Administrative law : text and materials / Mark Elliott, Jason N.E. Varuhas.
2017
KD4878 .B43 2017 (Map It)
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Author
Title
Administrative law : text and materials / Mark Elliott, Jason N.E. Varuhas.
Published
Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press, 2017.
Call Number
KD4878 .B43 2017
Edition
Fifth edition.
ISBN
9780198719465 (pbk.)
0198719469 (pbk.)
0198719469 (pbk.)
Description
lix, 796 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)970395892
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Other Editions
Revision of: Elliott, Mark, 1975- Beatson, Matthews, and Elliott's administrative law. 4th ed. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, ©2011
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
1.
Introductory Matters
1.1.
Administrative law
1
1.2.
How is good administration to be secured?
1
1.2.1.
Red light theory
2
1.2.2.
Green light theory
3
1.2.3.
Why is theory important?
5
1.3.
changing face of judicial review
6
1.3.1.
scope and intensity of review
6
1.3.2.
Why is judicial review expanding?
8
1.3.3.
Is (more) judicial review a good thing?
9
1.4.
constitutional basis of judicial review
12
1.4.1.
ultra vires doctrine
12
1.4.2.
common law theory
15
1.4.3.
Must judicial review be related to legislative intention?
17
1.4.4.
modified ultra vires theory
22
1.4.5.
Conclusion
24
1.5.
Administrative power in the modern constitution
24
1.5.1.
Devolution
25
1.5.2.
powers and nature of the devolved institutions
25
1.5.3.
Political and legal accountability
26
1.5.4.
Local government
27
1.5.5.
Agencies and the private sector
29
1.6.
Concluding remarks
32
Further Resources
32
2.
Jurisdiction
2.1.
Introduction
33
2.1.1.
What is 'jurisdiction'?
33
2.1.2.
Distinguishing jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional matters
35
2.2.
Errors of law
37
2.2.1.
Introduction
37
2.2.2.
Jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional errors of law
38
2.2.3.
Anisminic decision
39
2.2.4.
general principle: errors of law as jurisdictional errors
46
2.2.5.
Are all questions about the meaning of legal rules jurisdictional questions?
49
2.2.6.
Page case and the extent of the general principle
50
2.2.7.
institutional status of the decision-maker
54
2.2.8.
nature of the statutory provision
57
2.2.9.
scope of the 'question of law' category
60
2.3.
Applying statutory criteria to the facts
65
2.3.1.
correctness standard
65
2.3.2.
Does a correctness standard always apply?
67
2.4.
Supervision of the fact-finding process
72
2.5.
Subjective jurisdictional criteria
76
2.6.
Non-compliance with statutory requirements
78
2.7.
Concluding remarks
80
Further Resources
81
3.
Status of Unlawful Administrative Action
3.1.
Void or voidable?
82
3.1.1.
practical argument
82
3.1.2.
theoretical argument
83
3.1.3.
Four more recent cases
87
3.2.
nature of voidness
90
3.2.1.
presumption of validity
90
3.2.2.
principle of legal relativity
91
3.3.
Accounting for the effect of unlawful administrative acts
95
3.3.1.
Judicial discretion
95
3.3.2.
theory of the second actor
97
3.3.3.
void/voidable distinction
101
3.3.4.
Underlying perspectives
103
3.4.
Collateral challenge
105
3.4.1.
Voidness and collateral challenge
105
3.4.2.
importance of collateral challenge
106
3.4.3.
limits of collateral challenge
109
3.5.
Concluding remarks
112
Further Resources
113
4.
Scope of Public Law Principles
4.1.
Introduction
114
4.2.
Statutory powers
114
4.3.
Prerogative powers
117
4.3.1.
nature of prerogative power
117
4.3.2.
amenability of the prerogative to judicial review
118
4.3.3.
From form to substance: justiciability as the limiting factor
123
4.4.
'third source'
128
4.5.
De facto powers
130
4.5.2.
Datafin case
130
4.5.2.
Defining the scope of judicial review
133
4.5.3.
limits of review and its underlying rationale
133
4.5.4.
Contractual arrangements
139
4.5.5.
Judicial review beyond public law: The Braganza case
143
4.5.6.
Public law and private law: should there be a divide?
145
4.6.
Section 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998
148
4.7.
Concluding remarks
158
Further Resources
159
5.
Retention of Discretion
5.1.
Introduction
160
5.2.
Delegation of discretionary power
160
5.2.1.
presumption against delegation
160
5.2.2.
Conflicting policies
162
5.2.3.
nature of delegation
163
5.2.4.
