International economic relations : cases, materials, and text on the national and international regulation of transnational economic relations / by John H. Jackson, University Professor, Georgetown University Law Center; William J. Davey, Guy Raymond Jones Chair in law Emeritus, University of Illinois College of Law; Alan O. Sykes, Jr., Robert A. Kindler Professor of Law, New York University School of Law.
2013
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Title
International economic relations : cases, materials, and text on the national and international regulation of transnational economic relations / by John H. Jackson, University Professor, Georgetown University Law Center; William J. Davey, Guy Raymond Jones Chair in law Emeritus, University of Illinois College of Law; Alan O. Sykes, Jr., Robert A. Kindler Professor of Law, New York University School of Law.
Uniform Title
Legal problems of international economic relations
Published
St. Paul, MN : West, [2013]
Call Number
K3943 .J122 2013
Edition
Sixth edition.
Spine Title
Legal problems of international economic relations
ISBN
9780314280268 (cloth)
031428026X (cloth)
031428026X (cloth)
Description
lvii, 1,338 pages ; 26 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)843858181
Note
Previous edition had title: Legal problems of international economic relations.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface to the Sixth Edition
iii
Acknowledgments
vii
Table of Cases
xxxv
Table of WTO Decisions
xxxix
Table of GATT, NAFTA, and CUSFTA Decisions
li
Table of U.S. Administrative Decisions
liii
A Note on Style and Abbreviations
lv
ch. 1
An Introduction to International Economic Relations
1
Section 1.1
Interdependence, Globalization, and the Changing Fundamentals of the Bretton Woods System
1
Section 1.2
Overview, Purpose and Structure of the Book: Regulatory Approach
2
Section 1.3
Growth and Importance of International Trade
5
Section 1.4
Challenges and Policy Tensions of Changing Fundamentals of International Law and Economic Relations
8
ch. 2
An Introduction to the Economics of International Trade
15
Section 2.1
Comparative Advantage and Gains From Trade
15
International Economics 17-21, 27, 33 (5th Ed. 1973) / Charles P. Kindleberger
16
Notes
20
Section 2.2
Interference With Free Trade
22
(A).
Efficiency vs. Distribution
23
(B).
The Efficiency Case for Free Trade and the Consequences of Tariffs and Quotas
24
The International Economy 17-19, 175-77 (1985) / Peter B. Kenen
24
Notes
29
(C).
Common Arguments for Trade Restrictions
30
(1).
Some Popular But Dubious Arguments
31
Comparative Advantage and the Normative Economics of International Trade Policy / Alan O. Sykes
31
(2).
Trade Restrictions to Address Domestic Distortions
33
Current Issues in U.S. Trade Policies: An Overview / Robert M. Stern
33
(3).
The "Optimal Tariff" Argument
34
Current Issues in U.S. Trade Policies: An Overview / Robert M. Stern
35
Notes and Questions
36
(4).
Stategic Trade Policy and Its Extensions
36
Is Free Trade Passe? / Paul R. Krugman
36
Who's Bashing Whom? Trade Conflict in High Technology Industries 10-11, 13 (1992) / Laura D'andrea Tyson
42
Notes and Questions
43
(5).
Distributional Considerations Again
44
Making Globalization Work 7-9 / Joseph E. Stiglitz
44
The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy 55-58, 64 / Dani Rodrik
46
Notes and Questions
49
The Globalization Paradox: More Trade Less Inequality / Robert Z. Lawrence
49
Section 2.3
The Political Economy of Trade Policy
51
(A).
An Early Account: The Conservative Social Welfare Function
51
Trade Policy and Economic Welfare 107-08 (1974) / W.M. Corden
51
Notes and Questions
52
(B).
Public Choice Theory and Its Implications
53
(C).
Elaborating the Public Choice Perspective: Modern Theories of Trade Agreements
54
(1).
The Terms of Trade Theory
54
(2).
The Domestic Political Commitment Theory
56
(3).
Imperfect Competition
56
(4).
Alternative "Political" Theories
57
Notes and Questions
59
Section 2.4
Foreign Policy Goals and International Trade Policy
59
(A).
War and Peace
59
Trade Policy and Foreign Policy / Richard N. Cooper
60
The Genesis of the GATT / Alan O. Sykes
60
(B).
Other Foreign Policy Goals
63
ch. 3
The United States Constitution and Regulation of International Economic Affairs
65
Section 3.1
Introduction to Chapters 3 and 4
65
Law and World Economic Interdependence / Mitsuo Matsushita
66
Constitution of the United States of America
68
Section 3.2
The United States Constitution and International Economic Relations
70
(A).
Introduction
70
(B).
The President's Inherent Foreign Affairs Powers
72
United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.
72
Notes
76
Consumers Union of U.S., Inc. v. Kissinger
80
Notes and Questions
81
Section 3.3
Trade Legislation in the United States: President and Congress Accommodate
82
(A).
Introduction
82
(B).
Congress and Control of International Economic Relations
82
(1).
The Constitution and Delegation of Authority by Congress
83
Note
84
(2).
