Sentencing at the International Criminal Court : from Nuremberg to the Hague / Alice Riccardi.
2016
KZ7312 .R53 2016 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Sentencing at the International Criminal Court : from Nuremberg to the Hague / Alice Riccardi.
Published
The Hague, The Netherlands : Eleven International Publishing ; Torino : G. Giappichelli, [2016]
Copyright
©2016
Call Number
KZ7312 .R53 2016
ISBN
9789462367043 (hardback)
9462367043 (hardback)
9462367043 (hardback)
Description
xx, 258 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)962125697
Summary
"This book deals with the purposes of sentencing in international criminal law focusing on the International Criminal Court. Notwithstanding the modern longevity of international criminal law and the volume of research produced on the issue of international sentencing rationales, the International Criminal Court has not yet established a coherent sentencing policy. Vis-à-vis the absence of statutory provisions identifying the objectives of sentences, this book explores the law as it is with the aim of understanding the philosophical foundations of international sentencing. The work opens with a critical examination of the issue of sentencing rationales in international criminal law and with an overview of the theories advanced by scholars. To pursue its main objective, the book is then divided into two sections. The first section studies whether it is possible to find a norm of international law providing for the aims of sentences in the law and practice of pure international criminal jurisdictions created before the entry into force of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, namely the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals and the two UN ad hoc Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The second section analyses the issue of sentencing at the International Criminal Court, by focusing on the provisions of its Statute, on the relevant rules of internationally recognized human rights law and on the Court's first practice. The book ends with a re-organization of the principles emerged throughout the research. The resulting principled system suggests a consistent approach to the penal justifications of sentencing for the International Criminal Court"--Publisher's website.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 247-252) and index.
Record Appears in
Variant Title
Sentencing at the ICC
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
xi
List of Abbreviations
xiii
Introduction
xv
ch. I
SENTENCING IN ICL: IN SEARCH FOR CONSISTENCY
1.
Characteristics of Rationales of Sentencing in ICL
1
1.1.
What are Rationales of Sentencing?
1
1.2.
No Positive Guidelines and Unfettered Judicial Discretion
5
1.3.
Inconsistency in Sentencing, Absence of Justifications and Lack of Transparency
7
1.4.
Why is a System of Sentencing Rationales Needed?
10
2.
Theories of Punishment in ICL
13
2.1.
Backward-Looking Theories of Punishment
14
2.1.1.
Backward-Looking Theories in General
14
2.1.2.
Backward-Looking Theories in ICL
17
2.2.
Forward-Looking Theories of Punishment
20
2.2.1.
Forward-Looking Theories in General
20
2.2.2.
Forward-Looking Theories in ICL
22
2.3.
Restorative Justice
26
3.
To Whom Do International Criminal Trials Speak?
30
pt. I
RATIONALES OF SENTENCING AT THE IMTS AND AD HOC TRIBUNALS
ch. II
RATIONALES AT THE IMTS
1.
Introduction
37
2.
IMTs' Applicable Law
37
3.
Drafting History of the Nuremberg Charter
39
4.
IMTs' Judgments
44
5.
Conclusions
47
ch. III
RATIONALES AT THE AD HOC TRIBUNALS
1.
Introduction
49
2.
Chambers' Approaches in Identifying Rationales
51
2.1.
Textual Approach
52
2.2.
Contextual Approach
55
2.2.1.
Principle of Gravity
55
2.2.1.1.
Notion of Gravity
55
2.2.1.2.
Gravity as a Means to Choose Sentencing Rationales
60
2.2.2.
Principle of Individualization of Sentences
61
2.2.2.1.
Notion of Individualization
61
2.2.2.2.
Individualization as a Means to Choose Sentencing Rationales
62
2.3.
Teleological Approach
64
2.3.1.
Teleological Approach in the ICTY Case-Law
64
2.3.2.
Teleological Approach in the ICTR Case-Law
66
2.3.3.
Assessment of the Teleological Approach
68
3.
Judicial Interpretation of Sentencing Rationales
69
3.1.
Introduction
69
3.2.
Retribution
71
3.2.1.
Functions
71
3.2.2.
Influence on Sentencing Determination
72
3.3.
General Deterrence
74
3.3.1.
Functions
75
3.3.2.
Influence on Sentencing Determination
76
3.4.
Other Rationales
78
3.4.1.
Special Deterrence
79
3.4.2.
Rehabilitation
80
3.4.3.
Incapacitation of the Offender
83
3.4.4.
General Affirmative Prevention
84
3.4.5.
Reconciliation and Restoration
87
3.5.
Overall Conclusions
90
3.5.1.
