Responsibilities and liabilities for commercial activity in the Arctic : the example of Greenland / edited by Vibe Ulfbeck, Anders Møllmann and Bent Ole Gram Mortensen.
2016
KDZ3318 .R47 2016 (Map It)
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Title
Responsibilities and liabilities for commercial activity in the Arctic : the example of Greenland / edited by Vibe Ulfbeck, Anders Møllmann and Bent Ole Gram Mortensen.
Published
London ; New York : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
Copyright
©2016
Call Number
KDZ3318 .R47 2016
ISBN
9781138957442 hardcover
1138957445 hardcover
978315661674 electronic book
9781317340812 electronic publication
9781317340805 Mobipocket electronic book
9781317340829
1138957445 hardcover
978315661674 electronic book
9781317340812 electronic publication
9781317340805 Mobipocket electronic book
9781317340829
Description
xiv, 261 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)947073679
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Beinecke Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Beinecke Fund
Table of Contents
Preface and acknowledgements
xv
List of contributors
xvi
pt. I
Overall frame
1
1.
Introduction: theme, perspective and case study / Bent Ole Gram Mortensen
3
1.
Theme
3
2.
Perspective
4
3.
Scope
4
4.
Greenland --- some facts
6
4.1.
Territory and population
6
4.2.
economy
7
4.3.
Language
8
4.4.
Prospects of exploitation of mineral resources
8
5.
Structure of the book
9
2.
Self-Government and the overall framework concerning Greenland / Bent Ole Gram Mortensen
12
1.
Self-Government within the Realm
12
1.1.
background for autonomy
12
1.2.
status of the people of Greenland
14
1.3.
right to independence
16
1.4.
Policy area belonging to the Realm and the Self-Government
17
1.5.
Realm's representative in Greenland
18
2.
Government, Parliament and courts
19
2.1.
legislative power --- the Parliament
19
2.2.
executive power --- the Government
20
2.2.1.
relation to the Danish Government
20
2.2.2.
Municipalities
21
2.3.
judicial powers --- the courts
22
3.
Greenland in the Realm
22
4.
Connection with the European Union
23
5.
Citizenship
24
6.
International affairs
25
Bibliography
26
pt. II
Responsibilities and liabilities when exploiting natural resources
29
3.
licence as a basis for responsibility and liability / Lone Wandahl Mouyal
31
1.
Introduction --- the Greenlandic licence as a central legal instrument
31
2.
concept of the licence
32
3.
Greenlandic licence --- administrative act or contract?
37
4.
Unilateral amendments based on Greenlandic legislation and/or specific terms of the licence
39
5.
Unilateral amendments based on regulatory intervention
40
5.1.
Introduction
40
5.2.
MBA
40
5.3.
standard terms of the licence
41
5.4.
Stabilization clauses
43
5.5.
Fundamental rights protection
45
6.
Conclusion
47
Bibliography
48
4.
Corporate social responsibility in the light of contract law: on impact benefit agreements in Greenland / Lone Wandahl Mouyal
50
1.
Introduction
50
2.
Corporate social responsibility --- from international commitments to legal duties
50
3.
Key social and environmental challenges in the extractive industry in Greenland
53
4.
Greenlandic Mineral Resources Act and social responsibility
54
5.
Environmental impact assessment and social sustainability assessment
55
6.
Greenlandic impact benefit agreement practice
56
6.1.
impact benefit agreements with Cairn Energy from 2010 and 2011
57
6.1.1.
Background, structure and purpose
57
6.1.2.
Sustainable development as a guiding principle for interpretation
58
6.1.3.
Corporate social responsibility requirements
58
6.2.
impact benefit agreement with True North Gems, June 2014
62
6.2.1.
Background, structure and purpose
62
6.2.2.
Sustainable development as a guiding principle for interpretation
63
6.2.3.
Corporate social responsibility requirements
64
7.
Enforcement of corporate social responsibility
65
7.1.
Clarity of corporate social responsibility requirements
66
7.2.
Sanctions in the IBA
66
8.
legal obligation to adopt a sustainable development policy
69
9.
Conclusion
70
Bibliography
71
5.
Workers' rights and chain liability / Vibe Ulfbeck
72
1.
Theme
72
2.
Protecting Greenlandic workers
73
3.
regulation of immigration
75
3.1.
Danish Immigration Act
75
3.2.
Large Scale Work Permit Act
75
4.
problem of `social dumping'
76
4.1.
legislative solution: the Greenlandic Large Scale Project Act and the right to join labour unions
76
4.2.
contractual solution: chain liability
77
5.
Chinese perspective
79
5.1.
China as an investor
79
5.2.
China and social dumping
80
5.3.
China in Greenland
81
Bibliography
82
6.
Mineral resources under the Greenland Self-Government Act --- and the question of uranium / Ole Spiermann
83
1.
Introduction
83
2.
Division of competences under the Greenland Self-Government Act
84
3.