Constitutional Limitations on Congressional Supervision of Delegated Powers
84
(C).
The President and Delegated International Economic Powers
85
(1).
The President's Emergency Powers
86
(2).
The President's Specific Delegated Powers
86
(3).
Judicial Control of Delegated Authorities
87
(4).
Note: Statutes Governing the Administrative Process as It Relates to International Economic Relations
88
(D).
The United States Trade Acts and the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Program
89
(1).
History of US Tariff Legislation
89
(2).
The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934
90
(3).
The Trade Act of 1974
91
(4).
The 1974 Trade Act and the Fast Track
92
(5).
The Trade Agreements Act of 1979
93
United States Law and Implementation of the Tokyo Round Negotiation / John H. Jackson
93
(6).
The 1988 Trade Act and Fast Track
97
(7).
Fast Track and the Uruguay Round Implementing Legislation
97
(8).
Fast Track after 1995
99
Notes and Questions
100
(E).
The Structure of US Government for Conduct of Foreign Economic Relations
100
Section 3.4
International Agreements and U.S. Law
103
(A).
Introduction---The Relevant Questions
103
(B).
Power to Enter Into International Agreements---Executive Agreements and the President's Power
104
U.S Dept. of State, Foreign Affairs Manual, Volume 11, Political Affairs, Circular No. 175 on the Negotiation and Conclusion of Treaties and Other International Agreements (2006)
107
Notes and Questions
108
(C).
Domestic Legal Effect and Implementation of International Agreements in U.S. Law
110
Status of Treaties in Domestic Legal Systems / John H. Jackson
111
(1).
Self-Executing International Agreements
113
The United States and its Treaties: Observance and Breach / Detlev F. Vagts
115
The Four Doctrines of Self-Executing Treaties / Carlos Manuel Vazquez
115
(2).
An Individual's Right to Invoke International Agreements; Standing
118
(3).
Hierarchy of Norms: Which Rules Take Precedence?
118
(a).
The Treaty Power and Domestic Legal Effect
119
(b).
Executive Agreements and Domestic Legal Effect
120
Section 3.5
The Courts and Foreign Relations
121
(A).
Introduction
121
(B).
Judicial Review and Foreign Affairs
122
Chicago & Southern Air Lines, Inc. v. Waterman S.S. Corp.
122
Notes and Questions
125
(C).
Judicial Review of Administrative Action: The Problem of Standard of Review
127
WTO Dispute Procedures, Standard of Review, and Deference to National Governments / John H. Jackson
127
Note
128
(D).
Federal Court Review of Administrative Trade Actions
129
(1).
The Court of International Trade
129
(2).
Judicial Review in International Trade Cases
130
(3).
Costs of Judicial Review
132
(4).
Scope of International "Judicial" Review
132
Section 3.6
Federal-State Relations and International Economic Regulation
133
(A).
Introduction
133
(B).
Federal Constraints on Federal Powers to Regulate and Make Treaties Concerning International Economic Relations
134
United States Law and Implementation of the Tokyo Round Negotiation / John H. Jackson
134
Notes and Questions
135
(C).
State Regulation and Foreign Commerce
135
(1).
Introduction
135
(2).
Federal Action and Federal Rules that Clash With State Rules
136
Notes and Questions
136
Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council
136
Notes
140
(3).
When the Federal Government Has Not Acted or Almost Not Acted (Dormant Commerce Clause)
147
Tupman Thurlow Company v. Moss
147
Note
149
(D).
Illustrative U.S. Court Cases
150
Question
151
(E).
State Cooperation and Consultation in U.S. International Economic Affairs
151
Note on State Involvement in Trade Negotiations, the Development of Trade Agreement Implementing Legislation, and the Administration of Trade Agreements (January 18, 1994) / Matthew Schaefer
152
Notes and Questions
155
ch. 4
International Economic Regulation in the European Union
157
Section 4.1
Introduction
157
Section 4.2
Introduction to the European Union
158
Section 4.3
The Force of EU Law in the Member States
164
Van Gend & Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie Der Belastingen
164
Amministrazione Delle Finanze Dello Stato v. Simmenthal S.P.A.
166
Notes and Questions
167
Section 4.4
The Union's Power in External Commercial Relations
169
(A).
Scope and Exclusivity of the Common Commercial Policy
169
Opinion 1/94
170
Notes and Questions
177
(B).
Internal Legal Effect of International Agreements Under EU Law
178
Notes and Questions
180
ch. 5
International Law and International Economic Relations
183
Section 5.1
Introduction: What is International Law and Why Do Nations Utilize It?
183
(A).
International Law and International Economic Law
183
(B).
International Law
183
(C).
Basic Theory of International Obligations and Policies Supporting a "Rule Based" System
185
How Nations Behave, Law and Foreign Policy 47 (2nd Ed. 1979) / Louis Henkin
185
Towards a Theory of International Obligations / Oscar Schachter
185
World Trade and the Law of GATT 757, 760, 763 (1969) / John H. Jackson
189
Statement of Gatt Director - General Arthur Dunkel
191
Sovereignty, The WTO, and Changing Fundamentals of International Law 32-33 (2006) / John H. Jackson
191
Section 5.2
Certain Fundamentals of International Law
193
(A).