Introduction
90
3.5.2.
Tracing the Judicial Development
91
3.5.2.1.
Ordinary Cases
92
3.5.2.2.
Guilty Plea Cases
97
3.5.2.3.
Appeals Judgments
99
3.5.3.
Theoretical Assessment of Retribution and General Deterrence
100
3.5.3.1.
Retribution
100
3.5.3.2.
General Deterrence
105
3.5.4.
Conclusions
106
pt. II
RATIONALES OF SENTENCING AT THE ICC
ch. IV
INTERPRETING THE ICC APPLICABLE LAW
1.
Introduction
113
2.
Interpreting Article 77 ICC St.
114
2.1.
Literal Interpretation
115
2.2.
Contextual Interpretation
116
2.2.1.
Article 77(1)(b) ICC St. and Rule 145(3) ICC RPE: Life Imprisonment
116
2.2.2.
Articles 77 and 110 ICC St.: Mechanism of Sentence Review
118
2.3.
Drafting History
119
2.3.1.
Early Negotiations
120
2.3.2.
PrepCom
123
2.3.3.
Rome Conference
124
2.3.3.1.
Discussion on the Death Penalty
125
2.3.3.2.
Discussion on Life Imprisonment
126
2.3.3.3.
Discussion on Maximum and Minimum Penalties
127
3.
Interpreting Article 78 ICC St.
128
3.1.
Literal and Contextual Interpretation
128
3.2.
Drafting History
131
3.3.
Assessment of the Interpretation of Articles 77 and 78 ICC St.
134
4.
Interpreting the Preamble
137
4.1.
Literal Interpretation
137
4.1.1.
Introduction
137
4.1.2.
Analysis
138
4.2.
Drafting History
142
4.2.1.
Early Negotiations
142
4.2.2.
Discussions at the Rome Conference
143
4.3.
Conclusions
144
5.
Interpreting Articles 68(3) and 75 ICC St.
145
5.1.
Introduction
145
5.2.
Reconciliation and Keeping an Historical Record
146
5.3.
Retribution and Deterrence
150
5.4.
Conclusions
152
6.
ICC Applicable Law Put to the Test of IHRL
154
6.1.
Introduction
154
6.2.
Right to a Reasoned Decision on the Sentence
155
6.3.
Prohibition of Arbitrary Detention
159
6.3.1.
Principle of Necessity
159
6.3.2.
Principle of Proportionality
160
6.4.
Right to Rehabilitation
162
7.
Overall Conclusions
165
ch. V
TRACING THE ICC SENTENCING DECISION MAKING
1.
Introduction
171
2.
Process of Sentencing Determination
172
3.
Pre-Sentencing Hearing Phase
173
3.1.
Parties' Submissions on General Principles Applicable to Sentencing
174
3.1.1.
OTP's Submissions
174
3.1.2.
LRVs' Submissions
177
3.1.3.
Defences' Submissions
178
3.2.
Parties' Submissions on the Determination of the Sentence
179
3.2.1.
OTP's Submissions
179
3.2.2.
LRVs' Submissions
181
3.2.3.
Defences' Submissions
182
4.
Sentencing Hearing Phase
184
5.
Sentencing Decisions and Beyond
187
5.1.
Precedents of Other ICTs and of National Jurisdictions
188
5.2.
Inherent Gravity of Crimes under the ICC Jurisdiction
190
5.3.
Rationales of Sentencing Professed
191
5.4.
Determination of the Sentence
194
5.5.
Beyond the Sentences
202
ch. VI
ATTEMPTING A SENTENCING THEORY FOR THE ICC
1.
Introduction
207
2.
Building Block Principles
208
2.1.
Rationales Shall Be Selected Vis-a-vis the Objectives of the ICC Justice System
208
2.2.
ICC Sentencing System is Unique
210
2.2.1.
Ordinary v Extraordinary Crimes
211
2.2.2.
`National Laws of the States that Would Normally Exercise Jurisdiction'
216
2.2.3.
Conclusions
220
2.3.
ICC Is and Remains a Criminal Tribunal
221
3.
Principles concerning the Selection of Rationales of Sentencing
221
3.1.
No Room for Keeping an Historical Record, Reconciliation and Restoration
222
3.2.
ICC Sentences Cannot Pursue Backward Rationales of Sentencing
223
3.3.
Forward-Looking Theories of Punishment Shall Be Re-Oriented
223
4.
Principles Framing a Policy of Sentencing Determination
229
4.1.
Proportionality Re-Assessed
229
4.2.
Further Policy Principles
233
Conclusions
235
Table of cases
239
Selected Bibliography
247
Index
253