Nationality and statelessness in the international law of refugee status / Eric Fripp, MA (St Andrews) LLM MA LLM (London) of Gray's Inn, Barrister ; with a foreword by the Rt Hon Sir Konrad Schiemann former Lord Justice of Appeal, former Judge of the Court of Justice of the EU.
2016
K3230.R45 F75 2016 (Map It)
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Author
Title
Nationality and statelessness in the international law of refugee status / Eric Fripp, MA (St Andrews) LLM MA LLM (London) of Gray's Inn, Barrister ; with a foreword by the Rt Hon Sir Konrad Schiemann former Lord Justice of Appeal, former Judge of the Court of Justice of the EU.
Published
Oxford ; Portland, OR : Hart Publishing, 2016.
Call Number
K3230.R45 F75 2016
ISBN
9781782259213 (hardback ; alk. paper)
178225921X (hardback ; alk. paper)
9781782259237 (ePDF)
9781782259220 (ePub)
178225921X (hardback ; alk. paper)
9781782259237 (ePDF)
9781782259220 (ePub)
Description
l, 362 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)948291541
Summary
"International refugee law anticipates state conduct in relation to nationality, statelessness and protection. Refugee status under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 1951 and regional and domestic instruments referring to it can be fully understood only against the background of international laws regarding nationality, statelessness, and the consequences of national status or the lack of it. In this significant addition to the literature a leading practitioner in these fields examines, in the light of international law, key issues regarding refugee status including identification of 'the country of his nationality', concepts of 'effective nationality', and the inclusion within 'persecution' of a range of acts or omissions focused on nationality"--Page i.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 345-352) and index.
Available in Other Form
Online version: Fripp, Eric. Nationality and statelessness in the international law of refugee status. Oxford ; Portland, OR : Hart Publishing, 2016 9781782259220 (DLC) 2016020007
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Foreword
v
Preface
xv
Acknowledgements
xxiii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
xxv
Table of Cases
xxvii
Table of Treaties and Other International Materials
xxxix
Table of Domestic Legislation
xlix
pt. I
Background
1.
Nationality, Citizenship, Statelessness
3
A.
Nationality Defined
4
A1.
General Definition
4
A2.
Relationship Between National and International Law
9
i.
General Features
9
ii.
Nationality and Citizenship
10
iii.
Interaction of State Exclusivity and International Law
11
iv.
Domestic Law is Not a Defence to Breach of International Law
21
A3.
Nationality Requires Existence of a State
22
A4.
Modes of Acquisition and/or Loss of Nationality
25
i.
Acquisition
25
ii.
Loss
30
iii.
Denationalisation
30
iv.
State Succession
39
A5.
Nationality and `the Operation of its Laws' by the State
41
A6.
Incidents of Nationality
43
i.
Entry/Remaining in the Country of Nationality
43
ii.
Diplomatic Protection
46
iii.
Internal Protection
47
A7.
Dual or Plural Nationality
47
A8.
Minimum Content
51
A9.
`Effective Nationality"
52
A10.
Recognition and Non-Recognition
55
i.
Non-Recognition in General
55
ii.
Denationalisation in Particular
61
iii.
Other Instances of Non-Recognition
69
A11.
Opposability
70
A12.
Nationality Documentation
75
i.
National Passports and Travel Documents
76
ii.
Travel Documents
78
iii.
Consular Certificates
78
iv.
Birth Certificates or Other Documents
79
A13.
Proof of Nationality
80
i.
Presumption of Nationality from Passport
82
ii.
Assessment of Evidence
85
iii.
Expectation of Application to Authorities of State in Certain Circumstances
88
B.
Nationality and Citizenship
93
B1.
Distinction of Nationality from, and Relation to, Citizenship and Equivalent Status
93
B2.
Acquisition and/or Loss of Citizenship
94
B3.
Regional Citizenship
94
C.
Statelessness
95
C1.
Definition of Statelessness
95
i.
De Facto Statelessness
101
2.
Law of Refugee Status
103
A.
Formation of Modern International Refugee Law
104
A1.
Interwar Period
104
A2.
Wartime and the Immediate Post-War Period
109
A3.
Creation of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
111
B.
1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
113
B1.
Article 1A(2) of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951
113
i.
Text of Article 1A(2)
113
ii.
Relationship to Other Provisions
114
iii.
Nationality, Statelessness and Article 1A(2)
115
iv.
Nationality as Convention Reason
115
v.
Identifying `the Country of His [or Her] Nationality' or Each Such Country
116
vi.
Persecution in the Form of Loss or Denial of Nationality (or Citizenship)
116
B2.
Article 1C of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951
116
i.
Text of Article 1C
116
ii.
Cessation Provisions
117
B3.
Article 1E of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951
117
i.
Text of Article 1E
117
ii.
Exclusion under Article 1E
117
C.
Regional Regimes
117
C1.
Organisation of African Unity/African Union
117
C2.
Americas
119
C3.
European Union
120
C4.
Arab World
124
C5.
Organization of the Islamic Conference/Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
125
3.
Interpretation
126
A.
In Principle, One Interpretation
126
B.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969
127
B1.
General Rule of Interpretation
127
i.
General Features
127
ii.
`Good Faith'
128
iii.
`Ordinary Meaning'
130
iv.
`Context'
133
v.
`Object and Purpose'
133
B2.
Supplementary Means of Interpretation
136
C.