Sources: Custom or Treaties?
193
The World Trading System 26-27 (2nd Ed. 1997) / John H. Jackson
193
(B).
Customary Norms of International Law: What Are They?
194
American Law Institute, Restatement of the Law (Third), Foreign Relations Law of the United States, [§] 102 Comment B (1987)
194
Principles of Public International Law 8 (7th Ed. 2008) / Ian Brownlie
195
(C).
Treaties
195
Customary International Law and Treaties 57-58 (2nd Ed. 1997) / Mark E. Villiger
195
Sovereignty, The WTO, and Changing Fundamentals of International Law 45 (2006) / John H. Jackson
196
Vienna Convention on the Law Of Treaties
197
Sovereignty, The WTO, and Changing Fundamentals of International Law 183-184 (2006) / John H. Jackson
200
(D).
Sovereignty, Sovereign Equality and the Problem of Voting
201
Principles of Public International Law 289 (7th Ed. 2008) / Ian Brownlie
201
The Mythology of Sovereignty / Louis Henkin
201
Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy / Stephen D. Krasner
202
Sovereignty, The WTO, and Changing Fundamentals of International Law 71-72 (2006) / John H. Jackson
203
Question
204
Sovereign Equality Among States: The History of An Idea / Robert A. Klein
204
Questions
205
International Institutional Law: Unity Within Diversity [§][§] 795-797 (4th Rev. Ed. 2003) / Niels Blokker
205
(E).
Role of Precedent
206
Statute of the International Court of Justice (1945)
206
Principles of Public International Law 21 (7th Ed. 2008) / Ian Brownlie
206
Sovereignty, The WTO, and Changing Fundamentals of International Law 173-175 (2006) / John H. Jackson
207
(F).
State Responsibility
210
The International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries (2002) / James Crawford
210
Transnational Legal Problems: Materials and Text 338 (4th Ed. 1994) / Harold H. Koh
210
International Law: Cases and Materials 742 (3rd Ed. 1971) / William W. Bishop Jr.
211
(G).
The Individual and International Law
211
Principles of Public International Law 584-585 (5th Ed. 1998) / Ian Brownlie
211
North American Free Trade Agreement, Chapter Eleven: Investment
212
(H).
Effectiveness and Sanctions
212
International Institutional Law [§][§] 1451-1517, 1549-1550 (4th Rev. Ed. 2003) / Niels Blokker
212
Note
214
Section 5.3
International Economic Law
214
(A).
Introduction
214
The World Trading System 25-26 (2d Ed. 1997) / John H. Jackson
214
(B).
International Customary Law and Economic Behavior
215
The Principles and Standards of International Economic Law / Georg Schwarzenberger
215
Equality and Discrimination in International Economic Law / Georg Schwarzenberger
217
(C).
Economic Treaties
217
United States Commercial Treaties: Their Role in Foreign Economic Policy / Eric V. Youngquist
218
U.S. Bilateral Investment Treaties: The Second Wave / Kenneth J. Vandevelde
219
Note
220
Section 5.4
The Bretton Woods System and World Economic Relations
220
The Bretton Woods Agreement---25 Years After / Gerald M. Meier
221
Bretton Woods Agreement Act
223
ch. 6
The Legal Structure of the WTO/GATT System
227
Section 6.1
Introduction: The New World Trading System
227
Section 6.2
GATT and Its Troubled History
230
(A).
GATT's Origins and "Birth Defects"
230
(B).
The GATT Legal Structure
233
Protocol of Provisional Application of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
234
Section 6.3
The World Trade Organization
236
(A).
Origins of the New Charter
236
(B).
The Structure of the WTO
239
(C).
Governing Structure
241
(D).
Legal Continuity and Effects
241
(E).
Appraising the New Charter
242
Testimony Before the Senate Finance Committee, March 23, 1994 / John H. Jackson
242
The Sutherland Report (2004)
243
Section 6.4
Decision-Making in GATT and the WTO
244
The Sutherland Report (2004)
248
Section 6.5
Trade Negotiating Rounds
248
(A).
Overview
248
(B).
Tokyo Round (1973-1979)
250
Restructuring the GATT System 26-29 (1990) / John H. Jackson
250
(C).
Uruguay Round (1986-1994)
252
Statement of GATT Director-General Peter Sutherland
252
(D).
Negotiations Under the WTO
253
Section 6.6
Accession and Membership
254
(A).
Introduction and GATT History
254
(B).
Membership and Accession to the WTO
256
(C).
Non-Application
258
(D).
China's Accession to the WTO
259
Section 6.7
Effect of The WTO/GATT Agreements on Domestic Law
261
(A).
The General Agreement in U.S. Law
262
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in United States Domestic Law / John H. Jackson
262
Questions
265
(B).
The General Agreement and State Laws
265
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in United States Domestic Law / John H. Jackson
266
(C).
