Claims
593
5.
Finality of Judgments
595
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case Concerning The Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand)
595
6.
Compliance
596
D.
Advisory Opinions
598
1.
Background
598
2.
Jurisdiction
599
3.
Discretion Not to Answer the Question
601
Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo
602
4.
Utility of Advisory Opinions
608
5.
Other International Courts and Tribunals
609
A.
Compulsory Dispute Settlement in Certain Regimes
609
B.
Structure and Composition of the Tribunal
611
C.
Standing
612
D.
Provisional Measures
613
E.
Appellate Review
614
United States[—]Final Anti-Dumping Measures on Stainless Steel from Mexico
615
F.
Compliance
617
Notes
618
ch. 10
International Law in National Law
621
1.
General Considerations
621
2.
Customary International Law in U.S. Law
623
A.
"Law of Nations" in the Early American Republic
623
Trial of Gideon Henfield
623
Ware v. Hylton
624
Notes
625
B.
Customary International Law as a Source of U.S. Law
626
The Paquete Habana
626
Henkin, International Law as Law in the United States
626
Restatement of the Law (Third), The Foreign Relations Law of the United States (1987)
627
Notes
628
Sosa v. Alvarez[—]Machain
630
Notes
631
United States v. Dire
633
Notes
640
C.
Relationship of Law of Nations to Other Sources of U.S. Law
642
Henkin, The Constitution and United States Sovereignty: A Century of Chinese Exclusion and Its Progeny
642
Notes
645
3.
Treaties in U.S. Law
647
A.
The Constitutional Framework
647
United States Constitution
647
Notes
647
B.
Constitutional Limitations on the Treaty Power
648
Missouri v. Holland
648
Notes
651
C.
The Later-In-Time Rule
654
Whitney v. Robertson
654
Breard v. Greene
655
Restatement of the Law (Third), The Foreign Relations Law of the United States [§] 115 (1987)
657
Notes
658
D.
Self-Executing and Non-Self-Executing Treaties
659
Foster v. Neilson
659
Medellin v. Texas
660
Notes
679
E.
Interpreting Treaties
684
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
684
Notes
687
F.
Suspension or Termination of Treaties
688
Henkin, Foreign Affairs and the U.S. Constitution
688
Notes
690
4.
Other International Agreements in U.S. Law
692
Restatement of the Law (Third), The Foreign Relations Law of the United States [§] 303
692
A.
Congressional-Executive Agreements
693
Henkin, Foreign Affairs and the U.S. Constitution
693
Notes
695
B.
Sole Executive Agreements
698
United States v. Belmont
698
Henkin, Foreign Affairs and the U.S. Constitution
700
Notes
700
5.
International Law Before U.S. Courts
702
A.
Political Question Doctrine
702
B.
The Act of State Doctrine
703
Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
703
Notes
708
C.
International Law in U.S. Constitutional Interpretation
713
Roper v. Simmons
714
Notes
716
6.
International Law in the National Law of Other States
717
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
718
Notes
719
Kadi and Al Barakaat Int'l Foundation v. Council and Commission
725
Notes
729
ch. 11
Jurisdiction at the National Level
733
1.
Overview of Jurisdiction
733
A.
Three Forms of Jurisdiction
733
B.
National Law and International Law
734
C.
Burden of Establishing Whether Jurisdiction Is Permissible or Impermissible
736
D.
Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction
736
2.
National Law Limitations on Jurisdiction to Prescribe
736
United States v. Bowman
737
Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co
740
Notes
745
Al-Skeini v. Secretary of State for Defence
747
Notes
751
3.
International Law Principles on Jurisdiction to Prescribe
752
Restatement of the Law (Third), The Foreign Relations Law of the United States [§][§] 402-404 (1987)
753
Notes
754
A.
Territorial Principle
755
1.
Subjective Territorial Principle
755
2.
Objective Territorial Principle
757
F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. v. Empagran S.A.
758
Notes
765
B.
