Global free expression : governing the boundaries of Internet content / Ben Wagner.
2016
K4345 .W34 2016 (Map It)
Available at Cellar
Formats
| Format | |
|---|---|
| BibTeX | |
| MARCXML | |
| TextMARC | |
| MARC | |
| DublinCore | |
| EndNote | |
| NLM | |
| RefWorks | |
| RIS |
Items
Details
Author
Title
Global free expression : governing the boundaries of Internet content / Ben Wagner.
Published
Switzerland : Springer, [2016]
Copyright
©2016
Call Number
K4345 .W34 2016
ISBN
9783319335117 (hardback)
3319335111 (hardback)
3319335111 (hardback)
Description
xv, 184 pages : color illustrations ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)945949331
Summary
"This book examines the changes in the governance of human expression as a result of the development of the Internet. It tells the story of the emergence of a global regime that almost completely lacks institutions, and develops a concept of 'expression governance' that focusses on the governance practices of key actors in Europe and North America. The book illuminates the increased disciplinary capacity of the Internet infrastructure that has become apparent to the public following Edward Snowden's leaks in 2013, and provides a theoretical frame within which such changes can be understood. It argues that the Internet has developed a 'global default' of permissible speech that exists pervasively across the globe but beyond the control of any one actor. It then demonstrates why the emergence of such a 'global default' of speech is crucial to global conflict in the international relations of the Internet. The book concludes with an elaboration of the regulatory practices and theatrical performances that enable a global regime as well as the three key narratives that are embedded within it"--Back cover.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
1.
Governing Internet Expression: An Introduction
1
1.1.
Why Freedom of Expression?
1
1.2.
Bet and a Promise
2
1.3.
Expression, Technology and Power
3
1.4.
Speech, New Technology & Meaning
4
1.5.
Expression, Technology and Power
5
1.6.
Global Default
6
1.7.
Legitimacy Theatre and the Hidden Levers of Control
7
1.8.
Unpacking Censorship to Understand Free Expression
8
Bibliography
8
2.
Towards a Theory of Information Control: Content Regulation, Disciplinary Capacity and the Governance on the Internet
11
2.1.
Developing a Theory of Information Control
13
2.2.
Key Theoretical Concepts
17
2.2.1.
Internet as a Communicative Construct
17
2.2.2.
Content Regulatory Agents: Gatekeepers & Communities of Practice
18
2.2.3.
Sedimenting Gatekeepers: Private or Public Institutions?
19
2.2.4.
Gates: The Boundaries of Speech Spaces
20
2.3.
`Speech Spaces': Theorising Expression Governance Regimes'
22
2.3.1.
Definition of Expression Governance Regimes
22
2.3.2.
Intentionality in Expression Governance
22
2.3.3.
Scope and Substitutability of the Regime
23
2.3.4.
Logics of Permissible Content
24
2.3.5.
`Disciplinary Capacity' and the Internet Ecosystem
24
2.4.
Case Selection
24
2.5.
Operationalization and Methodology
27
2.5.1.
Overview
27
2.5.2.
Participant Observation
27
2.5.3.
Process Tracing and Semi-structured Interviews
28
2.5.4.
Access to Internal Sources and Ethical Constraints
28
2.5.5.
Document Analysis: Published and Internal Documents
28
2.6.
Conclusion
29
Bibliography
29
3.
Internet Technologies Increasing Ability to Control: The Development of Disciplinary Capacity in the Past Two Decades
35
3.1.
`Disciplinary Capacity' and the Internet Ecosystem
36
3.2.
Development of Disciplinary Capacity
37
3.3.
Shift in Internet Accessibility Devices
40
3.4.
Ageing Phone Book: The Domain Name System
42
3.5.
Internet Service Providers
43
3.6.
Networks: The Increased Use of Deep Packet Inspection Technology
45
3.7.
Infrastructure: The Increasingly Nodal Role of Internet Exchange Points
48
3.8.
Online Service Providers
51
3.9.
Internet Hosts and Cloud Computing
54
3.10.
Conclusion
56
Bibliography
58
4.
Public Sector and Content Regulation: Focussing on Pornography and Child Sexual Abuse Material
63
4.1.
Case 1: The United States
66
4.1.1.
Regulating an American Internet
66
4.1.2.
NCMEC CyberTipline
69
4.1.3.