Implementation of the Uruguay Round
268
Implementation of the Uruguay Round Results in the United States / David W. Leebron
268
Note on U.S. Participation in the WTO
269
ch. 7
Dispute Settlement
271
Section 7.1
Introduction
271
(A).
Introduction
271
(B).
Goals and Methods
271
Dispute Settlement in Gatt / William J. Davey
272
The World Trading System 109-111 (2d Ed. 1997) / John H. Jackson
277
Notes and Questions
280
Section 7.2
Dispute Settlement in The GATT System
283
Section 7.3
The WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding
284
(A).
The DSU Procedures
286
(1).
Consultations
286
(2).
Panel Process
286
(a).
Setting Up the Panel
287
(b).
The Task of Panels
288
(c).
Panel Procedures
289
(d).
Consideration and Adoption of Panel Reports
291
(3).
The Appellate Body
291
(4).
Implementation and Suspension of Concessions
293
(5).
Research and Citation of WTO Reports
294
Notes and Questions
294
(B).
The Operation of the WTO Dispute Settlement System: 1995-2012
295
The WTO Dispute Settlement System: The First Ten Years / William J. Davey
295
Notes and Questions
301
Section 7.4
Critical Issues in WTO Dispute Settlement
302
(A).
GATT Article XXIII and the Concept of Nullification and Impairment
303
(1).
Nullification or Impairment in Violation Cases
304
United States---Taxes on Petroleum and Certain Imported Substances
305
Notes and Questions
307
(2).
Nullification or Impairment in Nonviolation Cases
308
Japan---Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper
308
Notes and Questions
315
(B).
What Measures May Be Challenged?
319
United States---Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews
319
Notes and Questions
321
(C).
Interpretation of WTO Agreements
325
(1).
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
325
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
325
European Communities---Customs Classification of Frozen Boneless Chicken Cuts
326
Notes and Questions
334
(2).
The Role of Precedent
334
United States---Final Anti-Dumping Measures on Stainless Steel from Mexico
335
United States---Final Anti-Dumping Measures on Stainless Steel from Mexico
337
Notes and Questions
338
(3).
Conflicts of Norms
338
Notes and Questions
340
(D).
Balancing Political and Judicial Power: Standards of Review and Techniques of Judicial Restraint
340
(1).
WTO Rules on Standard of Review
341
Notes and Questions
344
(2).
Techniques of Judicial Restraint
347
Has the WTO Dispute Settlement System Exceeded its Authority? / William J. Davey
347
Notes and Questions
354
(E).
Transparency and Participation
355
(1).
Transparency
355
(2).
Participation of Non-members
356
Notes and Questions
357
(3).
Participation of Developing Country Members
357
Notes and Questions
358
(F).
Unilateralism and the DSU
359
(1).
A Short Note on the History of Section 301
359
(2).
Unilateralism and DSU Article 23
362
European Communities---Measures Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels
363
Notes and Questions
370
Section 7.5
Implementation and Retaliation Procedures and Remedies
370
(A).
Ambiguities in DSU Articles 21 and 22
371
Notes and Questions
372
(B).
Setting the Level of Retaliation
373
United States---Subsidies on Upland Cotton
374
Notes and Questions
391
(C).
Improving WTO Remedies
393
Norway---Procurement of Toll Collection Equipment for the City of Trondheim
393
Notes and Questions
395
Remedies in WTO Dispute Settlement (2001 Updated) / William J. Davey
396
Notes and Questions
398
ch. 8
Border Measures I: Tariffs and Customs Rules
399
Section 8.1
Introduction
399
(A).
Regulatory Principles and Import Restraints: The Core of the System
399
(B).
Introduction to Chapters 8 and 9
400
Section 8.2
GATT Tariff Commitments: The Bindings
402
(A).
GATT Tariff Negotiations
402
(1).
The Early Years (1947-1961)
402
(2).
The Kennedy Round (1963-1967)
404
(3).
The Tokyo Round Tariff Negotiations
405
(4).
The Uruguay Round Tariff Negotiations (1986-1994)
406
(5).
Tariff Negotiations in the WTO
407
(6).
Problems of Tariff Negotiations
407
(B).
The Obligation to Limit Tariffs
408
Notes and Questions
410
(C).
Renegotiation of Tariff Bindings
413
Section 8.3
Customs Law
416
(A).
Introduction
416
(B).
Classification
417
(1).
International Rules: The Harmonized System
418
Notes and Questions
418
(2).
Classification Under National Law
419
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2012)(Supp. 1)
422
Conair Corp. v. U.S.
424
Notes and Questions
427
(C).
Valuation
430
(1).
The WTO Agreement on Customs Valuation
431
Thailand---Customs and Fiscal Measures on Cigarettes from the Philippines
432
Notes and Questions
438
(2).
National Valuation Rules
439
Notes and Questions
440
(D).
Rules of Origin
442
(1).
The International Rules on Origin
443
(2).
The Application of National Origin Rules
444
Superior Wire v. United States
444
Notes and Questions
448
ch. 9
Border Measures II: Quotas, Non-Tariff Barriers and Transparency
453
Section 9.1
Introduction
453
Section 9.2
Article XI
453
(A).
