Human rights obligations of non-state armed groups / Daragh Murray.
2016
KZ6405.N66 M87 2016 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Human rights obligations of non-state armed groups / Daragh Murray.
Published
Oxford ; Portland, Oregon : Hart Publishing, 2016.
Call Number
KZ6405.N66 M87 2016
ISBN
9781509901630 (hardback ; alk. paper)
1509901639 (hardback ; alk. paper)
9781509901654 (Epub)
1509901639 (hardback ; alk. paper)
9781509901654 (Epub)
Description
xxx, 323 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)926822700
Note
Based upon Daragh Murray's the author's PhD thesis at the University of Essex--Foreword.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 282-306) and index.
Available in Other Form
Online version: Murray, Daragh. Human rights obligations of non-state armed groups 9781509901654 (OCoLC)932066644
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Soll Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Soll Fund
Table of Contents
Foreword
v
Acknowledgements
vii
Table of Abbreviations
xv
Table of Cases
xix
1.
Introduction
1
I.
Importance of Protecting Individuals Affected by Armed Groups
6
II.
What is a Non-State Armed Group?
7
III.
Traditional Understandings of International Law as it Relates to Armed Groups
9
IV.
Inadequacy of the Law of Non-International Armed Conflict vis-à-vis the Regulation of Armed Groups
10
V.
Moving Forward: The Evolution of International Law
12
VI.
Structure
15
Part I: Subjecting Armed Groups to International Legal Regulation
15
Part II: Can Armed Groups be Bound by International Human Rights Law?
18
Part III: Testing the Application of International Human Rights Law to Armed Groups in Practice
18
Part I: Subjecting Armed Groups to International Legal Regulation
2.
International Legal Personality
23
I.
Core Concepts Relating to International Legal Personality
23
A.
Legal Subjects
23
B.
International Legal Persons
24
C.
Non-State Entities and International Legal Personality
25
D.
Determining the Consequences of International Legal Personality
27
II.
Acquisition of International Legal Personality
29
A.
States-only and Recognition Conceptions
30
B.
Individualistic Conception
31
C.
Formal Conception
32
D.
Actor Conception
32
E.
Conclusions Regarding the Different Conceptions of International Legal Personality
33
III.
Common Article 3's 'Legal Status Clause' and the International Legal Personality of Armed Groups
34
A.
Desire to Avoid Legitimising Armed Groups
35
B.
Desire to Avoid Recognition of Belligerency
36
C.
Legal Status Clause and International Legal Personality
39
D.
Summary
41
IV.
Determining the Criteria Necessary for the Acquisition of International Legal Personality in the Contemporary Era
41
A.
Independence Requirement
42
B.
Capacity to Possess International Rights or Obligations
43
C.
Actual Possession of International Rights or Obligations
45
D.
Capacity to Bring an International Claim
46
E.
Summary
47
V.
Functional Approach to International Legal Personality
48
VI.
Conclusion
50
3.
Determining the Criteria Necessary to Satisfy the Capacity Requirement Associated with International Legal Personality
51
I.
States
52
A.
States' Acquisition of Statehood/International Legal Personality
52
B.
Criteria Regulating the Acquisition of Statehood
52
C.
Concept of Belligerency
54
II.
International Organisations
55
A.
Organisational Characteristics of International Organisations
56
B.
How is Independent will Determined?
58
III.
Armed Groups
59
A.
Situations of Armed Conflict
60
i.
Requirements Associated with the Intensity Criterion
60
ii.
Requirements Associated with the Organisation Criterion
61
B.
Situations Outside Armed Conflict
67
i.
Requirements Associated with the Organisation Criterion
69
C.
Summary
75
IV.
Transnational Corporations
77
A.
Organisational Characteristics of Transnational Corporations
78
V.
Conclusion
79
4.
Establishing a Legal Basis for the Application of International Law to Armed Groups
82
I.
Customary Law Theory
83
A.
Can Customary Law Bind Non-State Armed Groups?
84
B.
Can Custom Established by States Bind Armed Groups?
85
C.
Determining the Content of the Customary Law Applicable to Armed Groups
87
D.
Summary
88
II.
General Principles Theory
89
III.
Third Party Consent Theory
90
A.
Legal Basis for the Third Party Consent Theory
91
i.
Relationship to Sovereignty, Equality, and Independence of States
92
ii.
Intent to Bind Requirement
93
iii.
Consent to be Bound Requirement
94
B.
Critiques Relating to the Third Party Consent Theory
94
i.
