The law of adaptation to climate change : U.S. and international aspects / Michael B. Gerrard, Katrina Fischer Kuh, editors.
2012
K3585.5 .L39 2012 (Map It)
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Title
The law of adaptation to climate change : U.S. and international aspects / Michael B. Gerrard, Katrina Fischer Kuh, editors.
Published
Chicago : American Bar Association, Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources, [2012]
Copyright
©2012
Call Number
K3585.5 .L39 2012
ISBN
9781614386964 (pbk.)
161438696X (pbk.)
161438696X (pbk.)
Description
xlii, 888 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)801996993
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Portion of Title
United States and international aspects
Added Author
Added Corporate Author
Table of Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments
xxi
About the Editors
xxiii
About the Authors
xxv
List of Abbreviations
xxxv
Part I Introduction
ch. 1
Introduction and Overview
3
Introduction / Michael B. Gerrard
3
Projections of Future Climatic Conditions / Michael B. Gerrard
4
Temperature / Michael B. Gerrard
5
Sea Level / Michael B. Gerrard
5
Droughts / Michael B. Gerrard
6
Extreme Precipitation / Michael B. Gerrard
6
Heat Waves and Wildfires / Michael B. Gerrard
6
Anticipated Impacts of Projected Climatic Conditions / Michael B. Gerrard
6
Water Supplies / Michael B. Gerrard
6
Food Supply / Michael B. Gerrard
7
Human Health / Michael B. Gerrard
7
Coastal Conditions / Michael B. Gerrard
8
Infrastructure / Michael B. Gerrard
8
Ecosystems / Michael B. Gerrard
8
Economic Losses / Michael B. Gerrard
8
Ways to Respond to Anticipated Climate Conditions / Michael B. Gerrard
9
Typologies of Responses / Michael B. Gerrard
9
Evaluating Possible Responses / Michael B. Gerrard
9
Unique Challenges in Responding to Climate Change / Michael B. Gerrard
10
The Legal Response and the Plan of This Book / Michael B. Gerrard
11
Conclusion / Michael B. Gerrard
15
ch. 2
Adaptive Management / Michael B. Gerrard
19
The Fixed Nature of Environmental Law / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
20
Substantive Standards / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
20
Procedures / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
21
Institutions / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
21
Climate Change and Flexibility / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
23
Information Needs / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
25
Agency Demands / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
25
Information Acquisition and Bridging / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
27
Information Dissemination / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
28
Finding Flexibility: The Potential of Adaptive Management / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
29
The Theory of Adaptive Management / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
30
Adaptive Management Variations / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
31
The Limitations of Adaptive Management / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
33
The Policy of Adaptive Management / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
33
Adaptive Management in Practice / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
33
Law versus Management / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
35
International Law Challenges / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
42
Conclusion / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
43
Part II U.S. Aspects / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
ch. 3
Managing Water Supplies / Jillian R. Rountree Robert L. Fischman
51
Introduction / Robert W. Adler
51
Effect of Climate Change on Water Supplies / Robert W. Adler
52
Effects on U.S. Water Supply Quantity / Robert W. Adler
52
Effects on U.S. Water Supply Quality / Robert W. Adler
53
Effects on U.S. Water Supply Systems / Robert W. Adler
54
Adaptation through Water Law, Policy, and Institutions / Robert W. Adler
54
Legal Allocation of Water Supplies / Robert W. Adler
56
Groundwater Allocation / Robert W. Adler
59
Institutional Responses to Changing Water Supply / Robert W. Adler
66
Physical Enhancement and Reallocation of Water Supplies / Robert W. Adler
71
Relationship to Water Quality and Environmental Management / Robert W. Adler