The Scope of Article XI
454
Japan---Trade in Semi-Conductors
454
Notes and Questions
459
(B).
Article XI and Export Controls
462
(1).
In General
462
(2).
A Note on Chinese Export Restrictions
463
(3).
A Note on US Export Restrictions
464
Section 9.3
Exceptions to Article XI
464
(A).
Agricultural Products
465
Chile---Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products
467
Notes and Questions
473
(B).
Clothing and Textile Products
474
Section 9.4
State Trading
476
(A).
The Interface Problem
476
(B).
GATT Regulation of State Trading
478
(1).
State Trading Enterprises Defined
478
Illustrative List of Relationships Between Governments and State Trading Enterprises and the Kinds of Activities Engaged in by These Enterprises
478
Notes and Questions
480
(2).
Article XVII
480
Canada---Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of Imported Grain
481
Notes and Questions
485
(3).
Article II:4
487
Notes and Questions
488
Section 9.5
Transparency and Proper Administration
488
(A).
Transparency
488
(1).
In General
488
(2).
WTO Transparency Rules
489
(3).
WTO Transparency Rules in Dispute Settlement
490
(B).
Proper Administration
492
China---Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials
492
Notes and Questions
496
Review Problems for Chapters 8 and 9
499
ch. 10
Nondiscrimination and the Most-Favored-Nation Clause
503
Section 10.1
Introduction
503
(A).
The Policies Underlying the MFN Principle
503
The World Trading System 160-62 (2d Ed. 1997) / John H. Jackson
505
(B).
The History of MFN
507
The Most-Favored-Nation Provision, Executive Branch GATT Studies, No. 9, 133-35 (1973)
507
World Trade and the Law of GATT 250-251 (1969) / John H. Jackson
509
(C).
The Nondiscrimination Obligation in Customary International Law
510
Section 10.2
The Most Favored Nation Obligation in GATT
511
(A).
Introduction
511
(B).
The Scope of the MFN Obligation
512
(1).
The Concept of Like Product for Tariff Purposes
513
Spain---Tariff Treatment of Unroasted Coffee
513
Japan---Tariff on Import of Spruce-Pine-Fir (SPF) Dimension Lumber
514
Notes and Questions
516
Treatment By Germany of Imports of Sardines
518
Notes and Questions
519
(2).
The Breadth of the MFN Obligation
519
Canada---Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry
519
Notes and Questions
525
(C).
GATT and the MFN Exceptions
527
(D).
Problems
528
Section 10.3
The Most Favored Nation Obligation in United States Law
529
(A).
The Trade Act of 1974
529
(B).
U.S. Implementation of the Tokyo and Uruguay Round Agreements and MFN
530
Notes and Questions
531
(C).
The United States and Communist Countries
532
Notes and Questions
533
ch. 11
Free Trade Areas and Customs Unions
535
Section 11.1
Introduction
535
(A).
The Growth of Preferential Trade Arrangements
535
(B).
The Consequences of Preferential Trade Arrangements
536
Is Bilateralism Bad? / Paul R. Krugman
537
Emerging Regional Arrangements: Building Blocks or Stumbling Blocks? / Robert Z. Lawrence
538
Notes and Questions
540
Section 11.2
The Article XXIV Exception
541
(A).
History of Article XXIV
541
World Trade and the Law of GATT 576-78 (1969) / John H. Jackson
541
(B).
The Requirements of Article XXIV
542
Turkey---Restrictions on Imports of Textile and Clothing Products
545
Notes and Questions
553
Section 11.3
Overlapping Obligations in WTO and PTA Law
556
Mexico---Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages
557
Notes and Questions
565
Section 11.4
U.S. Participation in Regional Arrangements
566
(A).
History Prior to NAFTA
566
(B).
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
568
(C).
Recent Developments
571
(D).
Selected Issues in NAFTA Dispute Resolution
572
(1).
Use of the Dispute Resolution Process
572
(2).
Constitutional Concerns
572
(3).
Extraordinary Challenges and the Standard of Review
574
In re Live Swine From Canada
575
Notes and Questions
577
ch. 12
The National Treatment Clause
579
Section 12.1
Introduction
579
Section 12.2
The National Treatment Obligation: The Basic Rule
582
Italian Discrimination Against Imported Agricultural Machinery
582
United States---Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930
586
Notes and Questions
592
Section 12.3
Discriminatory Taxes: Article III:2
593
Japan---Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages
594
Notes and Questions
602
Review Problems
606
Section 12.4
Discriminatory Regulations: Article III:4
607
(A).
Like Products
607
European Communities---Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products
607
Notes and Questions
620
(B).
Less Favorable Treatment
621
Korea---Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef
622
Notes and Questions
626
(C).
Laws, Regulations and Requirements
629
Section 12.5
Government Purchases
629
(A).
The 1994 Agreement on Government Procurement
630
Notes and Questions
632
(B).
