Environmental law and policy / by James Salzman, Samuel Fox Mordecai professor of law, Nicholas Institute professor of enviromental policy, Duke University; Barton H. Thompson, Jr., Robert E. Paradise professor of natural resources law, Perry L. McCarty director, Woods Institute for Enviroment, Stanford University.
2014
KF3775 .S24 2014 (Map It)
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Title
Environmental law and policy / by James Salzman, Samuel Fox Mordecai professor of law, Nicholas Institute professor of enviromental policy, Duke University; Barton H. Thompson, Jr., Robert E. Paradise professor of natural resources law, Perry L. McCarty director, Woods Institute for Enviroment, Stanford University.
Published
St. Paul, MN : Foundation Press, [2014]
Copyright
©2014
Call Number
KF3775 .S24 2014
Edition
Fourth edition.
ISBN
9781609303051
1609303059
1609303059
Description
xi, 372 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)865494333
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Beinecke Fund
Added Author
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Beinecke Fund
Table of Contents
Preface
v
pt. 1
TOOLS OF THE TRADE
ch. 1
An Introduction to Environmental Law and Policy
3
I.
Why Study Environmental Law?
3
II.
A Short History of Environmental Protection
5
A.
Natural Resources
5
B.
Pollution
11
ch. 2
Perspectives on Environmental Law and Policy
17
I.
Basic Themes of Environmental Law
17
A.
Scientific Uncertainty
17
B.
Market Failures
21
1.
Public Goods
21
2.
The Tragedy of the Commons
22
3.
Collective Action and Free Riders
23
4.
Externalities
24
C.
Mismatched Scales
25
D.
Cognitive Biases
28
E.
Protected Interests
30
II.
Four Analytical Frameworks
31
A.
Environmental Rights
33
B.
Sustainable Development
36
C.
Utilitarianism and Cost-Benefit Analysis
38
D.
Environmental Justice
43
ch. 3
The Practice of Environmental Protection
51
I.
Instrument Choice
51
A.
The Regulatory Toolkit
52
1.
Prescriptive Regulation
54
2.
Property Rights
55
3.
Financial Penalties
58
4.
Financial Payments
59
5.
Persuasion
59
B.
Putting the Toolkit to Work
60
C.
Instrument Design Issues
61
D.
Where to Go from Here?
63
II.
The Administration of Environmental Protection
65
A.
Basics of Administrative Law
66
1.
Rulemaking
68
2.
Adjudication
73
3.
Final Agency Action
73
III.
Constitutional Issues in Environmental Policy
74
A.
Congressional Powers
74
B.
Legislative Delegation
77
C.
Regulatory Takings
79
IV.
How Citizen Groups Shape Environmental Law
84
ch. 4
Enforcement
87
I.
The Challenges of Enforcing the Law
87
II.
The Players
89
III.
The Enforcement Process
92
A.
Detection
92
B.
Civil Enforcement
95
1.
Administrative versus Civil Proceedings
95
2.
Fines and Other Penalties
96
3.
Other Compliance Measures
97
C.
Criminal Enforcement
97
IV.
Citizen Suits
99
A.
Statutory Authorization
99
B.
Standing
101
pt. 2
POLLUTION
ch. 5
The Clean Air Act
111
I.
The Challenges of Regulating Air Pollution
111
A.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
115
1.
State Implementation Plans (SIPs)
118
B.
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and Grandfathered Sources
121
C.
Trading
123
D.
Interstate Pollution
132
E.
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)
133
F.
Hazardous Air Pollutants
134
G.
Mobile Sources and Technology-Forcing
135
H.
The CAA of Tomorrow
137
ch. 6
Global Air Pollution
141
I.
Ozone Depletion
141
A.
The Science of Ozone Depletion
141
B.
International Controls
143
C.
Developing Countries
147
D.
Lessons Learned
148
II.
Climate Change
149
A.
The Science of Climate Change
149
B.
Impacts of Climate Change
155
C.
International Legal Responses
157
D.
Climate Change Policies---No Regrets, Trading, Joint Implementation, and the CDM
159
E.
Beyond Kyoto
163
F.
The Clean Air Act
163
G.
Sub-National Activity
168
ch. 7
Water Pollution
173
I.
An Overview of Water Pollution
174
II.
A Brief History of Water Quality Regulation
176
III.
The Clean Water Act
177
A.
