EU environmental law and policy / David Langlet, Department of Law, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg and Said Mahmoudi, Professor at the Faculty of Law, Stockholm University.
2016
KJE6242 .L359 2016 (Map It)
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Author
Title
EU environmental law and policy / David Langlet, Department of Law, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg and Said Mahmoudi, Professor at the Faculty of Law, Stockholm University.
Published
Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press, 2016.
Call Number
KJE6242 .L359 2016
Edition
First edition.
ISBN
0198753926
9780198753926 (hbk.)
9780198753933 (pbk.)
0198753934 (pbk.)
9780198753926 (hbk.)
9780198753933 (pbk.)
0198753934 (pbk.)
Description
xli, 386 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)945390597
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 371-377) and index.
Record Appears in
Variant Title
European Union environmental law and policy
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Beinecke Fund
Added Author
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Beinecke Fund
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
xiii
Table of Legislation
xxi
Other Documents
xxxvii
List of Abbreviations
xxxix
I.
PRIMARY LAW, INSTITUTIONAL AND HISTORICAL PREMISES
1.
European Union and Its Structure
3
1.1.
Origin and Development of the European Union
3
1.2.
Nature of the European Union
6
1.3.
Institutional Structure
7
1.3.1.
European Council
8
1.3.2.
Council
8
1.3.3.
Commission
9
1.3.4.
European Parliament
10
1.3.5.
Court
11
1.3.6.
Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions
13
1.4.
EFTA and the EEA
14
1.5.
Sources of Law in the European Union
15
1.6.
Priority and Direct Effect
17
1.7.
Decision-making Procedures
22
1.8.
Comitology
23
2.
Objectives, Principles, and Resources
27
2.1.
Introduction
27
2.2.
Environment Action Programmes
28
2.2.1.
first four Action Programmes
28
2.2.2.
Fifth Environment Action Programme
30
2.2.3.
Sixth Environment Action Programme
31
2.2.4.
Seventh Environment Action Programme
32
2.3.
Environmental Objectives and Policy
33
2.3.1.
Historical development
33
2.3.2.
Nature and limits of the environmental objectives
34
2.3.3.
Geographical limits of EU environmental policy
36
2.4.
Pertinent Principles
40
2.4.1.
Sustainable development
42
2.4.2.
Subsidiarity
46
2.4.3.
Proportionality
48
2.4.4.
high level of protection
49
2.4.5.
Precaution
51
2.4.6.
Preventive action
53
2.4.7.
Proximity
54
2.4.8.
Polluter-pays principle
55
2.4.9.
Integration
58
2.4.10.
Sincere cooperation
62
2.4.11.
Equal treatment and legal certainty
63
2.5.
Institutional Development
64
2.6.
Financial Instruments
66
3.
Free Movement of Goods and the Room for Member State Action
69
3.1.
Introduction
69
3.2.
Quantitative Restrictions on Trade and Measures Having Equivalent Effect
70
3.3.
Legitimising Trade Restrictive Measures
76
3.3.1.
Environmental protection as a mandatory requirement
79
3.3.2.
Developments since the Danish bottle case
80
3.3.3.
Legitimate grounds for exceptions
81
3.3.4.
Discrimination
82
3.3.5.
Proportionality
85
3.3.6.
Acceptable level of protection
89
3.4.
Notification of Technical Standards
91
3.5.
Environmental Taxes
92
4.
Division and Exercise of Competence
95
4.1.
Competence and Legal Bases
95
4.2.
Environmental Policy as Legal Basis (Article 192 TFEU)
97
4.2.1.
Decision-making under Article 192
99
4.2.2.
Factors to be taken account of and financing
100
4.2.3.
More stringent protective measures
102
4.3.
Internal Market as a Legal Basis (Article 114 TFEU)
105
4.3.1.
National provisions derogating from a harmonisation measure
107
4.3.2.
New derogating national provisions
108
4.3.3.
Commission's assessment
111
4.4.
Other Legal Bases
114
4.4.1.
Agricultural and fisheries policy, Article 43 TFEU
114
4.4.2.
Common commercial policy, Articles 206 and 207 TFEU
116
4.4.3.
Transport, Article 91 TFEU
117
4.4.4.
Energy, Article 194 TFEU
117
4.5.
Extent of the Harmonising Effect
118
4.6.
Choice of Legal Basis
122
4.7.
EU's External Competence
124
4.7.1.
Mixed agreements and exclusive competence
125
4.7.2.
status of international agreements in EU law
128
5.
Monitoring the Application of Union Environmental Law and Sanctions
131
5.1.
Member States' Obligations
131
5.2.
Penalties for Individuals
132
5.3.
Implementation of EU Law
134
5.4.
Infringement Procedure
135
5.4.1.
Procedure before the Commission
136
5.4.2.
Infringement cases before the Court
138
5.4.3.
Sanction
138
5.5.
Actions for Annulment and for Failure to Act
140
5.6.
Preliminary Rulings
142
5.7.
Access to Justice for Natural and Legal Persons
144
II.
SECONDARY LAW
6.
Instruments, Approaches, and Trends in EU Secondary Environmental Law
151
7.
Crosscutting Issues
157
7.1.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
157
7.1.1.
Introduction
157
7.1.2.
EIA Directive
158
7.1.3.
SEA Directive
166
7.2.
Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents (the Seveso Directive)
169
7.3.
Ecolabelling
172
7.4.
EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)
174
7.5.
Access to Information, Public Participation, and Access to Justice
177
7.5.1.
Access to environmental information in the Member States
178
7.5.2.
Public participation and access to justice in the Member States
181
7.5.3.