Sub-Federal Government Procurement Preferences
633
ch. 13
Article XX: The General Exceptions
635
Section 13.1
Introduction
635
Section 13.2
Article XX(b)---Health Measures
638
European Communities---Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products
638
Notes and Questions
643
Section 13.3
Article XX(d)---Enforcement Measures
648
Korea---Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef
648
Notes and Questions
652
Section 13.4
Article XX(g)---Conservation Measures
653
United States---Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline
653
Notes and Questions
659
Section 13.5
The Chapeau to Article XX
663
United States---Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products
663
Notes and Questions
675
United States---Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products (Recourse to Article 21.5 by Malaysia)
678
Notes and Questions
685
Section 13.6
Should Article XX Be Expanded to Cover Environmental Measures Generally?
686
(A).
Trade and Environment: From Dolphins to Turtles
687
(B).
The Effect of Expanded International Trade on Environmental Quality
688
WTO Secretariat Special Studies No. 4, Trade And Environment 1-7 (1999) / Scott Vaughan
688
(C).
Tensions Between International Trade Rules and Environmental Measures: Is a New Exception Needed?
692
ch. 14
Technical Barriers to Trade: The SPS and TBT Agreements
697
Section 14.1
Introduction
697
Product Standards ror Internationally Integrated Goods Markets 1-9 (1995) / Alan O. Sykes
697
Regulatory Protectionism and the Law of International Trade / Alan O. Sykes
700
Notes and Questions
702
Section 14.2
The SPS Agreement
703
EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)
704
Notes and Questions
715
Section 14.3
The TBT Agreement
721
United States---Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes
721
Notes and Questions
733
United States---Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products
735
Notes and Questions
749
ch. 15
Safeguard Measures (the "Escape Clause") and Adjustment Policies
761
Section 15.1
Introduction
761
(A).
Scope of the Chapter
761
(B).
The Policies of Safeguards
762
(1).
Compensation and Adjustment Costs
762
(2).
Restoring Competitiveness
763
(3).
The Safety Valve Hypothesis
763
(4).
Preventing the Trade Agreement from Unraveling
763
(5).
The Public Choice/Contractarian Perspective
764
Section 15.2
Rules and Procedures for Safeguards Cases
765
(A).
WTO Rules
765
(B).
Safeguard Measures Under U.S. Law
768
Notes and Questions
770
Section 15.3
Critical Issues in Safeguards Cases
771
(A).
Unforeseen Developments
771
United States---Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand and Australia
771
Notes and Questions
775
(B).
Increased Imports
777
Argentina---Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear
777
Notes and Questions
780
(C).
Industry Definition
784
United States---Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand and Australia
784
Notes and Questions
787
(D).
Serious Injury
790
Argentina---Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear
791
Notes and Questions
793
(E).
Causation
794
Argentina---Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear
795
Notes and Questions
798
United States---Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand and Australia
802
Notes and Questions
811
(F).
Remedial Issues
821
United States---Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Wheat Gluten from the European Communities
821
Notes and Questions
823
Section 15.4
Adjustment Assistance
825
U.S. Commission on International Trade and Investment Policy (The Williams Commission), Report 47-49 (1971)
825
Former Employees of Tesco Technologies, LLC v. United States Secretary of Labor
826
Notes and Questions
830
ch. 16
The Regulation of Dumping
831
Section 16.1
Introduction
831
(A).
Responses to Unfair Acts in International Trade
831
(B).
The Interface Theory of Economic Relations
833
(C).
The Problem of Legalization
835
Section 16.2
Antidumping Laws: The Underlying Policy Issues
836
(A).
Introduction
836
(B).
The Policy Debate Over Antidumping Laws
838
International Law / Alan O. Sykes
838
Notes and Questions
840
Section 16.3
United States Antidumping Law
843
(A).
Procedural Aspects of US Antidumping Law
844
Reform of the Administrative Procedures Used in US Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Cases / William J. Davey
844
Notes and Questions
848
(B).
The Substantive Rules: Determinations of Dumping
850
(1).
Calculating the Dumping Margin
851
Large Residential Washers From Mexico
852
Notes and Questions
858
Problems
864
(2).
Nonmarket Economies and Antidumping Rules
864
Notes and Questions
865
(C).
Anticircumvention Measures
866
Section 16.4
The WTO Rules on Dumping
867
(A).
The Evolution of the International Obligations
867
(B).
The WTO Rules on Dumping
869
(C).
The WTO Case Law on Dumping
871
(1).
The Zeroing Controversy
871
United States---Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews
872
Notes and Questions
885
(2).
Nonmarket Economies
886
European Communities---Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China
887
Notes and Questions
894
(3).
The Exclusivity of the Remedy: The 1916 Act and the Byrd Amendment
896
Notes and Questions
899
ch. 17
Injury Analysis in Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Cases
901
Section 17.1
Introduction
901
(A).
WTO Rules: An Overview
901
(B).
U.S. Law
902
Notes and Questions
905
Section 17.2
Industry Definition
905
Certain Orange Juice From Brazil
905
Notes and Questions
911
Section 17.3
Material Injury or Threat By Reason of Unfairly Traded Imports
913
Fresh Cut Roses From Colombia and Ecuador
914
Notes and Questions
920
Certain Orange Juice From Brazil
921
Notes and Questions
929
Inc. v. United States / Gerald Metals
934
Notes and Questions
938
ch. 18
Subsidies and Countervailing Duties
941
Section 18.1
Introduction
941
(A).
