Gendered law in American history / Richard Chused, Professor, New York Law School ; Wendy Williams, Professor Emerita, Georgetown University Law Center.
2016
KF478 .C495 2016 (Map It)
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Title
Gendered law in American history / Richard Chused, Professor, New York Law School ; Wendy Williams, Professor Emerita, Georgetown University Law Center.
Published
Durham, North Carolina : Carolina Academic Press, [2016]
Call Number
KF478 .C495 2016
ISBN
9781611636734 (hbkk. ; alk. paper)
1611636736 (hbkk. ; alk. paper)
1611636736 (hbkk. ; alk. paper)
Description
xxvi, 1,224 pages : illustrations ; 27 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)944408183
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Murray Fund
Added Author
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Murray Fund
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
xix
Introduction
xxiii
ch. 1
Women and Citizenship at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
3
A.
Introduction
3
B.
Gendered Politics of Citizenship and Suffrage in Early America
4
1.
Enlightenment and the American Revolution
4
2.
Suffrage, Dependency, and Gender: The Adams Correspondence
9
a.
Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams (March-April, 1776)
11
b.
Commentary and Questions
13
c.
Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams (April 14, 1776)
15
d.
Commentary and Questions
17
e.
Letter from Abigail Adams to Mercy Otis Warren (April 27, 1776)
18
f.
Commentary and Questions
20
g.
Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams (May 7, 1776)
21
h.
Commentary and Questions
23
i.
Letter from John Adams to John Sullivan (May 26, 1776)
24
j.
Commentary and Questions
27
C.
Property and Citizenship: The Status of Women During and After the Revolutionary War
30
1.
Opinions of the Massachusetts Supreme Court in Martin v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts
31
2.
Commentary and Questions
35
D.
Brief History of Woman Suffrage in New Jersey after the Revolutionary War
37
1.
Story
37
2.
Commentary and Questions
43
ch. 2
Property Reform and the First Women's Movement
45
A.
Setting the Stage: The Ohio Married Women's Property Act of 1846
45
1.
Statute
45
2.
Commentary and Questions
46
3.
Marital Property Law's Common Law and Equity Heritage
47
a.
Introduction
47
b.
Blackstone's Commentaries
49
c.
Commentary and Questions
57
Elizabeth Bowles Warbasse, The Changing Legal Rights of Married Women, 1800-1861
61
4.
Ohio Law before Adoption of the Married Women's Property Act of 1846
64
a.
Introduction
64
b.
Courts and Married Women's Property
66
1.
Early Cases: Ramsdall v. Craighill
66
2.
Commentary and Questions
68
3.
Early Cases: Canby v. Porter
71
4.
Commentary and Questions
71
5.
Adoption of Early Married Women's Property Acts in Other States
74
a.
Mississippi Married Women's Property Act of 1839
75
b.
Commentary and Questions
75
6.
Gender in Early America
76
B.
Property Reform and the Ohio Women's Movement after 1850
85
1.
Salem, Ohio, Convention of 1850 and Its Immediate Aftermath
85
a.
Introduction
85
Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835
86
b.
Seneca Falls as Model
89
c.
Commentary and Questions
92
d.
J. Elizabeth Jones' Salem Oration: "The Wrongs of Woman"
93
e.
Commentary and Questions
105
2.
History of Ohio's 1857 Married Women's Property Act
106
a.
1854 Legislative Session
106
b.
Commentary and Questions
109
c.
1857 Legislative Session
110
d.
Married Women's Property Act of 1857
114
e.
Commentary and Questions
114
3.
Reforms in the Late Nineteenth Century: 1861-1884
117
a.
186 Married Woman's Property Act
117
b.
Text of the 1861 Act
124
c.
Commentary and Questions
125
Amy Dru Stanley, Conjugal Bonds and Wage Labor: Rights of Contract in the Age of Emancipation
128
d.
Comparison: The New York Married Women's Property Acts of 1860 and 1862
141
e.
Commentary and Questions
144
f.
Final Nineteenth Century Reforms: The Married Woman's Separate Estate as Capital for Investment by Women
148
1.
Machir v. Burroughs
148
2.
Commentary and Questions
150
3.
Married Women's Act of 1866
152
4.
Married Women's Act of 1871
153
5.
Commentary and Questions
154
6.
Final Nineteenth Century Legislative Enactments
154
7.
Commentary and Questions
155
ch. 3
Divorce in the Nineteenth Century
159
A.
Introduction
159
B.