Nationality Principle
770
Blackmer v. United States
770
Notes
773
Restatement of the Law (Third), The Foreign Relations Law of the United States [§] 414 (1987)
775
Notes
775
C.
Passive Personality Principle
778
United States v. Neil
778
Notes
781
D.
Protective Principle
784
United States v. Vasquez-Velasco
784
Notes
788
E.
Universal Jurisdiction
790
Regina v. Bartle, Bow Street Stipendiary Magistrate & Commissioner of Police, Ex Parte Pinochet
793
United States v. Yousef
796
Notes
799
4.
International Law Limitations on Jurisdiction to Adjudicate
802
Restatement of the Law (Third), The Foreign Relations Law of the United States [§] 421, [§] 423 (1987)
803
Notes
804
5.
International Law Limitations on Jurisdiction to Enforce
805
Restatement of the Law (Third), The Foreign Relations Law of the United States [§][§] 431-32 (1987)
805
Letter of 15 June 1960 From the Representative of Argentina to the President of the Security Council
806
Notes
808
6.
Granting Jurisdiction to a Foreign State by Treaty
809
Wilson v. Girard
809
Notes
812
ch. 12
Immunity From Jurisdiction
815
1.
Jurisdictional Immunities of Foreign States: From Absolute to Restrictive Immunity
816
A.
Absolute Form of Sovereign Immunity
816
The Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon
816
Notes
819
B.
Restrictive Form of Sovereign Immunity
819
Letter of Department of State Acting Legal Adviser, Jack B. Tate, to Acting Attorney General of the Department of Justice, Philip B. Pearlman
821
Notes
824
2.
U.S. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
826
A.
Adoption of the FSIA
826
Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp.
826
Austria v. Altmann
829
Notes
833
B.
Waiver Exception
835
Siderman de Blake v. Republic of Argentina
835
Notes
836
C.
Commercial Activities Exception
837
Republic of Argentina v. Weltover, Inc.
837
Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
841
Notes
845
D.
Expropriation Exception
847
Notes
848
E.
Exception for Property Within the Forum State
849
Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations v. City of New York
849
Note
851
F.
Exception for Noncommercial Torts
852
Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp.
852
Notes
853
G.
Exception for Enforcement of Arbitral Agreements or Awards
854
H.
Terrorist[—]State Exception
856
Notes
856
I.
Immunity for State Agencies or Instrumentalities
858
Dole Food Company v. Patrickson
858
J.
Immunity from Execution Against Assets
860
First National City Bank v. Banco Para El Comercio Exterior de Cuba
861
Notes
867
3.
State Immunities Under Multilateral Conventions and Customary International Law
869
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece Intervening)
872
Note
875
4.
Immunities of State Representatives
875
A.
Heads and Former Heads of State, Heads of Government, and Foreign Ministers
875
Regina v. Bartle and Commissioner of Police, Ex Parte Pinochet
875
Notes
880
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium)
881
Notes
886
B.
State Officials: Immunities in the United States
888
Samantar v. Yousuf
888
Notes
895
C.
Diplomatic Representatives
897
1.
Under the Law of Nations
897
4 Hackworth, Digest of International Law
897
2.
Theories of Diplomatic Immunity
898
3.
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
898
4.
U.S. Statutory Framework
899
5.
Role of the U.S. Department of State
900
D.
Consuls
900
E.
Special Envoys and Missions
901
5.
Immunities of International Organizations
902
A.
Early Developments
902
B.
The United Nations
903
C.
Immunities of IO Personnel
905
D.
Headquarters Agreements
907
E.
Administrative Tribunals
910
F.
Representatives to International Organizations
911
Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations
911
Agreement Between the United Nations and the United States Regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations
913
Notes
913
ch. 13
Human Rights
915
1.
Foundations of Human Rights Law
915
A.
Overview of History and Structure
915
Buergenthal, The Evolving International Human Rights System
916
Notes
918
B.
Competing Interests
920
Sahin v. Turkey
921
Notes
932
2.