Access to information, public participation, and access to justice regarding EU institutions and bodies
183
7.6.
Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE)
185
7.7.
European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
186
7.8.
Environmental Liability
187
7.8.1.
Environmental damage and applicability of the ELD
188
7.8.2.
Obligations on operators and authorities
190
7.8.3.
Cost recovery
192
7.8.4.
Request for action and more protective measures
192
8.
Industrial Emissions
195
8.1.
Introduction
195
8.2.
Industrial Emissions Directive (IED)
196
8.2.1.
Annex I activities
199
8.2.2.
BAT and emission limit values
200
8.2.3.
Permits
202
8.2.4.
Closure and remediation
204
8.2.5.
Inspections and public participation
204
8.2.6.
Special provisions on certain activities
206
8.2.7.
Final Provisions
208
9.
Air Quality and Noise
211
9.1.
Introduction
211
9.2.
Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe
212
9.3.
National Emission Ceilings for Certain Atmospheric Pollutants
215
9.4.
Clean Air Policy Package
216
9.5.
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
217
9.6.
Emissions from Specific Sources
219
9.7.
Noise
221
10.
Water
223
10.1.
Introduction
223
10.2.
Water Framework Directive (WFD)
224
10.2.1.
Environmental objectives
226
10.2.2.
Exemptions and common implementation
229
10.2.3.
Programmes of measures, monitoring, and management
231
10.2.4.
Combined approach
232
10.2.5.
Recovery of costs
233
10.2.6.
Groundwater
233
10.2.7.
Priority hazardous substances
234
10.3.
Other Legal Acts on Water Protection
235
10.3.1.
Urban waste-water treatment
235
10.3.2.
Pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources
236
10.3.3.
Bathing water quality
236
10.3.4.
Water for human consumption
237
10.3.5.
Flood risks
237
10.4.
Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)
237
10.4.1.
Targets, strategies, and monitoring
240
10.4.2.
Programmes of measures
242
10.4.3.
Exceptions
242
10.5.
Ship-related Pollution
245
10.5.1.
Ship-source pollution and penalties for infringements
245
10.5.2.
Other acts on ship-related pollution
246
10.6.
Offshore Oil and Gas Operations
248
10.7.
Maritime Spatial Planning
249
11.
Climate and Energy
253
11.1.
Commitments, Distribution, and Monitoring
253
11.1.1.
climate and energy package
255
11.1.2.
2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework
256
11.1.3.
Monitoring, accounting, and reporting
257
11.2.
EU ETS
258
11.2.1.
Allocation of allowances
260
11.2.2.
Aviation in the EU ETS
263
11.2.3.
Issuance, surrender, and transfer of allowances
265
11.3.
Sources of Greenhouse Gases Outside the EU ETS
266
11.3.1.
Emissions of carbon dioxide from cars
266
11.3.2.
Fluorinated greenhouse gases
267
11.4.
Energy from Renewable Sources
268
11.5.
Carbon Capture and Storage
271
11.6.
Energy Efficiency
274
11.7.
Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment
276
11.8.
Ecodesign of Energy-using Products
279
11.9.
Eco Labelling
280
12.
Waste
283
12.1.
Introduction
283
12.2.
Framework Directive on Waste
285
12.2.1.
waste hierarchy and waste management
286
12.2.2.
problem of defining waste
288
12.2.3.
By-products and end-of-waste
289
12.2.4.
Responsibility for waste management and its costs
290
12.2.5.
Hazardous waste
292
12.2.6.
Waste management plans and waste prevention programmes
293
12.3.
Shipments of Waste
293
12.4.
Landfill of Waste
297
12.5.
Specific Waste Streams
298
12.5.1.
Packaging and packaging waste
298
12.5.2.
End-of-life vehicles
300
12.5.3.
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
301
12.5.4.
Batteries and accumulators
302
12.5.5.
PCB/PCT
303
12.5.6.
Waste from extractive industries
303
12.5.7.
Sludge
304
12.5.8.
Ship-generated waste and cargo residues
304
12.5.9.
Ship Recycling
305
13.
Chemicals
309
13.1.
Introduction
309
13.2.
REACH
311
13.2.1.
Registration
312
13.2.2.
Chemical safety report
316
13.2.3.
Information in the supply chain
316
13.2.4.
Substance evaluation
317
13.2.5.
Authorisation and substitution
318
13.2.6.
Restrictions
321
13.2.7.
Harmonising effect
321
13.2.8.
Further provisions
323
13.3.
Classification, Labelling, and Packaging
323
13.4.
Pesticides
324
13.4.1.
Plant protection products
325
13.4.2.
Sustainable use of pesticides
330
13.4.3.
Maximum residue levels
330
13.4.4.
Biocides
331
13.5.
Export and Import of Dangerous Chemicals
331
13.6.
Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS)
334
13.7.
Metallic Mercury
335
13.8.
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
336
14.
Genetically Modified Organisms
339
14.1.
Introduction
339
14.2.
Deliberate Release into the Environment
340
14.2.1.
Deliberate release
342
14.2.2.
Placing on the market
342
14.2.3.
National prohibitions on cultivation
344
14.2.4.
Food and feed
345
14.3.
Contained Use
345
14.4.
Transboundary Movements of GMOs
346
15.
Biodiversity
349
15.1.
Introduction
349
15.2.
Conservation of Wild Birds
351
15.3.
Habitats Directive
354
15.3.1.
Defining areas and species to be protected
354
15.3.2.
Designation of areas
356
15.3.3.
Protective measures
358
15.4.
International Trade in Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
362
15.5.
Invasive Species
364
15.6.
Other Legal Acts and Strategies Protecting Biological Diversity
368
Bibliography
371
Index
379