International Disciplines on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
941
(B).
Policy Considerations
946
Subsidies in International Trade 5-6 (1984) / Joanna Shelton Erb
946
The Regulation of Subsidies Affecting International Trade / Eugene W. Harper, Jr.
947
Countervailing Duty Law: An Economic Critique / Alan O. Sykes
949
The World Trading System 282 (2d Ed. 1997) / John H. Jackson
950
The Questionable Case for Subsidies Regulation: A Comparative Perspective / Alan O. Sykes
950
Notes and Questions
951
Section 18.2
WTO Rules
952
(A).
"Financial Contribution" and "Benefit"
952
Canada---Measures Affecting The Export of Civilian Aircraft
953
Notes and Questions
956
United States---Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Certain Hot-Rolled Lead and Bismuth Carbon Steel Products Originating in the United Kingdom
958
Notes and Questions
964
United States---Final Countervailing Duty Determination with Respect to Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada (Softwood IV)
967
Notes and Questions
978
(B).
Specificity
980
Oil Country Tubular Goods From Austria
981
Notes and Questions
983
(C).
Prohibited (Export and Import Substitution) Subsidies
986
United States---Tax Treatment for "Foreign Sales Corporations"
986
Notes and Questions
995
European Communities and Certain Member States---Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft
999
Notes and Questions
1005
(D).
A Note on Agricultural Subsidies
1006
(E).
Actionable Subsidies and "Serious Prejudice"
1007
European Communities and Certain Member States---Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft
1007
Notes and Questions
1025
Section 18.3
United States Countervailing Duty Law
1026
British Steel Corp. v. United States
1029
Notes and Questions
1031
ch. 19
International Trade in Services
1035
Section 19.1
Introduction
1035
Trade in Professional Services: An Overview / Geza Feketekuty
1036
Economic Perspective on Trade in Professional Services / Jagdish Bhagwati
1037
U.S. National Study on Trade in Services, A Submission By the United States Government to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 37-39 (1982)
1041
Notes and Questions
1045
Section 19.2
Structure and Documents of the GATS System for Services
1046
(A).
Key GATS Documents
1046
(B).
An Overview of the GATS Structure
1048
The General Agreement on Trade in Services / Bernard Hoekman
1049
Notes and Questions
1058
Disciplines on Domestic Regulation in the Accountancy Sector
1059
Note on Accounting and Legal Services
1063
Note About Services in NAFTA
1064
In The Matter of Cross-Border Trucking Services
1064
Notes and Questions Regarding Trucking Case
1066
Section 19.3
WTO Case Law on Services
1067
Canada---Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry
1067
European Communities---Regime for the Importation, Saleand Distribution of Bananas
1070
Notes and Questions
1072
Canada---Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals
1073
Notes and Questions
1078
Note on Mexico---Measures Affecting Telecommunication Services, WT/DS204/R, Panel Report, adopted June 1, 2004
1078
Section 19.4
U.S. Gambling
1079
United States---Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services
1081
Note Regarding Post Appellate Procedures in the Gambling Case
1099
Additional Contextual Note on the Gambling Case
1100
Further Notes and Questions
1101
ch. 20
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
1105
Section 20.1
Introduction
1105
(A).
Intellectual Property Rights and Policies
1105
(B).
The International Dimension
1109
Section 20.2
TRIPS and WTO Developments
1111
(A).
History
1111
(B).
The Uruguay Round Negotiations
1113
(C).
Overview of the TRIPS Agreement
1115
GATT Focus Newsletter
1116
(D).
Cases Arising Under the TRIPS Agreement
1119
Canada---Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products
1120
Notes and Questions
1144
United States---Section 110(5) of the US Copyright Act
1145
Notes and Questions
1148
(E).
The Trips Agreement and Public Health: Access to Essential Medicines
1150
Notes and Questions
1153
Section 20.3
Infringing Imports
1154
(A).
The Gray Market Problem
1154
K-Mart Corp. v. Cartier, Inc
1154
Notes and Questions
1163
(B).
Infringing Imports: The Administrative Remedy
1163
Certain Battery-Powered Ride-On Toy Vehicles and Components Thereof
1165
Certain Plastic Encapsulated Integrated Circuits
1170
Notes and Questions
1173
ch. 21
Linkages Between International Trade Policy and Human Rights, Labor Standards and National Security
1175
Section 21.1
Introduction
1175
(A).
Overview
1175
(B).
Historical Use of Economic Sanctions
1176
Notes and Questions
1178
Section 21.2
Human Rights and International Trade Policy: Tension of Conflicting Goals
1178
(A).
International Human Rights Defined
1178
Notes and Questions
1180
(B).
Linking Trade and Human Rights: The Jackson-Vanik Amendment
1181
Notes and Questions
1183
Section 21.3
Labor Standards and International Trade Policy
1185
(A).
