Copyright in a global information economy / Julie E. Cohen, Mark Claster Mamolen Professor of Law and Technology, Georgetown University Law Center ; Lydia Pallas Loren, Robert E. Jones Professor of Advocacy and Ethics Lewis and Clark Law School ; Ruth L. Okediji, William L. Prosser Professor of Law, University of Minnesota Law School ; Maureen A. O'Rourke, Dean & Professor of Law, Michaels Faculty Research Scholar, Boston University School of Law.
2015
KF2996 .C672 2015 (Map It)
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Author
Title
Copyright in a global information economy / Julie E. Cohen, Mark Claster Mamolen Professor of Law and Technology, Georgetown University Law Center ; Lydia Pallas Loren, Robert E. Jones Professor of Advocacy and Ethics Lewis and Clark Law School ; Ruth L. Okediji, William L. Prosser Professor of Law, University of Minnesota Law School ; Maureen A. O'Rourke, Dean & Professor of Law, Michaels Faculty Research Scholar, Boston University School of Law.
Published
New York : Wolters Kluwer, [2015]
Call Number
KF2996 .C672 2015
Edition
Fourth edition.
ISBN
9781454852018 (hardback)
1454852011 (hardback)
1454852011 (hardback)
Description
xxix, 1,001 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)903812781
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Series
Other Editions
Revision of: Copyright in a global information economy. 3rd ed. New York : Aspen Publishers, ©2010
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Silver Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Silver Fund
Table of Contents
Preface
xxiii
Acknowledgments
xxv
Part I Introduction to Copyright Law
1.
Copyright in Context
3
A.
Theoretical Underpinnings of Copyright Law
6
1.
Incentives for Authors and Publishers
6
Trotter Hardy, Property (and Copyright) in Cyberspace
8
2.
Authors' Rights
11
John Locke, Two Treatises on Government
12
3.
Robust Public Domain
14
Jessica Litman, The Public Domain
14
4.
Uncensored Marketplace of Ideas
16
5.
Theory of Users' Rights?
18
6.
What Progress, and Whose Welfare?
21
William P. Alford, To Steal a Book Is an Elegant Offense
21
B.
History of U.S. Copyright Law
23
1.
From Censorship to Markets
23
2.
"Progress," Incentives, and Access
25
3.
Copyright Law and Technological Change
27
a.
New Methods of Creating New Works
28
b.
New Technologies for Distributing and Copying Works
29
c.
Legal Responses to New Technologies
30
4.
Political Economy of Copyright Law
31
a.
Copyright Legislative Process
31
b.
Traditional Copyright Industries
32
c.
Rise and Importance of New Intermediaries
33
C.
Role of International Treaties and Institutions
35
1.
From Pirate to Holdout to Enforcer: International Copyright and the United States
35
2.
Berne Convention
37
3.
TRIPS Agreement
38
4.
International Copyright Lawmaking and Enforcement Under the Berne Convention and the TRIPS Agreement
41
a.
World Trade Organization
41
b.
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
42
c.
WTO, WIPO, and Developing Countries
43
5.
New Approaches to International Copyright Lawmaking
45
Part II The Subject Matter of Copyright
2.
Requirements for Copyright Protection
49
A.
Elements of Copyrightable Subject Matter
49
1.
Fixation
52
Williams Electronics, Inc. v. Artic International, Inc.
54
Cartoon Network LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.
57
2.
Originality
61
a.
Classic Cases
61
Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
61
Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
64
Alfred Bell & Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts, Inc.
67
Note on Nonobviousness and Originality
70
b.
Establishing the Modern Originality Standard
72
Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
73
c.
Some Contemporary Originality Problems
79
Mannion v. Coors Brewing Company
79
Meshwerks, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Sales U.S.A., Inc.
83
3.
"Idea/Expression Distinction"
90
a.
Classic Case
90
Baker v. Selden
91
Note on the Merger Doctrine and Thin Copyright
96
b.