Departmental decision-making in central government
166
5.3.
Discretion and policy
174
5.3.1.
Distinguishing policies and rules
174
5.3.2.
legality of policy-oriented decision-making
175
5.3.3.
From the no-fettering rule to the law of policy: a sea change in the judicial approach to policy
181
5.4.
Concluding remarks
186
Further Resources
186
6.
Legitimate Expectations
6.1.
Lawfully created expectations
187
6.1.1.
Why protect legitimate expectations?
187
6.1.2.
Two variables: legitimacy and protection
189
6.1.3.
Legitimacy: what is the claimant entitled to expect?
191
6.1.4.
Procedural protection
205
6.1.5.
Substantive protection
207
6.2.
Unlawfully created expectations
216
6.2.1.
Introduction
216
6.2.2.
Fairness to the individual
216
6.2.3.
Constitutionality and the public interest
218
6.2.4.
new approach
221
6.2.5.
Representations issued by unauthorized officials
223
6.2.6.
Representations concerning action which is ultra vires the agency
227
6.3.
Concluding remarks
233
Further Resources
234
7.
Abuse of Discretion I
7.1.
Introduction
235
7.2.
Loyalty to the statutory scheme: the propriety of purpose doctrine
236
7.2.1.
Overlapping principles?
236
7.2.2.
Express and implied purposes
237
7.2.3.
purpose doctrine and the intensity of review
239
7.2.4.
Multiple purposes
242
7.2.5.
Parliament's purpose or individual rights?
242
7.3.
Inputs into the decision-making process: the relevancy doctrine
246
7.3.1.
Introduction
246
7.3.2.
General principles
247
7.3.3.
Relevancy, judicial intervention, and executive autonomy
252
7.3.4.
Consequences of taking irrelevant considerations into account
259
7.4.
Concluding remarks
260
Further Resources
261
8.
Abuse of Discretion II
8.1.
Introduction
262
8.2.
Reasonableness and rationality
263
8.2.1.
Wednesbury and GCHQ cases
263
8.2.2.
Deference, reasonableness, and variable intensity review
266
8.3.
Proportionality
270
8.3.1.
What is proportionality?
270
8.3.2.
Methodology
271
8.3.3.
Intensity
275
8.3.4.
role of the proportionality test in English law: background
278
8.3.5.
role of the proportionality test in English law: the current position
280
8.4.
Deference
284
8.4.1.
Introduction
284
8.4.2.
Deference triggers
286
8.4.3.
Is deference a good thing?
288
8.4.4.
story so far
291
8.4.5.
Expertise-based deference
291
8.4.6.
Democracy-based deference
297
8.5.
future
302
8.5.1.
Taking stock
303
8.5.2.
Should time be called on the reasonableness doctrine?
304
8.5.3.
Recent case law: direction(s) of travel
309
8.6.
Concluding remarks
314
Further Resources
315
9.
Bias, Impartiality, and Independence
9.1.
rule against bias: its scope and rationale
316
9.2.
Automatic disqualification
319
9.2.1.
Financial interests: the general principle
319
9.2.2.
Can automatic disqualification be justified?
320
9.2.3.
scope of automatic financial disqualification
322
9.2.4.
Beyond financial interests: Pinochet
326
9.3.
apprehension of bias
331
9.3.1.
Introduction
331
9.3.2.
fair-minded and informed observer
333
9.3.3.
Who is the fair-minded and informed observer?
335
9.4.
Bias, policy, and politics
341
9.5.
Article 6
344
9.5.1.
Introduction: Article 6 in an administrative context
344
9.5.2.
When does Article 6(1) apply to administrative decision-making?
348
9.5.3.
What does Article 6(1) require in the administrative sphere?
352
9.6.
Concluding remarks
364
Further Resources
364
10.
Procedural Fairness
10.1.
idea of procedural fairness
365
10.2.
When must decision-makers act fairly?
368
10.2.1.
question of function or of impact?
369
10.2.2.
Natural justice and acting fairly
375
10.2.3.
Legitimate expectations of fair treatment
376
10.2.4.
Article 6: the scope of the right to a fair and public hearing
377
10.2.5.
limits of procedural fairness
377
10.3.
What is the content of the duty to act fairly?
381
10.3.1.
Context, flexibility, and hearings
381
10.3.2.
duty to give notice
387
10.3.3.
Particular aspects of the duty to act fairly
394
10.3.4.
Appeals
402
10.4.
Consultation
404
10.5.
Concluding remarks
413
Further Resources
414
11.