How NCMEC and Congress Normalise Self-Regulation of Content
71
4.1.4.
Final Remarks on the U.S.
72
4.2.
Case 2: The United Kingdom
74
4.2.1.
UK as International Innovator in Internet Content Regulation
74
4.2.2.
Normalising Self-Regulation: The Internet Watch Foundation
75
4.2.3.
From Watching to Cleaning: Inducing Automatic Enforcement
77
4.2.4.
From Cleaning to Normalising
78
4.2.5.
Concluding Remarks on the UK
79
4.3.
Case 3: Germany
80
4.3.1.
On-Going Struggle over Statehood on the Internet
80
4.3.2.
Creating Self-Regulatory Institutions: Jugendschutz. Net, FSM and Eco
83
4.3.3.
Institutional Competition About Internet Content Regulation
84
4.3.4.
Internationalising the German Regulatory Regime
87
4.3.5.
Concluding Remarks on Germany
88
4.4.
Final Analysis and Preliminary Conclusions
89
Bibliography
91
5.
Private Sector and Content Regulation: The Margin of Permissible Expression
97
5.1.
Introduction
97
5.2.
Case 4: America Online (AOL)
99
5.2.1.
Creating a Curated Internet
99
5.2.2.
Generating and Localising Norms of Appropriate Expression
100
5.2.3.
External Influences on the Norms Generated by AOL
102
5.2.4.
Conclusion -- AOL's Role in Co-creating Expression Governance
103
5.3.
Case 5: Google
104
5.3.1.
Algorithmic Content Regulation
104
5.3.2.
Generating Norms -- "Content Regulation Is a Mathematical Problem"
105
5.3.3.
External Influences on the Google's Expression Governance
107
5.3.4.
Conclusion -- Google's Role in Creating Expression Governance
108
5.4.
Case 6: Facebook
110
5.4.1.
Facebook -- A Self-Enforcing `Sanitized Internet'
110
5.4.2.
Generating Norms -- When All Users Are Considered 13 Year Old American Adolescents
111
5.4.3.
External Influences on the Facebook's Content Regulation
113
5.4.4.
Conclusion -- Facebook
115
5.5.
Conclusion and Wider Implications
116
Bibliography
118
6.
Governing Internet Expression: Sketching Out the Borders of a Global Default of Freedom of Expression
121
6.1.
`Global Default': A Global Private Governance Regime
121
6.2.
Communities of Practice
123
6.2.1.
Strongly Mobilised International Network
123
6.2.2.
Sedimenting Communities of Practice in Quasi-Public Institutions
125
6.3.
Mechanisms of Governance
126
6.3.1.
Universal Scope of Governance
128
6.3.2.
Governance Through Architecture
130
6.3.3.
Discursive Spill-Over and `Disciplinarity Envy'
130
6.3.4.
Functionally Differentiated Gatekeeping
131
6.3.5.
Choosing Architecture over Public Sector Governance
132
6.4.
Conclusion
133
Bibliography
133
7.
Global Expression Governance: The Norms of a Global Regime
137
7.1.
Governing for Children
137
7.2.
Imagining Memory
142
7.3.
Imagining Sex and Sexuality
145
7.4.
Analysis of Three Imaginaries
149
7.4.1.
Debate Around False Truths
149
7.4.2.
As a Purely Functional Means of Exerting Power
150
7.4.3.
Creating Identity Through Excluding Others
150
7.4.4.
As an Urgent Need for Solidarity
151
Bibliography
153
8.
Symbolic Power and Legitimacy Theatre: Constructing Legitimacy in Global Internet Governance
157
8.1.
Developing Structures of Justification
158
8.2.
Power and Legitimacy -- The United States and the Early Internet
160
8.3.
Structures of Justification -- ICANN & `Multi-stakeholderism'
161
8.4.
Justification at the UN -- The WSIS Process
164
8.5.
Global Legitimacy Theatre -- Diplomatic Alphabet Soup
165
8.6.
Contesting Legitimacy Theatre -- Multistakeholderism & WCIT
168
8.7.
Symbolic Legitimacy Left Behind -- Shells of Justification
170
Bibliography
171
9.
Conclusion: Logics of Appropriate Governance in Internet Governance and Global Governance
175
Bibliography
180
Additional Sources and Interviews
183
Interviews, Personal Conversations and Correspondence
183