Complications
98
A.A. Hoehling v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
98
ATC Distribution Group, Inc. v. Whatever It Takes Transmissions & Parts, Inc.
105
B.
Two Special Cases: Derivative Works and Compilations
109
1.
Derivative Works
110
L. Batlin & Son, Inc. v. Snyder
111
Schrock v. Learning Curve International, Inc.
114
Note on Blocking Patents
120
2.
Compilations
121
a.
Selection, Arrangement, and Coordination of Data
121
CCC Information Services, Inc. v. Maclean Hunter Market Reports, Inc.
122
Matthew Bender & Co. v. West Publishing Co.
126
Note on Alternative Modes of Protection for Databases
130
b.
Selection, Arrangement, and Coordination of Elements Other Than Data
131
Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.
131
Satava v. Lowry
133
3.
Authorship
137
A.
Sole Authorship
138
Lindsay v. The Wrecked and Abandoned Vessel R.M.S. Titanic
138
B.
Joint Authorship
140
Erickson v. Trinity Theatre, Inc.
140
Aalmuhammed v. Lee
141
Note on the Intent to Merge Requirement and Implications for Collaborative Works
145
C.
Works Made for Hire
146
1.
Works Created by Employees Within the Scope of Their Employment
147
a.
Who Is an "Employee"?
147
Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
147
JustMed, Inc. v. Byce
153
b.
Determining "Scope of Employment"
160
Rouse v. Walter & Associates,. L.L.C.
160
Note on Employer Ownership of Trade Secrets
168
2.
Section 101(2) and "Specially Ordered or Commissioned" Works
169
a.
Requirement of a Signed Written Instrument
170
b.
Categories of Eligible Works
170
D.
Government Works
172
4.
Form Versus Function: Useful Articles, Architectural Works, and Software
177
A.
Useful Articles with Pictorial, Graphic, and Sculptural Dimensions
177
1.
Classic Case
178
Mazer v. Stein
178
2.
Defining Useful Articles and Determining Separability
180
Pivot Point International, Inc. v. Charlene Products, Inc.
181
Note on Alternative Modes of Protection
193
B.
Architectural Works
196
1.
What Is a "Building"?
197
2.
Are Buildings "Compilations"?
198
Nelson-Salabes, Inc. v. Morningside Holdings
198
Intervest Construction, Inc. v. Canterbury Estate Homes, Inc.
201
C.
Computer Software
206
1.
Source Code Versus Object Code
208
Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.
208
2.
Program Structure
211
Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.
212
3.
User Interfaces
221
Lotus Development Corp. v. Borland International, Inc.
221
4.
Application Programming Interfaces
229
Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc.
229
Note on Alternative Modes of Protection for Computer Software
240
Part III The Statutory Rights of Copyright Owners
5.
Reproduction Right and the Right to Prepare Derivative Works
247
A.
Reproduction
248
1.
Exact Copy
248
a.
Basics
248
b.
"Innocent" Infringement
251
c.
Diving Deeper: Ephemeral Copies Under Sections 112 and 118
251
2.
"De Minimis" Copy
253
Gottlieb Development LLC v. Paramount Pictures Corp.
253
3.
Substantially Similar Copy
257
a.
Copying in Fact
258
Three Boys Music Corp. v. Michael Bolton
259
Selle v. Gibb
262
Ty, Inc. v. GMA Accessories, Inc.
264
Note on Access and Independent Creation in the Corporate Context
269
b.
Substantial Similarity
270
i.
Two Classic Cases
271
Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp.
271
Arnstein v. Porter
275
ii.
One Contemporary Approach: The Second Circuit
277
Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc.
277
Boisson v. Banian, Ltd.
283
Mannion v. Coors Brewing Company
286
iii.
Another Contemporary Approach: The Ninth Circuit
292
Cavalier v. Random House, Inc.
293
Swirsky v. Carey
298
iv.
Technology Cases
304
Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.
304
B.
Derivative Works
308
1.