Global Norms and Institutions
934
A.
Global Norms
934
1.
Charter of the United Nations
934
2.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
936
3.
The Two International Covenants
937
a.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
938
b.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
939
c.
Comparison of the Covenants with the Universal Declaration
939
4.
Other Instruments
940
5.
What Difference Do Global Human Rights Treaties Make?
941
B.
Global Institutions
942
Buergenthal, The Evolving International Human Rights System
942
Notes
945
C.
Problems and Prospects: A Closer Look at the Emergence of Human Rights for Women
947
The Human Rights of Women
948
CEDAW, General Recommendation No. 19, Violence Against Women
950
Notes
951
D.
U.S. Adherence to Global Human Rights Treaties
954
Henkin, The Age of Rights
954
Notes
955
E.
Customary International Law of Human Rights
956
Restatement of the Law (Third), The Foreign Relations Law of the United States [§] 702 (1987)
956
Notes
958
3.
Regional Norms and Institutions
958
A.
The European Human Rights System
959
1.
Birth of the European Convention System
959
2.
European Court of Human Rights Jurisprudence
960
3.
The European Social Charter
961
4.
European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights; European Court of Justice
962
5.
The Helsinki System
963
B.
The Inter-American Human Rights System
964
1.
American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man
964
2.
American Convention on Human Rights
964
3.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
965
4.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
966
C.
The African Human Rights System
969
1.
The Banjul Charter
969
2.
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
970
3.
African Court on Human Rights
971
Notes
971
4.
Deviating from the Norms
973
A.
Limitations Within the Norms Themselves
973
Henkin, The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
973
Notes
973
B.
Reservations
974
United States Reservations, Understandings and Declarations to Its Ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
974
United Nations Human Rights Committee, General Comment 24
977
Observations by the United States of America on General Comment No. 24
977
Notes
977
C.
Derogations in Emergencies
979
Lawless Case
979
Notes
983
D.
Extraterritorial Application
986
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
986
Dennis, Application of Human Rights Treaties Extraterritorially During Times of Armed Conflict
987
Ben[—]Naftali, The Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights to Occupied Territories
991
Notes
993
5.
Mechanisms for Promoting Compliance
995
A.
Reporting Requirements
995
Henkin, International Law: Politics and Values
995
Notes
996
B.
Inter-State Complaints
998
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 41(1)
998
Notes
998
C.
Petitions by Individuals
999
Henkin, International Law: Politics and Values
999
Notes
1000
D.
International Economic Sanctions
1000
E.
International Criminal Sanctions
1001
F.
Military Action
1002
United Nations General Assembly, 2005 World Summit Outcome
1002
G.
National Enforcement: The United States
1002
1.
Human Rights Treaties in U.S. Law
1002
2.
Customary Human Rights Law in U.S. Law
1003
3.
Implementation Through Criminal Jurisdiction
1003
4.
Implementation Through Civil Jurisdiction
1004
a.
Alien Tort Statute
1004
b.
Torture Victim Protection Act
1006
ch. 14
Injury to Aliens and Foreign Investors
1007
1.
Introduction
1007
2.
Sources of Law on Injury to Aliens
1008
A.
Customary International Law
1008
B.
Bilateral Treaties
1008
1.
Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation (FCN) Treaties
1009
2.
Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITS)
1010
3.
Bilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)
1011
C.
Multilateral Treaties
1011
D.
Contracts or Concession Agreements
1012
E.
National Law
1012
F.
Human Rights Law
1012
3.
Substantive Rules on Injury to Aliens
1013
A.
Relative Standards of Treatment
1013
1.
National Treatment Standard
1014
2.
Most-Favored-Nation Standard
1014
B.
Absolute or Non-Contingent Standards of Treatment
1015
1.
Minimum Standard of Treatment
1015
a.
Denial of Procedural Justice
1016
b.
Failure to Protect Aliens
1017
c.