Fragmentation and Lex Specialis
137
pt. II
Interpretation of Relevant Provisions
4.
Well-Founded Fear of Being Persecuted `for Reasons of ... Nationality'
143
A.
Nationality: Use of the Term in Different Senses in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
143
B.
Earlier Citation of Nationality as a Qualifying Reason
144
C.
Meaning
145
i.
Definition of `Nationality'
145
ii.
Interpretation of `Nationality' as a Convention Reason
146
iii.
Nationality as a Convention Reason Includes Statelessness
150
iv.
Intersection with Other Convention Reasons
151
v.
Absence of Requirement for Minority Status
153
D.
`Imputed Nationality"
154
5.
Nationality and the Identification of a Reference Country (or Countries)
156
A.
Introduction
157
A1.
Text of Article 1A(2) of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951
157
A2.
Article 1A(2) of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951 and Identification of a Reference Country (or Countries)
158
A3.
`Protection'
159
B.
`The Country of His Nationality' and `Unable or Unwilling to Avail Himself of the Protection of that Country'
161
B1.
Nationality Means Nationality of a State as Defined in International Law
162
i.
Establishment under Domestic Law
162
ii.
Evidence of Nationality is Declaratory, Not Constitutive
168
B2.
`Effectiveness' of Nationality is Irrelevant to Question of Whether Nationality Exists
170
B3.
Reluctance to Seek Protection of State of Nationality is Irrelevant Once Nationality Exists
172
B4.
Potential Nationality does not Constitute `Nationality' for Relevant Purposes
172
i.
Canadian Cases
173
ii.
New Zealand
186
iii.
United Kingdom
187
iv.
Australia
193
v.
Commentary
195
vi.
Discussion and Conclusion: `Nationality' Means Current Nationality Only
198
vii.
Coda: Mixed Nationality Families
205
B5.
Nationality Means Nationality Recognised on the International Plane
207
B6.
Opposability in General Applicable in Bilateral Situations and Inapplicable in Relation to Article 1A(2) of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951
217
B7.
Plural Nationality
217
i.
Analysis
217
ii.
Discussion and Conclusion: Protection by a State of Plural Nationality (the `National Protection Alternative')
230
C.
`Not Having a Nationality"
235
6.
Persecution by Denial of Nationality
236
A.
Introduction
238
A1.
Text of Article 1A(2) of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951
238
A2.
Significance of the Term `Persecution' in Article 1A(2) of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951
238
B.
Approach to Interpretation
240
B1.
Ordinary Meaning
240
B2.
Historical Context
241
B3.
International Human Rights Law and the Principle of Non-Discrimination as a Primary Interpretive Tool
243
B4.
Relevance of Other International Instruments as Lex Specialis
248
C.
Standards Informing Content of `Persecution'
251
C1.
Non-Discrimination in Customary International Law
251
C2.
International Human Rights Instruments
255
i.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
255
ii.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
257
C3.
Post International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 Instruments
267
i.
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1966
268
ii.
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid 1974
268
iii.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979
269
iv.
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984
270
v.
Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989
272
vi.
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006
273
vii.
Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance 2006
274
C4.
Regional Human Rights Instruments
275
i.
European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950
275
ii.
Fourth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950
277
iii.
American Convention on Human Rights 1969
278
iv.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 1981
283
v.
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 1990
285
vi.
Arab Charter on Human Rights 2004
286
C5.
Some Other Conventions of Potential Relevance (Indirect Reference)
287
i.
Convention on the Nationality of Married Women 1957
287
ii.
Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 1961
288
iii.
European Convention on Nationality 1997
290
iv.
Council of Europe Convention on the Avoidance of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession 2006
293
v.
European Convention on the Adoption of Children 1967 and European Convention on the Adoption of Children (Revised) 2008
295
C6.
Summary of International Law Material
295
D.
Jurisprudence
296
D1.
Australia
296
D2.
Canada
298
D3.
United Kingdom
299
D4.
Germany
306
D5.
New Zealand
308
D6.
United States
310
E.
Commentators
313
F.
Discussion and Conclusion
317
F1.
Cases Involving De Jure or Effective Deprivation of Nationality and Core Rights/Incidents Thereto
318
F2.
Cases Concerning Denial or Withholding of Nationality
319
F3.
Arbitrary Exclusion of Non-Nationals
320
7.
Cessation
322
A.
Introduction
323
A1.
Text of Article 1C of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951
323
A2.
Context
323
A3.
Scope of Interpretation
324
B.
Individual Provisions
324
B1.
Article 1C(1): Voluntary Re-Availment of Nationality
324
B2.
Article 1C(2): Voluntary Re-Acquisition of Nationality
335
B3.
Article 1C(3): Acquisition of New Nationality, with Protection of that State
336
B4.
Article 1C(4): Voluntary Re-Establishment in Reference Country
336
B5.
Article 1C(5): Cessation of Circumstances of Recognition as a Refugee as Regards Country of Nationality
337
B6.
Article 1C(6): Cessation of Circumstances of Recognition as a Refugee as Regards Country of Former Habitual Residence of Stateless Person
337
C.
Conclusion
338
8.
Exclusion
339
A.
Introduction
339
A1.
Text of Article 1E of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951
339
A2.
Context
339
A3.
Scope of Interpretation
340
B.
Interpretation
340
C.
Conclusion
342
Select Bibliography
345
Index
353