Reproduction or Derivative Work?
309
Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. v. RDR Books
309
2.
Copyright, Markets, and Derivative Works
320
Paul Goldstein, Derivative Rights and Derivative Works in Copyright
320
Pamela Samuelson, The Quest for a Sound Conception of Copyright's Derivative Work Right
321
3.
Derivative Works That Do Not Involve "Copying"
324
Mirage Editions, Inc. v. Albuquerque A.R.T. Company
324
Lee v. A.R.T. Company
326
Micro Star v. Form Gen, Inc.
329
C.
Fictional Characters and the Reproduction and Derivative Work Rights
334
Warner Brothers Entertainment v. X One X Productions
335
6.
Rights of Distribution, Public Performance, and 6 Public Display
345
A.
Distribution of Copies
345
1.
What Constitutes a "Distribution"?
346
Capitol Records, Inc. v. Thomas
346
2.
First Sale Doctrine and the Rental Rights Problem
353
a.
First Sale Doctrine
354
Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
354
Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi, c.
356
b.
Rental Restrictions
360
c.
Libraries and [§]108
362
3.
Importation and Exhaustion
364
Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
365
B.
Communication to the Public by Performance or Display
377
1.
Scope of the Exclusive Rights
379
a.
Once Publicly, Always Publicly?
379
Cartoon Network LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.
379
American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
385
b.
Diving Deeper: Cable and Satellite Retransmission
394
c.
Public Display Right and De Minimis Use
396
d.
Where Does a Display Occur?
398
Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.
398
2.
Limitations: Section 110
404
a.
Section 110
404
b.
Diving Deeper: Education and Distance Learning
407
7.
Copyright in Musical Works and Sound Recordings
409
A.
Introduction to the "Players" in the Music Industry
409
B.
Reproduction, Public Distribution, and Derivative Works
412
1.
Musical Works and Section 115
413
2.
Sound Recordings and Section 114
415
3.
Synchronization Licenses
416
4.
Diving Deeper: The Audio Home Recording Act and Personal Copying
417
C.
Sampling
419
Newton v. Diamond
419
Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films
425
D.
Public Performance
429
1.
Musical Works and Performing Rights Organizations
429
2.
Public Performance of Sound Recordings by Digital Audio Transmission
432
3.
Technological Disruption and the Future of Music
436
In Re Pandora Media, Inc.
437
4.
Diving Deeper: Section
110
Limitations, Revisited
446
8.
Moral Rights and Performers' Rights
449
A.
Moral Rights in the United States
449
1.
Early Approach to Moral Rights
450
Gilliam v. AmericataBroadcasting Companies, Inc.
450
2.
Lanham Act and Attribution
455
Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
455
3.
Visual Artists Rights Act
458
a.
Covered Works
459
b.
Distortions and Modifications Harmful to Honor or Reputation
460
Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art Foundation, Inc. v. Büchel
460
c.
Destruction of Works of Recognized Stature
468
Martin v. City of Indianapolis
468
B.
Performers' Rights and Related Treaty Obligations
473
1.
Anti-Bootlegging Protection in U.S. Law
474
United States v. Martignon
474
2.
Diving Deeper: Treaty Obligations Regarding Sound Recordings and Broadcasting Organizations
479
Part IV Indirect Infringement and Lawful Use
9.
Different Faces of Infringement
483
A.
Direct Infringement
484
1.
Volition
484
Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communications Services, Inc.
484
Cartoon Network LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.
487
2.
Diving Deeper: Infringement by Authorization
490
B.
Vicarious Liability and Contributory Infringement
492
1.
History of Secondary Liability
492
2.
Contemporary Approaches to Secondary Liability
494
Fonovisa, Inc. v. Cherry Auction, Inc.
494
Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.
497
3.
Diving Deeper: Secondary Liability for Those Assisting Secondary Infringers?
502
Perfect 10, Inc. v. Visa International Service Association
503
C.
Online Service Provider Liability
509
1.