Modern International Law Establishes Obligations Without Consent
94
ii.
Non-State Actors as Subjects of International Law with a Competence Distinct to that of States
101
iii.
Inapplicability of the Pacta Tertiis Rule to Non-State Actors
103
iv.
Practical Issues Relating to Armed Group Consent
105
IV.
Prescriptive Jurisdiction/Legislative Jurisdiction Theory
105
A.
Acts of State Bind a State Qua State
108
B.
Prescriptive Jurisdiction and the Intent to Bind Requirement
109
C.
Addressing the International v Domestic Law Obligations Critique
110
i.
Impact of Evolutionary Developments in International Law
111
D.
Issues Relating to Armed Groups' Lack of Participation or Consent to be Bound
114
V.
Conclusion
116
5.
De Facto Control Theory and the International Regulation of Armed Groups in the Absence of Directly Applicable International Treaty Law
120
I.
De Facto Control Theory
121
A.
Overcoming Confusion Relating to Recognition De Jure or De Facto
123
B.
Must De Facto Entities be Recognised?
124
C.
Motivation Underlying the De Facto Control Theory
126
D.
Further Examples in Support of the De Facto Control Theory
126
E.
De Facto Control Theory and the Implied Mandate
128
F.
Application of the De Facto Control Theory to Entities Existing Below the De Facto Authority Threshold
131
II.
Legal Obligations Arising Consequent to the De Facto Control Theory
134
III.
Establishing an Armed Group's Independent Existence
138
A.
Establishing an Armed Group's Independent Existence Outside Armed Conflict
142
i.
Control Over a Territory or Population Demonstrated by the Ability to Commit Certain Acts
146
IV.
Conclusion: Independent Armed Groups as a Vertical Authority
151
Part II: Can Armed Groups be Bound by International Human Rights Law?
6.
Application of International Human Rights Law to Armed Groups
157
I.
International Human Rights Law Treaties that Directly Address Armed Groups
160
II.
Drittwirkung and Horizontal Effect Theories
162
III.
Overcoming Ration Personae Restrictions
164
IV.
Remaining Consistent with the 'Object and Purpose' of Human Rights Treaties
166
V.
International Human Rights Law and the Implied Mandate
168
VI.
Summary
169
7.
Gradated Application of International Human Rights Law Obligations
172
I.
Determining the Content of Armed Groups' International Human Rights Law Obligations
173
A.
Contextual Approach to Armed Group Obligations
177
B.
Determining the Context-Dependent Content of Obligations: The Respect, Protect and Fulfil Framework
181
C.
Obligation to Respect
183
D.
Obligation to Fulfil
186
i.
Obligation to Fulfil and Armed Groups
189
E.
Obligation to Protect
195
F.
Territorial State's Obligations
197
II.
Ensuring that Armed Groups are Aware of their International Obligations
199
III.
Conclusion
201
Part III: Testing the Application of International Human Rights Law to Armed Groups in Practice
8.
Prosecution, Detention, and Satisfaction of the Right to Health by Armed Groups
205
I.
Armed Group Prosecution and Detention
206
A.
Issues Relating to Prosecution by Armed Groups
207
i.
Procedural Guarantees Regulating Armed Group Courts
208
ii.
Can an Armed Group Prosecute Violations of the Law of Armed Conflict?
220
iii.
Can an Armed Group Prosecute Group-Specific Crimes Established under the Law of the Armed Group?
223
iv.
Can Armed Groups Prosecute Non-Conflict-Related Crimes?
226
v.
Summary
236
B.
Issues Relating to Detention by Armed Groups
237
i.
Procedural Guarantees Relating to Armed Group Detention
237
ii.
Who can Armed Groups Detain?
240
iii.
Conditions of Detention
247
iv.
Release of Detainees
253
C.
Summary
254
II.
Armed Groups and the Right to Health
255
A.
Armed Groups and the Progressive Realisation of the Right to Health
256
B.
Existence of Minimum Core Obligations
259
C.
Role of International Assistance
260
D.
Summary
262
E.
Obligation to Respect the Right to Health
262
F.
Obligation to Fulfil
263
G.
Obligation to Protect
269
H.
Summary
270
9.
Conclusion
272
I.
Summary of Findings
272
II.
Monitoring Mechanisms
276
A.
Judicial Regulation by a Human Rights Body
277
B.
Monitoring by the Security Council
278
C.
Monitoring by a UN Special Procedure
280
III.
Concluding Comments
280
Bibliography
282
Index
307