Giving Reasons for Decisions
11.1.
Introductory matters
415
11.2.
Why require reasons?
417
11.2.1.
virtues of reason-giving
417
11.2.2.
general duty to give reasons?
419
11.3.
duty to give reasons at common law
421
11.3.1.
emergence of a common law duty to give reasons
421
11.3.2.
scope of the common law duty
423
11.3.3.
Reason-giving and legitimate expectation
428
11.4.
Statutory and other duties to give reasons
429
11.4.1.
Introduction
429
11.4.2.
Freedom of Information Act 2000
429
11.4.3.
Article 6 ECHR
431
11.5.
Discharging a duty to give reasons
432
11.6.
Remedial consequences
434
11.7.
Concluding remarks
437
Further Resources
437
12.
Remedies
12.1.
Introduction
438
12.2.
Injunctions
439
12.2.1.
role of injunctions in public law
439
12.2.2.
availability of interim injunctions
440
12.2.3.
Injunctions and the Crown
447
12.3.
Declarations
455
12.3.1.
role of declarations in public law
455
12.3.2.
Interim declarations
456
12.4.
Relator proceedings
457
12.5.
Prerogative remedies
461
12.5.1.
Quashing orders
461
12.5.2.
Prohibiting orders
463
12.5.3.
Mandatory orders
463
12.6.
Concluding remarks
465
Further Resources
465
13.
Judicial Review Procedure
13.1.
Introduction
467
13.2.
What is the judicial review procedure?
468
13.2.1.
origins of today's judicial review procedure
468
13.2.2.
nature of the judicial review procedure
471
13.2.3.
impact of human rights claims on judicial review procedure: alignment of ordinary and review procedures?
472
13.3.
When must the judicial review procedure be used?
477
13.3.1.
Procedural exclusivity
477
13.3.2.
Waiver
483
13.3.3.
Resolution of factual disputes
484
13.3.4.
Defensive use of public law arguments
484
13.3.5.
Private law rights dependent upon public law
485
13.3.6.
Private law rights affected by public law
488
13.3.7.
Procedural exclusivity and the Civil Procedure Rules
490
13.3.8.
more substantive approach
491
13.3.9.
Transfer into Part 54
494
13.3.10.
Human rights claims: further inroads into the exclusivity principle
495
13.4.
Concluding remarks
498
Further Resources
499
14.
Restriction of Remedies
14.1.
Introduction
500
14.2.
Permission
501
14.2.1.
Pre-Action Protocol
501
14.2.2.
Judicial review: a two-stage process
501
14.2.3.
Reform of the permission stage
502
14.2.4.
Operation of the permission stage
503
14.3.
Exhaustion of alternative remedies
506
14.3.1.
principle and its rationale
506
14.3.2.
Exceptions to the general principle
508
14.4.
Time limits
511
14.4.1.
Introduction
511
14.4.2.
Interpreting the rules
513
14.4.3.
Stage one: undue delay
514
14.4.4.
Stage two: extending time
517
14.4.5.
Stage three: refusal of permission or relief
518
14.5.
Prematurity and ripeness
520
14.5.1.
Introduction
520
14.5.2.
Preliminary and interlocutory decisions
521
14.5.3.
Advice, guidance, recommendations, and views
524
14.5.4.
Hypothetical issues and advisory declarations
528
14.6.
Exclusion of judicial review
533
14.6.1.
courts' general approach
533
14.6.2.
Anisminic: a harder case
535
14.6.3.
Factors that may lead to judicial acceptance of ouster
539
14.7.
Standing
545
14.7.1.
Introduction: private rights versus public interests
545
14.7.2.
law prior to the National Federation case
548
14.7.3.
National Federation case
549
14.7.4.
Representative standing
555
14.7.5.
Conclusions on the law of standing: the triumph of the public interest model
565
14.7.6.
Intervention
568
14.7.7.
Standing in human rights cases
570
14.8.
'no difference' principle
574
14.9.
Concluding remarks
580
Further Resources
580
15.
Liability of Public Authorities
15.1.
Introduction
582
15.2.
Relationship with judicial review
585
15.3.
law of torts
586
15.3.1.
Constitutional fundamentals
586
15.3.2.
tort of negligence: introduction
592
15.3.3.
Negligence and statutory discretion: preliminaries
593
15.3.4.
Negligence and statutory discretion: the case law
595
15.3.5.
Negligence and omissions
608
15.3.6.
Negligence and human rights
618
15.3.7.
Misfeasance in public office: its rationale and elements
620
15.3.8.