Fair and Equitable Treatment
1018
2.
Expropriation and Nationalization
1020
Restatement of the Law (Third), The Foreign Relations Law of the United States [§] 712 (1987)
1020
Fireman's Fund Insurance Co. v. Mexico
1020
C.
Contemporary Case Law
1022
Agreement on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments Between Spain and Mexico
1023
Tecnicas Medioambientales Tecmed S.A. ("TECMED") v. Mexico
1024
Notes
1035
Note on Historical Attitudes Concerning Expropriation
1039
D.
Breach by a State of Its Contractual Undertaking to an Alien
1043
1.
Choice of Governing Law
1044
Texaco Overseas Petroleum Co. v. Libya
1045
Notes
1053
2.
Breach of Undertaking as a Violation of International Law
1054
Restatement of the Law (Third), Foreign Relations Law of the United States [§] 712(2) (1987)
1055
Notes
1055
4.
Procedural Rules on Injury to Aliens
1057
A.
State Espousal of Claims of Nationals
1058
B.
Rule on Exhaustion of Local Remedies
1059
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo)
1059
Notes
1062
C.
Rule on Continuous Nationality
1065
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo)
1067
D.
Waiver by Alien of Claim or Right to Diplomatic Protection
1070
E.
Investor-State Dispute Settlement
1072
5.
Reparation for Injury to Aliens
1074
International Law Commission Commentary on Article 36 of the I.L.C. Articles on State Responsibility
1074
Tecnicas Medioambientales Tecmed S.A. ("TECMED") v. Mexico
1078
Notes
1081
ch. 15
Use of Force
1087
1.
Use of Force Prior to the U.N. Charter
1087
A.
Availability of the Resort to War
1087
2 Oppenheim, International Law
1088
Notes
1089
B.
Regulation of Coercive Measures Short of War: Forcible Reprisals
1090
Naulilaa Incident
1090
Notes
1091
C.
Self-Defense
1091
The Caroline
1092
Notes
1093
D.
Steps Toward Outlawing of War
1093
Convention Respecting the Limitation of the Employment of Force for the Recovery of Contract Debts
1093
Covenant of the League of Nations
1094
Bowett, The Law of International Institutions
1094
Notes
1095
General Treaty for the Renunciation of War (Kellogg-Briand Pact)
1096
Notes
1096
E.
Criminalizing Resort to War: Nuremberg
1097
Judgment of the International Military Tribunal
1098
Notes
1099
2.
U.N. Charter Prohibition on Use of Force
1100
A.
Basic Prohibition on Use of Force
1101
Charter of the United Nations, Article 2(4)
1101
Schachter, International Law in Theory and Practice
1101
Notes
1103
President Harry Truman, Annual Report to Congress (1950)
1103
Friedmann, The Changing Structure of International Law
1104
General Assembly Resolution on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-Operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations
1104
General Assembly Resolution on the Definition of Aggression
1106
Schachter, The Right of States to Use Armed Force
1107
Notes
1107
Henkin, How Nations Behave
1110
Notes
1111
B.
Indirect Use of Force
1112
Friedmann, The Changing Structure of International Law
1112
Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force
1113
Notes
1113
C.
Threat of Force
1114
Schachter, International Law in Theory and Practice
1114
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
1115
Arbitral Award Between Guyana and Suriname
1116
Notes
1117
D.
Consent to Military Intervention
1118
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States)
1118
Schachter, The Right of States to Use Armed Force
1118
Communication from the President of the United States Concerning the Deployment of United States Forces to Panama on December 20, 1989
1119
Notes
1120
3.
Exception to the Prohibition: Self-Defense
1121
A.
Self-Defense "If an Armed Attack Occurs"
1121
Charter of the United Nations, Article 51
1121
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States)
1122
Notes
1130
Schachter, International Law in Theory and Practice
1134
B.
Rescue of Nationals Abroad as Self-Defense
1137
Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States
1137
Friedmann, United States Policy and the Crisis of International Law
1137
Schachter, International Law in Theory and Practice
1138
Notes
1138
C.