76
Conclusion / Robert W. Adler
78
ch. 4
Managing Demand for Water / Robert W. Adler
95
Introduction / Noah D. Hall Benjamin Houston
95
Climate Change and Managing Demand through Efficiency and Conservation / Noah D. Hall Benjamin Houston
96
Thermoelectric Power Generation / Noah D. Hall Benjamin Houston
96
Agriculture / Benjamin Houston Noah D. Hall
98
Nonagricultural Irrigation, and Commercial and Residential Uses / Benjamin Houston Noah D. Hall
99
Water Demand Challenges and Water Conservation Opportunities / Benjamin Houston Noah D. Hall
101
Leakage in Municipal Water Distribution Systems / Noah D. Hall Benjamin Houston
101
Shale Gas Extraction / Noah D. Hall Benjamin Houston
104
Ethanol and Biofuel Production / Noah D. Hall Benjamin Houston
106
Water Reuse and Storage / Benjamin Houston Noah D. Hall
108
Disappearing Snowpack: Coping with Snow Shortages in the West / Benjamin Houston Noah D. Hall
109
Policy and Legal Tools / Noah D. Hall Benjamin Houston
111
The Common Law: Riparianism and Prior Appropriation / Noah D. Hall Benjamin Houston
111
Economic Incentives and Water Marketing / Benjamin Houston Noah D. Hall
114
Urban Planning and Climate Change / Noah D. Hall Benjamin Houston
117
Additional Recommendations and Adaptation Tools / Benjamin Houston Noah D. Hall
119
Unifying Groundwater Law / Noah D. Hall Benjamin Houston
119
Conclusion / Noah D. Hall Benjamin Houston
122
ch. 5
Energy System Impacts / Noah D. Hall Benjamin Houston
133
The Effect of Climate Change on Energy Demand / Robin Kundis Craig
133
Climate Change's Direct Effects on Energy Demand / Robin Kundis Craig
134
Effects on Energy Demand as a Result of Adaptation Efforts in Other Sectors / Robin Kundis Craig
138
Adaptation Implications for Energy Demand: Conservation and Restructured Electricity / Robin Kundis Craig
140
The Effect of Climate Change on Energy Supply and Energy Infrastructure / Robin Kundis Craig
142
Mitigation Policy and the Use of Fossil Fuels / Robin Kundis Craig
143
Increasing Temperatures and Energy Production / Robin Kundis Craig
143
Thermoelectric Power Plants and the Problem of Cooling Water / Robin Kundis Craig
145
Hydroelectricity Production and the Problem of Water Flows / Robin Kundis Craig
149
Extreme Weather Events and Energy Supply / Robin Kundis Craig
151
Energy Facilities and Sea-Level Rise / Robin Kundis Craig
154
Climate Change Effects on Alternative Energy Supplies / Robin Kundis Craig
155
Adaptation Implications from Climate Change's Impacts on Energy Production / Robin Kundis Craig
157
The Need to Link Energy Policy and Water Policy in Adapting to Climate Change / Robin Kundis Craig
159
ch. 6
Infrastructure / Robin Kundis Craig
173
Introduction / Gregory E. Wannier
173
Background / Gregory E. Wannier
173
Roads and Rail / Gregory E. Wannier
176
Impacts to Infrastructure / Gregory E. Wannier
176
Policy Options / Gregory E. Wannier
176
Legal Programs / Gregory E. Wannier
177
Storm Water Systems and Other Flood Controls / Gregory E. Wannier
185
Impacts to Infrastructure / Gregory E. Wannier
185
Policy Options / Gregory E. Wannier
186
Legal Programs / Gregory E. Wannier
186
Airports and Seaports / Gregory E. Wannier
193
Impacts to Infrastructure / Gregory E. Wannier
193
Policy Recommendations / Gregory E. Wannier
194
Legal Programs / Gregory E. Wannier
194
Wastewater and Solid and Hazardous Waste Facilities / Gregory E. Wannier
196
Impacts to Infrastructure / Gregory E. Wannier
196
Policy Recommendations / Gregory E. Wannier
197
Legal Programs / Gregory E. Wannier
197
Conclusion / Gregory E. Wannier
199
ch. 7
Buildings / Gregory E. Wannier
209
Introduction / J. Cullen Howe
209
Land Use Techniques to Address Peak Energy Demand and Sea-Level Rise / J. Cullen Howe
210
Using Building Energy Codes to Reduce Peak Energy Demand / J. Cullen Howe
210
Instituting Zoning Controls to Address Sea-Level Rise / J. Cullen Howe
213
Onsite Water and Storm Water Management / J. Cullen Howe
215
Increasing Water Efficiency in Buildings / J. Cullen Howe
215
Onsite Wastewater and Storm Water Management / J. Cullen Howe
217
Ventilation and Cooling of Buildings / J. Cullen Howe
219
Reducing the Heat Island Effect / J. Cullen Howe
219
Passive Cooling Techniques / J. Cullen Howe
220
Design and Construction to Foster Climate Resilience / J. Cullen Howe
221
Mitigating Severe Wind and Rain Damage / J. Cullen Howe