Legal effects of the Greenland Self-Government taking over mineral resources
85
4.
Foreign affairs
86
5.
case of uranium
88
Bibliography
90
pt. III
Offshore environmental liability
91
7.
State responsibility for marine pollution from seabed activities within national jurisdiction in the marine Arctic / Yoshifumi Tanaka
93
1.
Introduction
93
2.
Primary rules concerning the regulation of marine pollution from seabed activities within national jurisdiction
97
2.1.
Customary international law
97
2.2.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
98
2.3.
Convention on Biological Diversity
100
2.4.
1991 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context and the 2003 Kiev Protocol
101
2.4.1.
Espoo Convention
102
2.4.2.
Kiev Protocol
104
2.5.
1992 Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic
105
2.6.
2009 Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas Guidelines
106
3.
Secondary rules concerning marine pollution from seabed activities subject to national jurisdiction in the marine Arctic
107
3.1.
General considerations
107
3.2.
Difficulties with shared responsibility for marine pollution from, seabed activities
108
3.3.
State responsibility for marine pollution on the high seas
111
4.
Conclusions
114
Bibliography
115
8.
principle of `full reparation' for environmental damage and very small states / Rachael Lorna Johnstone
119
1.
Introduction
119
2.
Small states and very small states
120
3.
Identifying the problem
121
4.
Distinguishing common but differentiated responsibility
123
5.
principle of full reparation'
124
6.
forms of reparation: restitution, compensation and satisfaction
127
7.
Risk for very small states
131
8.
Self-determination and human rights
132
9.
Self-determination and human rights in the face of an overwhelming compensation claim
133
10.
Return to the secondary rules
135
11.
Protecting the responsible state: a lesson from the Horn of Africa
137
12.
Protecting the injured state
138
13.
Protecting both parties: a lesson from Iraq
139
14.
Conclusions
141
Bibliography
141
9.
Legal aspects of liability for environmental damage caused by offshore petroleum operations in Greenland / Irina Kim
143
1.
Introduction
143
2.
International law on environmental liability regulation
143
3.
National law and legal instruments on environmental liability regulation
144
4.
Liability standard
146
5.
Attribution of liability
148
6.
Residual liability
150
7.
Concluding remarks
151
Bibliography
152
10.
Liability for ship source oil pollution / Vibe Ulfbeck
153
1.
Introduction
153
2.
Competence to regulate marine environment protection and shipping
154
3.
Liability rules in marine environment and shipping regulations
155
3.1.
Marine Environment Protection Regulation
155
3.2.
Merchant Shipping Act
156
3.3.
Interplay between marine environment and shipping regulations
159
4.
Mineral Resources Act and environmental liability
161
5.
Liability under the licence
163
5.1.
Strict liability for oil pollution from tankers based on the licence
163
5.1.1.
Clause 27.01 in the Model Licence
163
5.1.2.
Conflict with the Civil Liability Convention and/or the Danish Merchant Shipping Act?
164
5.2.
Special obligations and the liability according to clause 27.03
170
5.2.1.
Extending Civil Liability Convention applicability?
171
5.2.2.
Loss and causation
172
5.2.3.
Privity of the licence: who can enforce the liability?
173
6.
Conclusion
174
Bibliography
175
11.
What's the price of a polar bear? Compensating environmental damages in the Arctic / Kristian Cedervall Lauta
177
1.
Introduction
177
1.1.
methodological note
179
1.2.
bear facts
180
2.
`Where there is no want --- there is no injustice'
181
3.
Doctrine: how is it regulated?
182
3.1.
discipline: regulation of compensation for environmental damages
182
3.2.
area: specific regulation of the Arctic
185
3.3.
animal: polar bear law
186
3.4.
Greenland
187
3.5.
Nunavut
189
3.6.
Svalbard
190
4.
So what is the price of a polar bear?
192
4.1.
Nunavut: sport hunting (35,000 dollars)
192
4.2.
Greenland: subsistence (1,000 dollars)
193
4.3.
Svalbard: priceless (0 dollars)
193
5.
Analysis: regulating the price of a polar bear
193
5.1.
If you want to protect it --- kill it
193
5.2.
Kill 'em in Norway
196
6.
Conclusion: Really? Is that the price of a polar bear?
197
Bibliography
198
2.2.
Suspension of payment, compulsory composition and debt rescheduling
236
3.
International insolvency law
237
3.1.
When does Greenland have international insolvency jurisdiction?
237
3.2.
Jurisdiction with respect to avoidance actions
239
3.3.
Recognition in Greenland of foreign insolvency proceedings
240
4.
Insolvency of the Greenland Self-Government
242
4.1.
Can the Greenland Self-Government become insolvent?
242
4.2.
Is the Greenland Self-Government eligible as a debtor under the Greenland Bankruptcy Regulation?
243
4.3.
Should an insolvency of the Greenland Self-Government be solved as a sovereign debt crisis?
245
Bibliography
247
Index
248