Labor Standards and the WTO
1185
Notes and Questions
1186
(B).
Labor Standards and the US GSP Scheme
1189
Generalized System of Preferences Subcommittee of the Trade Policy Staff Committee, 1992 GSP Annual Review---Worker Rights Review Summary---Indonesia (Case 007-Cp-92, July 1993)
1189
Notes and Questions
1197
Section 21.4
Trade Controls for National Security and Political Purposes
1199
(A).
Introduction
1199
(B).
The GATT Exception for National Security Trade Controls
1199
Notes and Questions
1202
(C).
The Use of Economic Sanctions for Political Purposes Under International Law
1203
Notes and Questions
1204
(D).
U.S. National Security and Foreign Policy Controls
1204
(1).
National Security Controls Under Section 232
1204
(2).
Trade and Other Controls Under IEEPA
1205
(3).
Foreign Use of Trade Controls: U.S. Antiboycott Rules
1205
ch. 22
Monetary Affairs and Trade Policy
1207
Section 22.1
Introduction
1207
(A).
The Role of Foreign Exchange in Trade
1207
(B).
Exchange Rate Determination
1208
(C).
The Balance of Payments Account and the "Deficit"
1210
(D).
Exchange Rate Fluctuation, Misalignment ANd The Effects on Trade
1211
Notes and Questions
1213
Section 22.2
The Trade/Exchange Rate Relationship Under International Law
1213
(A).
IMF Surveillance
1214
(B).
Trade Measures as a Response to "Manipulation"
1215
Notes and Questions
1216
Section 22.3
Trade Measures for Balance of Payments Reasons
1217
(A).
GATT and Trade Restrictions for Balance of Payments Reasons
1218
(1).
Legal Background: The Original GATT Agreement
1218
(2).
The Use of Payments Measures Under GATT: Policy and Practice
1219
Import Quotas, the Balance of Payments and the GATT / Isaiah Frank
1219
India---Quantitative Restrictions on Imports of Agricultural, Textile and Industrial Products
1222
Notes and Questions
1226
(3).
Tariff Surcharges and the Uruguay Round Agreement
1227
(B).
GATT Obligations Relating to Currency Par Values and Exchange Controls
1228
ch. 23
Trade and Investment
1231
Section 23.1
Introduction
1231
Section 23.2
WTO and TRIMs
1233
Indonesia---Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry
1234
Notes and Questions
1242
Section 23.3
Investor Rights Under NAFTA
1243
Azinian v. United Mexican States
1243
Notes and Questions
1250
Metalclad Corp. v. United Mexican States
1251
Notes and Questions
1262
In re Arbitration between International Thunderbird Gaming Corporation v. United Mexican States
1264
Notes and Questions
1266
ch. 24
Developing Countries and the WTO System
1269
Section 24.1
Introduction
1269
The Uruguay Round and Beyond: The Final Report From the Ford Foundation Supported Project on Developing Countries and the Global Trading System (Coordinated by John Whalley, 1989)
1270
Section 24.2
The Evolution of WTO/GATT Rules for Developing Countries
1274
(A).
GATT Article XVIII
1275
(B).
Part IV of GATT
1276
(C).
The Tokyo Round and the Enabling Clause
1277
GATT Contracting Parties, Decision of November 28, 1979 on Differential and More Favorable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries
1277
1982 Report by The Secretary-General of Unctad, Assessment of the Results of the Multilateral Trade Negotiations
1279
Notes and Questions
1280
(D).
The Uruguay Round and Rules Providing Special and Differential Treatment
1281
(E).
Developing Countries in the WTO: The Doha Development Agenda
1282
(1).
In General
1282
(2).
The Doha Development Agenda
1283
Section 24.3
The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
1284
(A).
History
1284
Notes and Questions
1285
(B).
The U.S. GSP Scheme
1286
(1).
Criteria for Inclusion of Countries
1286
(2).
Criteria for Product Coverage
1287
(3).
Criteria for Excluding Products from Coverage
1287
(4).
Criteria for Excluding or Graduating Countries
1288
Notes and Questions
1288
(C).
WTO Case Law
1289
European Communities---Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries
1289
Notes and Questions
1297
Section 24.4
The New International Economic Order and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States
1298
ch. 25
Perspectives and Conclusions: A Challenging Future
1301
Section 25.1
Introduction
1301
Section 25.2
Legal Rules or Government Discretion? Which is Best?
1302
(A).
Introduction
1302
(B).
The United States and Legal Procedures: Costs and Benefits Appraised
1302
Perspectives on the Jurisprudence of International Trade: Costs and Benefits Of Legal Procedures in the United States / John H. Jackson
1302
Section 25.3
The WTO's "Constitution" and Its Weaknesses
1309
The WTO "Constitution" and Proposed Reforms: Seven "Mantras" Revisited / John H. Jackson
1309
Section 25.4
Reflections on the Future of the Trading System
1316
The Future of International Economic Law / William J. Davey
1316
Sovereignty, The WTO, and Changing Fundamentals of International Law 261-262, 264-265 (2006) / John H. Jackson
1319
Index
1323