Section 512 Overview
510
2.
Safe Harbor Versus Secondary Liability
512
Viacom International, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.
513
3.
Section 512 and Internet Users
526
a.
Suits by Users: Knowing Material Misrepresentation
526
Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.
527
b.
Suits Against Users: Identifying the Defendant
530
4.
Diving Deeper: New Enforcement Procedures
533
a.
Automated Enforcement
534
b.
Graduated Sanctions
536
c.
Interdiction Orders
537
D.
Device Manufacturers and Liability for Inducing Infringement
538
1.
Sony and the Staple Article of Commerce Doctrine
538
2.
Grokster and Inducement Liability
542
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
542
3.
Diving Deeper: Inducement Liability for OSPs?
554
Columbia Pictures Industries v. Fung
554
10.
Fair Use
563
A.
Cultural Interchange
564
1.
Classic Cases
565
Harper l Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises
565
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
573
2.
Transformative Use Beyond Parody
582
Castle Rock Entertainment, Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group, Inc.
582
Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.
586
Cariou v. Prince
591
Note on "Best Practices" Guidelines
599
3.
Fair Use and the First Amendment
601
B.
Transformative Use Revisited
602
1.
Technical Interchange
602
Sega Enterprises, Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc.
602
2.
Online Search
609
Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon, Inc.
609
3.
Access to Knowledge
612
Authors Guild, Inc. v. HathiTrust
613
C.
Other Productive Uses
622
1.
Classic Case
623
Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
623
Note on Fair Use as Market Failure
629
2.
Copying by Institutional Users
631
Cambridge University Press v. Patton
631
3.
Personal Use Revisited
643
D.
Fair Use in Comparative Perspective
645
Part V Practical Considerations in Licensing and Enforcing Copyrights
11.
Copyright Due Diligence
651
A.
Formalities
651
1.
Overview
652
2.
What Is Publication?
656
Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.
656
3.
Notice of Copyright
660
4.
Deposit Requirements
661
5.
Registration
662
6.
Diving Deeper: Restoration of Copyright Protection for Certain Works of Foreign Authors
664
B.
Duration
666
1.
Basics of Duration
666
a.
Works Created on or After January 1, 1978
666
b.
Works First Published Before January 1, 1978
666
c.
Works Created but Unpublished Before January 1, 1978
668
d.
Diving Deeper: Duration of Copyright in Foreign Works
670
2.
Policies Behind Copyright Duration
671
a.
Extension of Subsisting Copyrights
672
Eldred v. Ashcroft
672
b.
Restoration of Lapsed Copyrights
682
C.
Renewals and Terminations of Transfers
686
1.
Renewals
686
Stewart v. Abend
686
2.
Diving Deeper: Inheritance and Vesting of Renewal Rights
693
3.
Terminations of Transfers
694
a.
Terminations of Transfers Made After January 1, 1978: Section 203
695
b.
Terminations of Transfers Made Before January 1, 1978: Section 304(c)-(d)
696
c.
Diving Deeper: "Agreements to the Contrary"
699
D.
Orphan Works Problem
700
1.
Private Solutions
700
2.
Legislative Solutions
702
12.
Copyright and Contract
705
A.
Modes of Transfer
705
1.
Writing and Recording "Transfers" of Copyright
705
2.
Implied Licenses
708
Asset Marketing Systems, Inc. v. Gagnon
708
3.
Revision Privilege for Collective Works
714
New York Times Company v. Tasini
714
B.
New Uses and Old Language
721
Boosey & Hawkes Music Publishers, Ltd. v. The Walt Disney Company
721
Random House v. Rosetta Books, LLC
725
C.
New Licensing Models and the Contract/License Distinction
731
1.
End User Licenses
731
Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc.
732
2.
Open Licensing Models
741
Jacobsen v. Katzer
742
Note on Creative Commons
747
D.
Misuse
748
Video Pipeline, Inc. v. Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Inc.
748
In re Napster, Inc. Copyright Litigation
752
13.