Anticipatory or Preemptive Self-Defense
1140
Jessup, A Modern Law of Nations
1140
Friedmann, The Changing Structure of International Law
1140
Henkin, How Nations Behave
1141
Schachter, The Right of States to Use Armed Force
1141
Gardner, Commentary on the Law of Self-Defense
1143
Notes
1143
D.
Self-Defense Against Non-State Actors
1147
E.
Collective Self-Defense Organizations
1150
Notes
1152
4.
Controversial Uses of Force for Non-Defensive Purposes
1152
A.
Humanitarian Intervention; Responsibility to Protect
1152
Schachter, International Law in Theory and Practice
1152
Note on NATO's Intervention in Kosovo
1154
U.N. General Assembly World Summit Outcome
1158
Implementing the Responsibility to Protect: Report of the Secretary-General
1159
Chemical Weapon Use by Syrian Regime: UK Government Position
1160
Notes
1161
B.
Intervention in Support of Democracy or Self-Determination
1164
Reisman, Coercion and Self-Determination: Construing Charter Article 2(4)
1164
Schachter, The Legality of Pro-Democratic Invasion
1165
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States)
1166
Notes
1167
5.
Use of Force and the Security Council
1168
A.
Chapter VII: Original Scheme and Its Historical Evolution
1169
Charter of the United Nations, Chapter VII
1169
Note on Evolution of U.N. Collective Security
1170
B.
Examples of Security Council Responses to Threats to the Peace
1171
1.
Korea (1950-53)
1172
Notes
1173
2.
Iraq (1990-2002)
1174
U.N. Security Council Resolution 678
1175
Notes
1176
U.N. Security Council Resolution 687
1178
Notes
1180
3.
Iraq (2002-2005)
1183
U.N. Security Council Resolution 1441
1183
Taft & Buchwald, Preemption, Iraq, and International Law
1185
Notes
1188
4.
Libya (2011)
1190
U.N. Security Council Resolution 1973
1191
Notes
1192
6.
U.N. Peacekeeping
1192
A.
Emergence of Peacekeeping Operations
1192
B.
Examples of Peacekeeping Operations
1195
1.
Arab-Israeli Conflict (1956[—])
1195
2.
Congo (1960-64)
1197
Notes
1198
3.
Cambodia (1991-93)
1199
C.
Complex Operations: Peacekeeping and Enforcement
1200
1.
Somalia (1992-95)
1200
Security Council Resolution 794
1201
Notes
1202
2.
Rwanda (1993-94)
1204
Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda
1206
3.
Former Yugoslavia (1991-95)
1207
Notes
1209
4.
Democratic Republic of the Congo (1999[—])
1210
U.N. Security Council Resolution 2098
1211
Notes
1214
7.
Use of Force and Regional Organizations
1214
A.
Regional Organizations and the U.N. Charter
1214
Charter of the United Nations, Chapter VIII
1214
Schachter, Authorized Uses of Force by the United Nations and Regional Organizations
1215
B.
NATO and the League of Arab States
1216
C.
Inter-American System
1217
The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
1218
Resolution on the Adoption of Necessary Measures to Prevent Cuba from Threatening the Peace and Security of the Continent
1219
Meeker, Defensive Quarantine and the Law
1219
Notes
1220
D.
African Union
1221
E.
Sub-Regional Organizations
1223
1.
Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
1223
2.
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
1223
3.
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
1224
8.
Law of Armed Conflict and Control of Weapons
1225
A.
Law of Armed Conflict
1225
1.
Overview
1225
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
1228
Notes
1229
2.
International and Non-International Armed Conflict
1232
Notes
1234
3.
Prohibited Methods of Warfare
1234
Western Front, Aerial Bombardment and Related Claims, Partial Award[—]Eritrea's Claims
1236
Notes
1240
4.
Prohibited Means of Warfare
1243
Notes
1245
5.