Regulation of Point Sources
179
1.
NPDES Permits
180
2.
Publicly Owned Treatment Works
180
3.
Industrial Point Sources
182
4.
Existing Point Sources
184
5.
New Point Sources
185
6.
Industry-by-Industry Determination
186
7.
Indirect Sources
187
8.
Criticism of the Technological Approach
188
B.
The Non-Regulation of Nonpoint Sources
189
C.
Escaping Regulation as a Point Source of Pollutants
190
1.
What Is a Point Source?
191
2.
When Does a Point Source "Add" "Pollutants"?
192
D.
Water Quality Standards
194
E.
Always Cleaner, Never Dirtier
197
F.
Water Quality Trading
197
G.
Interstate Water Pollution
200
ch. 8
Regulating Toxic Substances
205
I.
The Difficulties of Regulating Toxic Substances
206
A.
Is "Tolerable Risk" an Oxymoron?
206
B.
The Problem of Uncertainty
209
1.
A Paucity of Information
210
2.
The Difficulty of Determining Cancer Risks
212
3.
Regulating Under Uncertainty
214
II.
Major Regulatory Options
215
A.
Pure Health-Based Statutes
216
B.
Feasibility Statutes
218
C.
Risk-Benefit Statutes
220
1.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
220
2.
Toxic Substances Control Act
221
3.
"Paralysis by Analysis"
221
4.
Criticisms
223
D.
Informational Approaches
224
1.
The Toxic Release Inventory
224
2.
California's Proposition 65
225
ch. 9
Waste Management
231
I.
The Resource Conservation Recovery Act
231
A.
What is It?
233
1.
Solid Waste and Strategic Behavior
233
2.
Solid Hazardous Waste and Closing Loopholes
237
B.
Who am I?
239
1.
Generators, Transporters and TSDs
239
2.
The Land Ban and Regulatory Hammers
241
C.
Subtitle D
244
D.
The Challenge of Pollution Prevention
245
II.
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
247
A.
The Cleanup Process
249
1.
Listing and Prioritization of Sites
250
2.
Responses
250
B.
Compensation for Response Actions
252
1.
Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs)
253
2.
Liability Standards
253
C.
Defenses
255
1.
Acts of God, War, or a Third Party
255
2.
Divisibility
256
3.
Small Contributors
258
4.
Municipalities
258
5.
Lenders
258
6.
Innocent Landowners
260
7.
Settlement Strategies
261
D.
Brownfields
261
E.
How Clean Is Clean?
262
F.
Superfund Reform
264
pt. 3
NATURAL RESOURCES
ch. 10
Wetlands, Endangered Species, & the Public Trust
271
I.
The Nation's Diminishing Resources
271
II.
The Public Trust Doctrine
272
III.
Protecting Wetlands
275
A.
Rivers & Harbors Act of 1899
277
B.
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act
277
1.
What Are "Navigable Waters"?
278
2.
What is a "Discharge" of Material?
280
3.
Special Exceptions
282
4.
The Permitting Process
283
5.
General Permits
285
6.
EPA Vetoes
286
7.
Constitutional Takings Challenges
286
C.
Incentive Programs
287
IV.
The Endangered Species Act
287
A.
Listing Species
292
B.
Limits on Federal Agency Actions
295
C.
Private Violations
300
1.
The Prohibition on "Takings"
300
2.
Incidental Take Permits
303
3.
Administrative Reform Efforts
304
4.
Criticisms of Section 9
305
5.
Constitutional Takings Challenges to Section 9
306
D.
Recovery Plans & Other Provisions
308
E.
Does the ESA Work?
309
ch. 11
Energy
311
I.
Today's Energy Concerns
311
II.
Conservation
313
III.
Renewable Energy
317
IV.
Siting New Energy Facilities and Transmission Lines
322
V.
Carbon Capture and Storage
326
pt. 4
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS
ch. 12
The National Environmental Policy Act
333
I.
NEPA Grows Teeth
334
II.
When Must an Agency Prepare an EIS?
336
A.
Major Actions
337
B.
Significantly Affecting the Human Environment
339
C.
Categorical Exclusions
339
III.
Timing
340
IV.
Adequacy of the EIS
342
V.
Limiting the Reach of NEPA
346
VI.
Does It Work?
347
Table of Cases
351
Definitions
355
Index
357