Copyright Litigation
761
A.
Proper Court
761
Bassett v. Mashantucket Pequot Tribe
762
B.
Standing to Sue & Immunity from Suit
767
1.
Standing to Sue for Copyright Infringement
767
Eden Toys, Inc. v. Florelee Undergarment Co.
768
2.
Standing to Seek Declaratory Judgment
771
Shloss v. Sweeney
771
3.
Sovereign Immunity
775
Chavez v. Arte Publico Press
777
C.
Proper Timing
781
1.
Filing Too Early
781
Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
781
2.
Filing Too Late
786
Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
786
D.
Jury Trial
792
Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
792
E.
Foreign Copyright Law in U.S. Courts
795
1.
Choice of Law
795
Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.
796
Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd. v. Corel Corp.
799
2.
Enforcement of Judgments
801
F.
Civil Remedies
802
1.
Injunctive Relief
803
a.
Permanent Injunctions
803
Christopher Phelps & Associates, LLC v. Galloway
804
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
806
b.
Preliminary Injunctions
811
Perfect 10, Inc. v. Google, Inc.
811
2.
Seizure and Impoundment
815
3.
Actual Damages and Profits
815
a.
Attribution of Profits
816
Bouchat v. Baltimore Ravens Football Club, Inc.
816
b.
Apportionment of Profits
823
Frank Music Corp. v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
823
c.
Attribution Across National Borders
828
Los Angeles News Service v. Reuters Television International, Ltd.
828
4.
Statutory Damages
831
a.
Basics of Statutory Damages
832
Zomba Enterprises, Inc. v. Panorama Records, Inc.
832
b.
Policies Underlying Statutory Damages
835
Capitol Records, Inc. v. Thomas-Rasset
835
5.
Attorneys' Fees
840
Fantasy, Inc. v. Fogerty
840
Positive Black Talk, Inc. v. Cash Money Records, Inc.
844
G.
Criminal Infringement
848
1.
Willfulness
848
United States v. Liu
848
2.
Economic Motivation or Significance
854
Part VI New Enforcement Strategies and Public Policy Limits
14.
Technological Protections
861
A.
Early Examples of Technological Protection
862
B.
Digital Millennium Copyright Act and Circumvention of Technological Protections
864
1.
Section 1201 Overview
866
2.
Access Protection Versus Copy Protection
867
Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes
867
Note on Section 1201 and Computer Science Research
877
3.
Section 1201 and the First Amendment
878
4.
Library of Congress Rulemakings Under [§]1201
881
Note on International Approaches to WCT Implementation
883
C.
Authorized Versus Unauthorized Access and Interoperable Products
885
Chamberlain Group, Inc. v. Skylink Tech., Inc.
885
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
893
D.
Protection for Copyright Management Information
899
Murphy v. Millennium Radio Group, LLC
900
Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.
904
E.
Debate Over Digital Television
907
15.
State Law Theories of Protection and Their Limits
911
A.
Federal Intellectual Property Preemption: An Overview
911
1.
Introduction to Preemption
911
2.
Intellectual Property and Implied Preemption
913
Goldstein v. California
914
Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp.
919
Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
922
B.
Express Preemption Under the 1976 Act: An Overview
924
1.
Basic Cases
925
Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises
925
Video Pipeline, Inc. v. Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Inc.
926
2.
Diving Deeper: State Laws Expressly Permitted by Section 301
930
C.
More Difficult Preemption Problems
931
1.
Right of Publicity
932
Brown v. Ames
933
Toney v. L'Oreal USA, Inc.
936
Laws v. Sony Music Entertainment
938
2.
Misappropriation
941
International News Service v. Associated Press
941
National Basketball Ass'n v. Motorola, Inc.
944
3.
Contract
949
a.
Negotiated Agreements
949
b.
Standard Form Agreements
951
Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, Inc.
953
Table of Cases
959
Table of Statutes and Other Laws
967
Table of Authorities
973
Index
979