Protection of Prisoners of War
1246
Notes
1247
6.
Protection of Civilians
1248
a.
Enemy Aliens and Property
1248
b.
Occupied Territory
1250
Notes
1251
c.
Sexual Violence
1252
Central Front Partial Award[—]Ethiopia's Claims
1254
Notes
1256
7.
Armed Conflict at Sea
1258
8.
Armed Conflict and Environmental Protection
1259
Notes
1259
B.
Arms Control and Disarmament
1260
1.
Chemical and Biological Weapons
1261
Notes
1262
2.
Nuclear Weapons
1262
Notes
1264
C.
Law of Armed Conflict in the Internet Era
1266
Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare
1267
Notes
1268
ch. 16
International Criminal Law
1271
1.
Transnational Cooperation in Harmonizing and Prosecuting National Crimes
1272
A.
Harmonizing National Crimes
1272
B.
Mutual Legal Assistance
1273
C.
Extradition
1274
1.
Extradition by the United States
1274
Notes
1276
2.
Extradition Within Europe
1276
3.
Principles of Specialty and Double Criminality
1277
Notes
1278
4.
Extradition of a State's Own Nationals
1279
5.
"Political" Offenses
1280
6.
Rule of Judicial Non-Inquiry; Human Rights Challenges
1281
Notes
1282
7.
Alternatives to Treaty-Based Extradition
1285
United States v. Alvarez-Machain
1286
Notes
1293
2.
Prosecution of International Crimes in National Courts
1295
3.
Prosecution of International Crimes Before Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals
1298
A.
Nuremberg and Tokyo International Military Tribunals
1298
Charter of the International Military Tribunal
1299
Report of Justice Robert Jackson to President Harry Truman on the Military Trial of the Major Nazi Leaders at Nuremberg
1301
Notes
1303
"The Justice Case" (Case 3), United States v. Josef Altstoetter, et al.
1306
Notes
1310
General Assembly Resolution on Affirmation of the Principles of International Law Recognized by the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal
1311
Notes
1312
B.
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
1313
1.
Creation
1313
2.
Jurisdiction
1313
3.
Structure
1314
4.
Obtaining Custody of Indictees
1314
5.
Indictments of All Factions
1316
6.
Victims and Witnesses
1316
7.
Overall Record, Completion Strategy, and Residual Mechanism
1317
C.
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
1317
1.
Structure
1318
2.
Case Law
1318
3.
Overall Record, Completion Strategy and Residual Mechanism
1319
4.
Rwandan National Proceedings
1320
D.
Other Ad Hoc Tribunals
1320
Murphy, Principles of International Law
1321
Notes
1326
4.
The International Criminal Court
1328
A.
Background, Structure and Jurisdiction
1328
1.
Creation
1328
2.
Jurisdiction
1328
3.
Limits on Jurisdiction
1330
4.
Initiation of an Investigation
1331
5.
Trials and Appeals
1331
6.
Current "Situations"
1332
7.
Operating Rules and Budget
1332
Notes
1332
B.
Case Study: War Crimes in Darfur, Sudan
1334
Security Council Resolution 1593
1334
Warrant of Arrest for Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir
1335
Notes
1339
C.
The United States and the International Criminal Court
1340
U.S. Policy Toward the International Criminal Court: Furthering Positive Engagement
1341
Notes
1351
ch. 17
The Law of the Sea
1353
1.
History and Sources of the Law of the Sea
1353
A.
Codification of the Law of the Sea: UNCLOS I, II, and III
1353
B.
U.S. Resistance to the LOS Convention
1355
C.
The 1994 Implementing Agreement
1357
Notes
1359
2.
Baselines and Internal Waters
1360
A.
Deep Indentations
1360
B.
Rivers and Bays
1362
C.
Internal Waters
1363
D.
Islands
1364
E.
Archipelagos
1366
F.
Effects of Global Climate Change
1368
3.
The Territorial Sea
1368
A.