222
Mitigating Flood Damage / J. Cullen Howe
223
Challenges and Opportunities Posed by Older and Historic Buildings / J. Cullen Howe
224
Advantages of Historic Buildings / J. Cullen Howe
224
Historic Buildings and Energy Codes / J. Cullen Howe
224
Architects' and Engineers' Liability for Failure to Address Future Climate Conditions / J. Cullen Howe
225
Applicable Ethical and Professional Standards of Care / J. Cullen Howe
225
Case Law Concerning Liability of Architects/Engineers / J. Cullen Howe
226
Conclusion / J. Cullen Howe
228
ch. 8
Protecting the Coast / J. Cullen Howe
235
Overview / Robert R.M. Verchick Joel D. Scheraga
235
Guiding Principles / Robert R.M. Verchick Joel D. Scheraga
237
Taxonomy of Adaptation Strategies / Robert R.M. Verchick Joel D. Scheraga
239
Resistance: It's Not Always Futile / Robert R.M. Verchick Joel D. Scheraga
240
Hard Armoring (Artificial Infrastructure) / Robert R.M. Verchick Joel D. Scheraga
240
Soft Armoring (Natural Infrastructure) / Robert R.M. Verchick Joel D. Scheraga
250
Adjustment / Robert R.M. Verchick Joel D. Scheraga
256
An Overview / Robert R.M. Verchick Joel D. Scheraga
256
An Example: Saltwater Intrusion / Robert R.M. Verchick Joel D. Scheraga
256
Conclusion / Robert R.M. Verchick Joel D. Scheraga
258
ch. 9
Coastal Retreat Measures / Robert R.M. Verchick Joel D. Scheraga
267
Statement of the Problem / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
267
Introduction to Retreat / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
268
Defining Retreat / Jessica Grannis J. Peter Byrne
268
Considerations and Barriers to Implementing Retreat / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
270
Legal Techniques for Retreat / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
270
Planning / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
271
Regulation / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
272
Capital Investments / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
281
Market-Based and Tax Incentives / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
286
Federal Role / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
289
Coastal Zone Management Act / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
289
National Flood Insurance Program / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
291
Coastal Barrier Resources Act / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
292
Federal Highways / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
293
Financing of Retreat / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
293
Federal Programs / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
293
State and Local Funding Mechanisms / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
294
Liability Issues / J. Peter Byrne, Jessica Grannis
295
Conclusion / Jessica Grannis J. Peter Byrne
296
ch. 10
Species and Ecosystem Impacts / Jessica Grannis J. Peter Byrne
307
Introduction / Patrick Parenteau
307
Ecosystems and Species at Risk / Patrick Parenteau
307
The Arctic / Patrick Parenteau
308
Oceans and Coastal Ecosystems / Patrick Parenteau
309
High-Elevation Ecosystems / Patrick Parenteau
310
Dryland Ecosystems / Patrick Parenteau
312
Coldwater Fisheries / Patrick Parenteau
313
Concepts of Ecosystem Adaptation and Sustainability / Patrick Parenteau
314
Resilience / Patrick Parenteau
314
Restoration / Patrick Parenteau
315
Connectivity / Patrick Parenteau
316
Assisted Migration and Colonization / Patrick Parenteau
317
Adaptive Management / Patrick Parenteau
318
Federal Law / Patrick Parenteau
319
The Endangered Species Act / Patrick Parenteau
319
The Marine Mammal Protection Act / Patrick Parenteau
331
The Clean Water Act and Ocean Acidification / Patrick Parenteau
332
State Wildlife Action Plans / Patrick Parenteau
333
Invasive Species / Patrick Parenteau
334
Water Resources and the Public Trust Doctrine / Patrick Parenteau
336
Conclusion / Patrick Parenteau
337
ch. 11
Agriculture and Forestry / Patrick Parenteau
351
Agriculture and Forest Resources in the United States / Debra L. Donahue
351
Climate Change Impacts / Debra L. Donahue
352
Agriculture / Debra L. Donahue
352
Forests / Debra L. Donahue
353
Common Impacts and Considerations / Debra L. Donahue
354
A Common Framework for Adaptation in Agriculture and Forestry / Debra L. Donahue
354