Misfeasance in public office: causation and damage
625
15.4.
Damages under the Human Rights Act 1998
629
15.4.1.
Human rights damages and the principle of equality
629
15.4.2.
Human rights damages: statutory provisions and case law
630
15.4.3.
Issues raised by the human rights damages jurisprudence
636
15.5.
State liability in EU law
638
15.6.
Contract
643
15.6.1.
Introduction
643
15.6.2.
(Basic) contractual capacity
643
15.6.3.
Freedom to contract
645
15.6.4.
Is parliamentary appropriation of funds necessary?
648
15.6.5.
no-fettering rule
653
15.6.6.
Agency and public authorities' contracts
657
15.7.
Restitution
660
15.7.1.
'Woolwich principle'
660
15.7.2.
scope of the Woolwich principle
662
Further Resources
664
16.
Delegated Legislation
16.1.
General matters
666
16.1.1.
nature and growth of delegated legislation
666
16.1.2.
Enabling provisions
667
16.1.3.
Henry VIII powers
668
16.1.4.
extent of delegated powers
670
16.1.5.
Legislative and administrative measures
671
16.2.
making of delegated legislation
674
16.2.1.
Publication
674
16.2.2.
Consultation
676
16.2.3.
Parliament's role in making delegated legislation
678
16.3.
Parliamentary scrutiny
680
16.3.1.
conferral of administrative rule-making powers
680
16.3.2.
exercise of administrative rule-making powers
681
16.3.3.
Technical scrutiny
681
16.3.4.
Policy scrutiny
682
16.3.5.
Strengthened forms of scrutiny
683
16.4.
Judicial scrutiny
685
16.4.1.
Introduction
685
16.4.2.
Compatibility with primary legislation
685
16.4.3.
General principles of judicial review
686
16.4.4.
Wider constitutional principles and human rights
689
16.4.5.
Prerogative legislation
691
16.5.
Concluding remarks
692
Further Resources
693
17.
Inquiries
17.1.
Two types of inquiries
694
17.2.
Ex ante inquiries
694
17.2.1.
Some examples
694
17.2.2.
nature and purpose of ex ante inquiries
696
17.2.3.
right to know the opposing case
697
17.2.4.
Participation and procedure
701
17.2.5.
Procedure following the inquiry
705
17.3.
Ex post inquiries
709
17.3.1.
Why hold an ex post inquiry?
709
17.3.2.
Inquiries Act 2005
712
17.3.3.
Judges and public inquiries
714
17.3.4.
Questions of procedure
716
17.3.5.
Ex post inquiries and the accountability system
719
17.4.
Concluding remarks
722
Further Resources
723
18.
Statutory Tribunals
18.1.
Introduction
724
18.1.1.
growth of tribunals
724
18.1.2.
What are tribunals-and are they a good thing?
725
18.1.3.
Franks Report and the Leggatt Review
726
18.2.
independence of tribunals
728
18.2.1.
Tribunals and government
728
18.2.2.
Judicial leadership of tribunals
729
18.2.3.
Appointments to tribunals
730
18.3.
Procedure in tribunals
730
18.3.1.
Introduction
730
18.3.2.
Formality, representation, and the style of tribunal proceedings
731
18.3.3.
Particular issues concerning procedure
735
18.4.
structure of the tribunals system and its relationship with the courts
738
18.4.1.
Background
738
18.4.2.
two-tier structure
739
18.4.3.
Routes through the tribunals system
742
18.4.4.
Appeals against tribunal decisions
744
18.4.5.
Judicial review by the Upper Tribunal
745
18.4.6.
Judicial review of the Upper Tribunal
748
18.5.
Concluding remarks
752
Further Resources
753
19.
Ombudsmen
19.1.
Introduction
754
19.1.1.
Ombudsmen in the UK
754
19.1.2.
need for and role of ombudsmen
755
19.1.3.
Ombudsmen in a changing administrative landscape
757
19.2.
Bodies subject to investigation
758
19.3.
Matters subject to investigation
759
19.3.1.
'Maladministration'
760
19.3.2.
Other modes of redress
762
19.3.3.
Discretion to investigate
764
19.4.
conduct and consequences of investigations
765
19.4.1.
Own-initiative investigations
767
19.4.2.
MP filter
769
19.4.3.
Securing redress
770
19.4.4.
role of the courts
773
19.4.5.
Judicial review of ombudsmen's conclusions
777
19.5.
Institutional matters
780
19.6.
Concluding remarks
782
Further Resources
782
Index
785