Historic Development
1368
B.
Codification of the Territorial Sea
1369
C.
The Right of Innocent Passage
1371
D.
Passage Through International Straits (Transit Passage)
1374
1.
Customary International Law
1374
Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom v. Albania)
1374
2.
Codification in the LOS Convention
1376
Notes
1378
E.
International Canals
1380
F.
Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage
1383
4.
The Contiguous Zone
1383
Notes
1384
5.
The Continental Shelf
1387
A.
Emergence of the Continental Shelf Regime
1387
Policy of the United States with Respect to the Natural Resources of the Subsoil and Sea Bed of the Continental Shelf
1387
Schachter, International Law in Theory and Practice
1388
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 76
1389
Notes
1390
B.
Rights of the Coastal State to Its Continental Shelf
1391
C.
Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Between States
1392
Notes
1396
6.
The Exclusive Economic Zone
1398
A.
Customary International Law
1398
B.
LOS Convention Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
1400
Notes
1402
The "Hoshinmaru" Case (Japan v. Russian Federation)
1404
Notes
1406
Wyman, The Property Rights Challenge in Marine Fisheries
1410
7.
The Right of Hot Pursuit
1412
Notes
1413
8.
The High Seas
1413
A.
The Basic Freedoms
1413
Notes
1415
B.
Limitations on High Seas Freedoms
1416
1.
Consent to Board
1417
Agreement Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Their Delivery Systems, and Related Materials by Sea (United States-Liberia)
1418
2.
Suppression of Piracy
1420
Notes
1421
3.
Suppression of Unauthorized Broadcasting
1422
4.
Suppression of Smuggling of Persons
1423
C.
Military Uses of the High Seas
1425
Testimony of U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon England Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on U.S. Accession to the Law of the Sea Convention
1425
Notes
1427
9.
The Deep Sea-Bed
1429
A.
Views of Developed Versus Developing States Prior to the LOS Convention
1429
B.
The Original 1982 LOS Convention Scheme
1431
C.
The Revised 1994 LOS Convention Scheme
1432
Oxman, The 1994 Agreement and the Convention
1432
Global Ocean Commission, Strengthening Deep Seabed Mining Regulation
1439
Notes
1440
10.
Pacific Settlement of Disputes
1441
Notes
1442
11.
The Law of Ocean Vessels
1446
A.
Nationality of Vessels: The Genuine Link Requirement
1446
B.
Flag State Jurisdiction Over Vessels
1447
United States v. Flores
1448
Notes
1450
C.
Coastal State Jurisdiction Over Vessels
1452
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Articles 27-28
1452
Notes
1454
D.
Port State Jurisdiction Over Vessels
1455
Wildenhus' Case
1455
Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.
1459
Notes
1463
ch. 18
International Environmental Law
1467
1.
Historic Development
1467
A.
Pre-Stockholm Conference
1467
B.
1972 Stockholm Conference and Its Successors
1468
C.
Work of the International Law Commission
1470
D.
Looking Forward
1471
2.
Transborder Environmental Harm
1473
Trail Smelter Arbitration (United States v. Canada)
1474
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
1475
Gabelkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia)
1476
Notes
1478
3.
Preserving Collective Goods
1484
A.
Protecting Against Ozone Depletion
1484
B.
Protecting Against Global Climate Change
1486
Congressional Research Service, Global Climate Change: Major Scientific and Policy Issues
1486
Dernbach & Kakade, Climate Change Law: An Introduction
1490
Notes
1492
C.
Protecting Against Loss of Biological Diversity
1493
D.
Pollution of the Marine Environment
1494
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Articles 194, 211, 217-18, 220
1495
Notes
1499
4.
Trade in Hazardous and Endangered Goods
1502
A.
Key Regimes
1502
1.
Trade in Endangered Species
1502
2.
Trade in Hazardous Wastes
1503
3.
Trade in Genetically Modified Organisms
1504
B.
Balancing Trade and Environment Rules
1505
Index
1509