Fundamental Ecological Concepts / Debra L. Donahue
355
Planning for Adaptation in Agriculture and Forestry / Debra L. Donahue
356
Adaptation Measures and Institutional Resources Applicable to Agriculture and Forestry / Debra L. Donahue
358
Information, Research, and Technical Assistance / Debra L. Donahue
358
Economic Incentives / Debra L. Donahue
360
Land Use Controls and Environmental Regulation / Debra L. Donahue
370
Adaptation Considerations Specific to Agriculture / Debra L. Donahue
373
Conventional versus Ecologically Based Agriculture / Debra L. Donahue
373
Agricultural Practices / Debra L. Donahue
374
Farm Safety Net / Debra L. Donahue
377
Regulation / Debra L. Donahue
381
Adaptation Considerations Specific to Forestry / Debra L. Donahue
383
Conserving Forestlands / Debra L. Donahue
383
Regulation and Land Use Planning / Debra L. Donahue
385
Fire: Agent of Natural Disturbance and Unnatural Destruction / Debra L. Donahue
388
Maladaptive Actions and Programs / Debra L. Donahue
394
Farm Bill Programs / Debra L. Donahue
394
Biofuel Subsidies: Corn Ethanol / Debra L. Donahue
394
"Healthy Forest" Policies / Debra L. Donahue
395
Subsidies for Development in WUI / Debra L. Donahue
397
Public Land Livestock Grazing / Debra L. Donahue
398
Conclusion / Debra L. Donahue
399
ch. 12
Governance of Public Lands, Public Agencies, and Natural Resources / Debra L. Donahue
441
Introduction / Robert L. Glicksman
441
The Effects of Climate Change on Public Lands and Resources / Robert L. Glicksman
442
Changes in the Hydrological Cycle / Robert L. Glicksman
442
Rising Sea Levels / Robert L. Glicksman
443
Effects on Plant Life and Ecosystems / Robert L. Glicksman
443
Effects on Wildlife / Robert L. Glicksman
444
Recreational and Cultural Effects / Robert L. Glicksman
445
The Need for Federal Adaptation Planning / Robert L. Glicksman
446
The Adaptation Policy Vacuum / Robert L. Glicksman
446
The Initiation of a Coordinated Federal Adaptation Framework / Robert L. Glicksman
447
Adaptation Initiatives and Federal Lands / Robert L. Glicksman
449
Cross-Cutting Statutory Authority / Robert L. Glicksman
449
Agency-Specific Authority and Programs / Robert L. Glicksman
452
The Future of Adaptation and Natural Resource Management / Robert L. Glicksman
465
Institutional Challenges to Effective Adaptation / Robert L. Glicksman
465
Geographic and Jurisdictional Challenges to Effective Adaptation / Robert L. Glicksman
466
Conclusion / Robert L. Glicksman
468
ch. 13
Domestic Disaster Preparedness and Response / Robert L. Glicksman
481
Disaster Preparedness and Response in Light of Climate Change / Victor B. Flatt
481
Federal Laws of Disaster Preparedness and Response / Victor B. Flatt
482
Background and History / Victor B. Flatt
482
Current Federal Framework / Victor B. Flatt
483
Proposals for Change / Victor B. Flatt
490
Long-Term Recovery / Victor B. Flatt
491
State and Local Laws in Disaster Preparedness and Recovery / Victor B. Flatt
492
Laws Governing Specific Aspects of Disaster Preparedness and Response / Victor B. Flatt
494
Warning and Evacuation Systems / Victor B. Flatt
494
Maintenance and Restoration of Communication Systems / Victor B. Flatt
494
Particular Assistance to Vulnerable Populations / Victor B. Flatt
495
The Role of Volunteers-Volunteer Liability / Victor B. Flatt
495
Medical Treatment / Victor B. Flatt
496
Provision for Public Health and Services in Nonfunctioning Post-Disaster Systems / Victor B. Flatt
497
Model State Emergency Health Powers Act / Victor B. Flatt
498
Military Assistance / Victor B. Flatt
499
Assistance with Restoration and Reconstruction of Private Infrastructure and Markets / Victor B. Flatt
499
Role of Local Planning, and Relation to State and Federal Laws / Victor B. Flatt
500
Conclusion / Victor B. Flatt
500
ch. 14
Insurance / Victor B. Flatt
511
Introduction to the Insurance Industry / Sean B. Hecht
511
The Insurance Industry's Influence and Role in Risk Management / Sean B. Hecht
511
Insurability / Sean B. Hecht
512
Climate Change, Catastrophe, and Insurance / Sean B. Hecht
513
Insurance and Catastrophes / Sean B. Hecht
513
Climate Change and Insurability / Sean B. Hecht
514
Insurance's Relationship to Climate Resilience / Sean B. Hecht
515
Insurance, Loss Prevention, and Climate Resilience / Sean B. Hecht
515
Insurance, Land Use Planning, and Climate Resilience / Sean B. Hecht
517