Setting the Stage
163
1.
Indiana Divorce Act of 1818
163
2.
Commentary and Questions
165
C.
Easing Access to Divorce: 1824 to 1852
169
1.
Indiana Divorce Reform Statutes
169
2.
Divorce Reform Debates: Robert Dale Owen and the Growth of Divorce
172
Elizabeth B. Clark, Matrimonial Bonds: Slavery and Divorce in Nineteenth-Century America
176
3.
Commentary and Questions
181
D.
Indiana as a Divorce Mill: Public Controversy and Conservative Reaction
181
1.
Indiana Legal Developments: From Divorce Mill to Termination of Migratory Divorce
181
a.
McQuigg v. McQuigg
181
b.
Commentary and Questions
182
c.
Divorce Mill's End
184
2.
Great National Divorce Debate of 1860: Greeley, Owen and Stanton
186
a.
Horace Greeley Essay
187
b.
Commentary and Questions
188
c.
Owen Response to Greeley
190
d.
Commentary and Questions
193
e.
Greeley Reply to Owen
194
f.
Commentary and Questions
196
g.
Another Owen Response
198
h.
Greeley's Next Rejoinder
200
i.
Commentary and Questions
201
j.
Owen Begins to Wind Down the Debate
202
k.
Commentary and Questions
204
l.
Stanton Enters the Fray
205
m.
Commentary and Questions
207
3.
Schliemann and McFarland Divorces: Feminists Split and Divorce Mill Ends
208
a.
Stories
208
b.
Commentary and Questions
214
E.
Divorce and Writing History: Research Methodology, Legal Norms, and Judicial Reality in Nineteenth Century Divorce
216
ch. 4
Child Custody in the Nineteenth Century
223
A.
Introduction
223
B.
Setting the Stage: Parent and Child at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
224
1.
Introduction: Early Child Custody Reform
224
2.
Barrere v. Barrere
227
3.
Commentary and Questions
232
C.
Shifting Standards: Maternal Preference and the Best Interests of Children
233
1.
Introduction to the Mercein Litigation
233
2.
Mercein Litigation
235
a.
Opinion of Chancellor Walworth
236
b.
Commentary and Questions
246
D.
Mid-Century Debates about Child Custody
248
1.
Contours of Early Protests against Paternal Authority over Children
248
a.
Marriage Contract of Lucy Stone and Harry Blackwell
249
b.
Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
251
2.
Precursors to the New York Married Women's Act of 1860
251
a.
1854 Women's Rights Convention in Albany, NY
251
1.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton Convention Address
252
2.
Woman's Rights Petition
261
b.
Commentary and Questions
263
Report of the Select Committee
265
Report of the Judiciary Committee
268
3.
New York Act of 1860
269
E.
Child Custody at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
270
1.
Introduction
270
2.
Typical Custody Opinion
271
3.
Commentary and Questions
278
ch. 5
Reproduction in the Nineteenth Century: Infanticide, Birth Control and Abortion
281
A.
Introduction
281
B.
Demographic Data
282
1.
Infant Mortality
282
2.
Commentary and Questions
283
3.
Child and Maternal Mortality Rates
284
4.
Commentary and Questions
284
5.
Birth Rates
287
6.
Commentary and Questions
289
C.
Infanticide
289
1.
Introduction
289
2.
Setting the Stage: Concealment of Pregnancy Statutes
290
3.
Commentary and Questions
291
Julie Miller, Abandoned: Foundlings in Nineteenth-Century New York City
295
4.
Infanticide Trial: The Valpy-Hardy Case
297
a.
Introduction
297
b.
Trial
298
c.
Commentary and Questions
329
D.
Abortion
333
1.
Quickening Rule at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
333
a.
Bangs Case
333
b.
Commentary and Questions
334
Medicus, Facts and Observations on Quickening
340
Theodric Romeyn Beck, M.D., Elements of Medical Jurisprudence
343
2.
Evolution of Abortion Law in Mid-Nineteenth Century Massachusetts
356
a.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Luceba Parker
356
b.
Commentary and Questions
361
c.
Background Information About the Robert Wood Case
364
d.
Wood Case
365
e.
Commentary and Questions
369
f.
Background Information about the David R. Brown Case
370
g.
Brown Case
374
h.
Commentary and Questions
382
i.
Background to Second Case against Dr. David R. Brown
386
j.
Second Brown Case
386
k.
Commentary and Questions
393
3.
Police Gazette: Wonderful Trial of Caroline Lohman, Alias Restell
394
a.