Insurance and Resource Sustainability Infrastructure / Sean B. Hecht
519
The Potential Interaction between Specific Insurance Lines and Climate Change Adaptation / Sean B. Hecht
520
Private Insurance / Sean B. Hecht
520
State-Managed Residual Insurance / Sean B. Hecht
526
Federally Underwritten Insurance / Sean B. Hecht
527
Conclusion / Sean B. Hecht
534
ch. 15
Impact Review, Disclosure, and Planning / Sean B. Hecht
543
Introduction / Katrina Fischer Kuh
543
The Legal Authority for Adaptation Review / Katrina Fischer Kuh
544
The National Environmental Policy Act / Katrina Fischer Kuh
544
State Environmental Review / Katrina Fischer Kuh
548
Guidance / Katrina Fischer Kuh
550
Managing Uncertainty, Temporal and Geographic Considerations, and Other Implementation Approaches / Katrina Fischer Kuh
552
Managing Uncertainty / Katrina Fischer Kuh
552
Temporal and Geographic Considerations / Katrina Fischer Kuh
554
Review of Specific Strategies Employed in Select Environmental Review Documents / Katrina Fischer Kuh
555
Private Disclosure / Katrina Fischer Kuh
556
Adaptation Disclosure under Securities Laws / Katrina Fischer Kuh
556
Shareholder Proposals, Voluntary Disclosure Programs, and Adaptation Due Diligence / Katrina Fischer Kuh
558
Conclusion / Katrina Fischer Kuh
559
ch. 16
State and Local Adaptation / Katrina Fischer Kuh
569
Adaptation and Federalism / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
569
Challenges to Federal-State Cooperation / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
570
Opportunities for State-Federal Cooperation / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
571
Beyond Federalism: Horizontal Coordination / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
573
State Adaptation Planning / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
574
State Adaptation Plan Components / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
574
Plan Origins and Authorities / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
576
Plan Recommendations for New Authorities / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
579
Single-Sector Adaptation Plans / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
579
State Efforts to Assist Local Governments / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
581
Mainstreaming State Adaptation / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
583
Local Adaptation Planning / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
585
Mainstreaming at the Local Level / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
586
Coordination Required / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
588
Programs That Support Local Government Adaptation Planning / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
588
Additional Adaptation Resources for States and Localities / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
590
Conclusion / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
593
Part III International Aspects / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
ch. 17
The International Legal Framework for Adaptation / Vicki Arroyo Terri Cruce
603
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change / David Freestone
604
The Evolution of the UNFCCC Regime on Adaptation / David Freestone
604
The UN Framework Convention Text / David Freestone
604
The Kyoto Protocol / David Freestone
606
Marrakesh and COP Decision 5/CP.7 / David Freestone
607
Guidelines for the Preparation of NAPAs and the Establishment of the LDC Expert Group / David Freestone
607
Buenos Aires Programme of Work on Adaptation and Response Measures (Buenos Aires Programme) / David Freestone
608
Nairobi Work Programme on Impacts, Vulnerability, and Adaptation to Climate Change (Nairobi Work Programme) / David Freestone
608
Bali Action Plan / David Freestone
608
Copenhagen / David Freestone
609
The Cancun Adaptation Framework / David Freestone
610
Implementation of Adaptation: A Survey of International Organization Programs / David Freestone
611
FAO and Adaptive Forest Management / David Freestone
611
UNEP Adaptation Knowledge Platform / David Freestone
612
The GEF and National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) / David Freestone
612
World Bank and the Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Study (EACC) / David Freestone
613
The EU and Adaptation / David Freestone
615
Conclusion / David Freestone
616
ch. 18
Financing of Adaptation Measures / David Freestone
623
Introduction / Deepa Badrinarayana
623
International Agreements and Resolutions on Adaptation Funding / Deepa Badrinarayana
625
The Framework of Obligations on Adaptation Funding / Deepa Badrinarayana
625
Establishment of Funds and Specific Financial Mechanisms for Adaptation / Deepa Badrinarayana
627
Adaptation Finance Framework Post-Kyoto in COP15, COP16, and COP17: The Green Climate Fund / Deepa Badrinarayana
630
Other Sources of Funding / Deepa Badrinarayana
634
Multilateral Development Bank Funding / Deepa Badrinarayana
634
Bilateral and Multilateral Initiatives of Governments to Assist National Programs / Deepa Badrinarayana
636
The Role of UN Organizations and Agencies in Adaptation Funding / Deepa Badrinarayana
637
Special Types of Funding: Insurance and Weather Derivatives and General Disaster Response Funding / Deepa Badrinarayana
637
Challenges to Adaptation Funding / Deepa Badrinarayana
639
Basis for Calculating Financial Estimates for Adaptation / Deepa Badrinarayana
639
Basis for Allocating Funds and Access to Funds / Deepa Badrinarayana
640
Diversion of Funds / Deepa Badrinarayana
641
Generation and Disbursement of Committed Funds / Deepa Badrinarayana
642
Administration of Funds: Transparency and Accounting Concerns / Deepa Badrinarayana
644
Conclusion / Deepa Badrinarayana
646
ch. 19
Global Health and Disaster Preparedness / Deepa Badrinarayana
659
The Human Impact: Disaster Preparedness and Global Health as Priorities for Adaptation / Lindsay F. Wiley
659
International Legal Frameworks / Lindsay F. Wiley
661
Disaster Management / Lindsay F. Wiley
661
Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response / Lindsay F. Wiley
667
Routine Public Health Needs / Lindsay F. Wiley
671
Domestic Legal Frameworks / Lindsay F. Wiley
674
Disaster Preparedness and Response / Lindsay F. Wiley
675
Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Routine Public Health Needs / Lindsay F. Wiley
678
Conclusion: Challenges and Opportunities / Lindsay F. Wiley
679
ch. 20
Population Displacement, Relocation, and Migration / Lindsay F. Wiley
693
Introduction / Michelle Leighton
693
Areas Where Populations Are Most Vulnerable / Michelle Leighton
694
Government Recognition and Response to Migration in Adaptation / Michelle Leighton
696
Migration as a Failure of Adaptation or an Adaptive Strategy / Michelle Leighton
697
Treatment of Migration in NAPAs and Preventative Measures / Michelle Leighton
698
Internally Displaced Persons / Michelle Leighton
698
Government Resettlement of Affected Populations / Michelle Leighton
701
Moving across Borders in Search of Alternative Livelihoods / Michelle Leighton
704
Slow-Onset and Drought-Related Disaster Migrants / Michelle Leighton
704
Rapid-Onset Disaster Migrants / Michelle Leighton
707
Sea-Level Rise and Migrants / Michelle Leighton
709
Liberalizing Immigration to Protect Climate Change Related Migrants / Michelle Leighton
710
Modifying Labor Agreements to Promote Development and Adaptation / Michelle Leighton
710
New Status of Protection / Michelle Leighton
712
Finding Alternative Homelands and the Issue of Statehood / Michelle Leighton
713
Conclusion / Michelle Leighton
718
ch. 21
Maritime Jurisdiction in a Changing Climate / Michelle Leighton
731
Background: Sources of the Law of the Sea / Kate Purcell
735
Geographical Change in the Law of the Sea: Conceptualizing the Threat of Climate Change / Kate Purcell
736
Maritime Baselines and Zonal Limits / Kate Purcell
737
The Ambulatory Baselines Thesis / Kate Purcell
737
Variations on the Ambulatory Baselines Thesis: Automatic Adjustment or an Obligation to Adjust / Kate Purcell
738
Problems and a Reinterpretation / Kate Purcell
739
Geographic Features as a Basis of Entitlement to Maritime Zones / Kate Purcell
751
Islands Including "Rocks" / Kate Purcell
751
Low-Tide Elevations / Kate Purcell
753
Archipelagic States and Archipelagic Waters / Kate Purcell
754
International Maritime Boundaries / Kate Purcell
755
Geographical Circumstances in the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries / Kate Purcell
755
Between Process and Product / Kate Purcell
756
Ambulatory Maritime Boundaries / Kate Purcell
756
Termination of or Withdrawal from a Boundary Agreement / Kate Purcell
757
The Survival of Boundaries beyond an Agreement / Kate Purcell