Introduction
394
b.
Police Gazette Report of the Restell Trial
400
c.
Commentary and Questions
450
4.
Role of the Medical Profession in the Abortion Debate
461
Horatio R. Storer & Franklin Fiske Heard, Criminal Abortion: Its Nature, Its Evidence, and its Law
464
5.
Abortion Data
472
E.
Birth Control
474
1.
Introduction
474
2.
Comstockery
476
a.
Comstock Act
476
b.
Anthony Comstock
479
Anthony Comstock, Traps for the Young
480
c.
United States v. Edward Bliss Foote
484
d.
Commentary and Questions
486
3.
Decline of Comstockery
488
a.
Introduction
488
Margaret Sanger, Family Limitation
490
b.
Commentary and Questions
497
c.
Prosecution of Margaret Sanger
502
d.
New York v. Sanger
506
e.
Commentary and Questions
507
f.
End of Comstockery
508
1.
Mary Ware Dennett
508
Mary Ware Dennett, The Sex Side of Life: An Explanation For Young People
510
2.
Prosecution of Mary Ware Dennett
512
3.
Commentary and Questions
519
4.
One Package Case
520
5.
Commentary and Questions
523
ch. 6
Gender, Race and Violence: Nineteenth Century Visions of Wives, Slaves, and Freed Persons
525
A.
Introduction
525
B.
Wife/Slave Analogy Revisited
526
1.
Newspaper Commentary
526
W.J.F., Wives and Slaves: A Bone for the Abolitionists to Pick
527
2.
Commentary and Questions
539
C.
Law of Violence in Nineteenth Century "Domestic Relpions"
539
1.
Introduction
539
Laura E Edwards, Law, Domestic Violence, and the Limits of Patriarchal Authority in the Antebellum South
540
2.
Criminal Law of Violence in Slavery
542
a.
Killing or Battering a Slave
543
1.
Piver Case
543
2.
Commentary and Questions
543
3.
Boon Case
544
4.
Commentary and Questions
551
5.
Judge Thomas Ruffin
552
6.
Mann Case
553
7.
Commentary and Questions
556
Paul D. Escott, Slavery Remembered: A Record of Twentieth-Century Slave Narratives
559
8.
Hoover Case
564
9.
Commentary and Questions
568
b.
Slave's Ability to Respond to Violence
569
1.
Caesar Case
569
2.
Commentary and Questions
587
c.
Patrollers and State Violence
589
1.
Tate v. O'Neal
589
2.
Commentary and Questions
590
3.
Hailey Case
592
4.
Commentary and Questions
594
d.
Controlling Free Blacks
594
1.
Jowers Case
594
2.
Commentary and Questions
596
3.
Introduction to the Howard Case
596
4.
Howard Case
598
5.
Commentary and Questions
601
3.
Law of Violence in Marriage
602
a.
Divorce and Battery Cases
602
1.
Hussey Case
602
2.
Commentary and Questions
605
Anne Firor Scott, Women's Perspective on the Patriarchy in the 1850s
606
3.
Joyner Case
613
4.
Commentary and Questions
617
5.
Black Case
620
6.
Commentary and Questions
621
7.
Rhodes Case
622
8.
Commentary and Questions
626
9.
Mabrey Case
627
10.
Commentary and Questions
628
11.
Oliver Case
629
12.
Commentary and Questions
630
D.
"Jane Crow" to "Jim Crow": Gender and Race after the Civil War
631
1.
Introduction
631
2.
"Ladies' Car": Class, Gender and Race
634
a.
Bass Case
634
b.
Commentary and Questions
640
c.
Introduction to Gray v. Cincinnati Southern Railway Company
643
d.
Gray Case
646
e.
Commentary and Questions
649
f.
Introduction to The Sue Case
653
g.
Sue Case
664
h.
Commentary and Questions
668
Theodore G. Bilbo, Take Your Choice: Separation or Mongrelization
669
3.
Separate but Equal in Operation
671
a.
Introduction to Smith v. Chamberlain
671
b.
Smith Case
671
c.
Commentary and Questions
680
d.
Introduction to Plessy v. Ferguson
681
e.
Plessy Case
683
f.
Commentary and Questions
697
ch. 7
Temperance Movement: Women's War on Whiskey and the Founding of the Women's Christian Temperance Union
701
A.
Setting the Stage: The Women's Crusade of 1873-1874
701
Ruth Bordin, "A Baptism of Power and Liberty": The Women's Crusade of 1873-1874
702
1.