759
Conclusion / Kate Purcell
759
ch. 22
International Water Law and Adaptation / Kate Purcell
771
Introduction: International Climate Change Scenarios, Adaptation Strategies, and Reasons to Care / A. Dan Tarlock
771
International Water Law / A. Dan Tarlock
772
Sources: Custom and Treaty / A. Dan Tarlock
772
International Court of Justice Precedents / A. Dan Tarlock
775
Selected International Examples of Possible Adaptation Strategies / A. Dan Tarlock
776
The Extreme Drought Provision of the 1944 Water Treaty between Mexico and the United States / A. Dan Tarlock
776
The Great Lakes: Preservation of the Status Quo to Prevent Adverse Impacts of Climate Change / A. Dan Tarlock
777
Transboundary Implications of Glacial Melt and Desalination / A. Dan Tarlock
778
Glacial Melt / A. Dan Tarlock
778
Desalination / A. Dan Tarlock
779
International Water Law and Climate Change: An Assessment / A. Dan Tarlock
780
Disincentives for Adaptation / A. Dan Tarlock
780
Adaptation Incentives: Toward a Hydrocommons / A. Dan Tarlock
783
Conclusion / A. Dan Tarlock
784
ch. 23
Food Security, Fisheries, and Ecosystems / A. Dan Tarlock
791
Introduction / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
791
Climate Adaptation and Food Security / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
791
Introduction to Food Security / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
792
Traditional Threats to Food Security / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
794
Climate-Related Threats to Food Security / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
795
Existing Governance Structure and Adaptation Tools / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
797
Climate Adaptation and Fisheries / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
801
Introduction / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
801
Fisheries and the Adaptive Capacity of Existing Institutions / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
801
Social and Economic Obstacles to Adaptation / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
802
Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
803
Quantitatively or Qualitatively Different Impacts) / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
804
Other International Marine Conservation Issues / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
806
Conclusion / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
807
ch. 24
Legal Rights and Remedies / Cinnamon Carlarne Josh Eagle
815
Introduction / Maxine Burkett
815
Human Rights Theories and Obligations / Maxine Burkett
816
An Overview / Maxine Burkett
816
Relevant Instruments and Dispute Resolution Mechanisms / Maxine Burkett
819
Action in U.S. Domestic Courts-Alien Tort Statute / Maxine Burkett
822
Tort Theories / Maxine Burkett
823
An Overview / Maxine Burkett
823
Jurisdictional Hurdles-Political Question Doctrine and Standing / Maxine Burkett
824
Public Nuisance Claims / Maxine Burkett
824
Claims under Negligence Theory / Maxine Burkett
827
The Challenge of Causation / Maxine Burkett
828
Remedies under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea / Maxine Burkett
829
An Overview / Maxine Burkett
829
Provisions Relevant to Climate Change Adaptation / Maxine Burkett
830
Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement / Maxine Burkett
831
Appropriate Fora and Potential Barriers / Maxine Burkett
831
Other Legal Theories / Maxine Burkett
832
Claims Brought before the International Court of Justice / Maxine Burkett
832
International Trade Remedies / Maxine Burkett
833
Remedies Available through International Financial Institutions / Maxine Burkett
834
The Public Trust Doctrine and U.S. Domestic Law / Maxine Burkett
834
Conclusion: The Value of Available Remedies / Maxine Burkett
834
ch. 25
Human Security and Military Preparedness / Maxine Burkett
847
Introduction / Linda Malone
847
Identification of Risks / Linda Malone
848
Vulnerability of Military Facilities, Personnel, and Infrastructure / Linda Malone
849
The Arctic-A Special Case / Linda Malone
853
Emerging Security Issues / Linda Malone
853
International Mechanisms for the Arctic / Linda Malone
859
International Mechanisms, Climate Change, and National Security / Linda Malone
861
Conclusion / Linda Malone
862
Table of Cases / Linda Malone
869
Index / Linda Malone
875