Commentary and Questions
708
B.
Reactions to the Crusades
714
1.
Suffragists' Reactions
714
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony & Matilda Joslyn Gage, History of Woman Suffrage
714
2.
Commentary and Questions
716
E.
D. Stewart, Memories of the Crusade
717
3.
Liberal Commentary
722
Women and the Temperance Question
722
4.
Commentary and Questions
725
5.
Temperance Prayer
726
Prayer
726
6.
Commentary and Questions
727
C.
Reports on the Hillsboro Crusades
729
1.
Palace Drug Store Controversy
729
2.
Commentary and Questions
737
3.
Constitutional Convention Meets Dio Lewis' Speaking Tour
739
4.
Commentary and Questions
746
5.
Hillsboro Injunction Case
747
6.
Commentary and Questions
765
D.
WCTU, Suffrage, and the "Do Everything" Movement
769
1.
Suffrage and "Home Protection"
769
Frances E. Willard, Home Protection Manual
771
2.
Commentary and Questions
782
3.
"Do Everything" Agenda of the WCTU
785
Frances Willard, Address before the Second Biennial Convention of the World's Christian Temperance Union, and the Twentieth Annual Convention of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union
787
4.
Commentary and Questions
791
Jane E. Larson, "Even a Worm Will Turn at Last": Rape Reform in Late Nineteenth-Century America
792
ch. 8
Women's Suffrage after the Civil War-Defeat and Disarray
809
A.
Setting the Stage: 1866 Congressional Debates on the District of Columbia Voting Rights Bill
809
1.
Introduction
809
Address To Congress, Adopted by the Eleventh National Woman's Rights Convention, held in New York City
812
2.
Commentary and Questions
813
3.
District of Columbia Franchise Bill Debates
815
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage (eds.), II History of Woman Suffrage: 1861-1876
816
4.
Commentary and Questions
829
B.
Suffrage Movement Split of 1869
830
1.
Introduction
830
Andrea Moore Kerr, White Women's Rights, Black Men's Wrong, Free Love, Blackmail, and the Formation of the American Woman Suffrage Association
831
2.
Commentary and Questions
845
C.
Post-Schism Suffrage Politics and the Minor Resolution
846
1.
Minor Resolution
846
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage (eds.), II History of Woman Suffrage: 1861-1876
847
2.
Commentary and Questions
850
D.
Women's Suffrage in the Courts
852
1.
Spenser and Webster Voting Rights Cases
852
a.
Introduction
852
b.
Spenser and Webster Dispute
853
c.
Commentary and Questions
855
2.
Bradwell v. Illinois
857
a.
Introduction
857
b.
Commentary and Questions
860
c.
Bradwell's Appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court
861
d.
Commentary and Questions
862
e.
Illinois Supreme Court Result
863
f.
Commentary and Questions
864
g.
Bradwell's Case in the United States Supreme Court
864
h.
Supreme Court Opinions
867
i.
Commentary and Questions
870
3.
Anthony Voting Rights Case
872
a.
Introduction
872
b.
Commentary and Questions
874
c.
Anthony's Sentencing Hearing
876
d.
Commentary and Questions
878
4.
United States Supreme Court and the Minor Resolution
878
a.
Minor v. Happersett
878
b.
Commentary and Questions
884
Ross Evans Paulson, Liberty, Equality, and Justice: Civil Rights, Women's Rights, and the Regulation of Business
885
E.
Suffrage Reform in Ohio
887
1.
Introduction
887
2.
School Voting Legislation of 1894
889
3.
State Suffrage Referenda
890
4.
Presidential Elector Voting Legislation of 1917
892
5.
Conclusion
895
Address of the President of the United States Delivered in the Senate of the United States September 30, 1918
895
ch. 9
Protective Labor Legislation at the Turn of the Twentieth Century-Special or Equal Treatment under the Law
899
A.
Introduction
899
B.
Massachusetts Protective Labor Legislation
899
1.
Regulating the Workday of Children and Women
899
a.
1866 Legislation
903
Act in relation to the employment of children in manufacturing establishments
903
b.
Commentary and Questions
904
c.
Continuing Agitation for Hours Legislation
904
Ira Steward, A Reduction of Hours Is an Increase in Wages
905
d.
1874 Act and Later Legislation
908
Act to regulate the hours of labor in manufacturing establishments
908
e.
Commentary and Questions
911
2.
Wage Legislation in Massachusetts
912
Act to establish the minimum wage commission and to provide for the determination of minimum wages for women and minors
914
C.
Early Twentieth Century Debate over Protective Labor Legislation
917
1.
Introduction: The Dorr-Anderson Dialogue
917
Rheta Childe Dorr, Should There Be Labor Laws for Women? No
919
Mary Anderson, Should There Be Labor Laws for Women? Yes
925
2.
Commentary and Questions
935
D.
Protective Labor Legislation and the Supreme Court
936
1.
Male Workers' Hours Legislation: Lochner v. New York
936
a.
Structure of Freedom of Contract Litigation
936
b.
Commentary and Questions
939
c.
Background to Lochner v. New York
940
d.
Lochner: Supreme Court Opinions
941
e.
Commentary and Questions
955
Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917
956
2.
Women Workers' Hours Legislation: Muller and Bunting
960
a.
Briefs in the Muller Case
960
1.
Muller's Brief
961
2.
"Brandeis Brief" for the State of Oregon
963
3.
Brief of Oregon Attorney General
969
b.
Commentary and Questions
971
Edward H. Clarke, Sex in Education; A Fair Chance for Girls
973
Julia Ward Howe, Sex and Education, in Julia Ward Howe [ed.], Sex and Education. A Reply to Dr. E.H. Clarke's "Sex in Education"
978
c.
Supreme Court Opinions: Muller v. Oregon
980
d.
Commentary and Questions
984
Felix Frankfurter, Hours of Labor and Realism in Constitutional Law
990
e.
Supreme Court Opinions: Bunting v. Oregon
995
f.
Commentary and Questions
1000
3.
Wage Laws
1002
a.
Introduction
1002
Joan G. Zimmerman, The Jurisprudence of Equality: The Women's Minimum Wage, the First Equal Rights Amendment, and Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 1905-1923
1003
b.
Briefs in Adkins v. Children's Hospital
1007
1.
Brief for Children's Hospital
1007
2.
Brief for Adkins
1009
c.
Supreme Court Opinions: Adkins v. Children's Hospital
1013
d.
Commentary and Questions
1029
Note (Blanche Crozier), Constitutional Law-Regulation of Conditions of Employment of Women. A Critique of Muller v. Oregon
1030
e.
Supreme Court Opinions: West Coast Hotel v. Parrish
1037
f.
Commentary and Questions
1044
E.
Protective Legislation after World War II
1045
1.
Introduction
1045
2.
Protecting Male Veterans
1047
a.
Background to Goesaert v. Cleary
1047
b.
Supreme Court Opinions: Goesaert v. Cleary
1052
c.
Commentary and Questions
1054
3.
Military Service and the Protection Rationale
1055
a.
Background to Rostker v. Goldberg
1055
b.
Supreme Court Opinions: Rostker v. Goldberg
1056
c.
Commentary and Questions
1071
Kenneth L. Karst, The Pursuit of Manhood and the Desegregation of the Armed Forces
1071
ch. 10
Legal Uses of History: The Sears Case
1081
A.
Introduction
1081
B.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Sears Roebuck and Company
1083
1.
Summaries of Testimony Offered by Historians
1083
a.
Rosalind Rosenberg on Behalf of Sears Roebuck and Company
1083
b.
Commentary and Questions
1092
c.
Alice Kessler-Harris on Behalf of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
1093
d.
Commentary and Questions
1105
2.
Trial Level Decision
1106
a.
Opinion of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois: EEOC v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.
1106
b.
Commentary and Questions
1133
3.
Appellate Court Decision
1135
a.
Opinions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit: EEOC v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.
1135
b.
Commentary and Questions
1144
C.
Commentary about the Use of Historians in the Sears Litigation
1145
1.
Introduction
1145
2.
Commentary in the Media
1147
a.
Washington Post
1147
b.
Samuel G. Freedman
1148
c.
Commentary and Questions
1149
d.
Jon Wiener
1150
e.
Commentary and Questions
1154
3.
Commentary by Rosalind Rosenberg and Alice Kessler-Harris
1155
a.
Rosalind Rosenberg
1155
b.
Commentary and Questions
1157
c.
Alice Kessler-Harris
1157
d.
Commentary and Questions
1161
4.
Academic Commentary
1163
a.
Eileen Boris
1163
b.
Commentary and Questions
1165
c.
Jonathan D. Martin
1166
d.
Commentary and Questions
1172
D.
Concluding Problem
1173
Historians' Amicus Curiae Brief in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1174
Index
1207