Old and new Islam in Greece : from historical minorities to immigrant newcomers / by Konstantinos Tsitselikis.
2012
KKE2467.M56 T75 2012 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Old and new Islam in Greece : from historical minorities to immigrant newcomers / by Konstantinos Tsitselikis.
Published
Leiden ; Boston : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012.
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
KKE2467.M56 T75 2012
Former Call Number
Gr 916 T788 2012
ISBN
9789004221529 (hardback ; alk. paper)
9004221522 (hardback ; alk. paper)
9004221522 (hardback ; alk. paper)
Description
xxii, 622 pages : map ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)779607369
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 581-617) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Abbreviations
xiii
Note on the Use of Names
xv
Commonly Used Terms (As Perceived in the Greek Context)
xvii
Foreword
xix
Acknowledgements
xxi
1.
Introduction: Theoretical and Methodological Concerns
1
1.1.
Minority Protection under Conventional International Law
4
1.2.
Law and National Ideology in Greece: Filtering International Commitments
7
1.3.
Methodological Issues
11
1.4.
Semantic and Qualitative Uncertainties
13
1.5.
Target Groups
18
1.6.
Structure of the Book
21
pt. I
LEGACY: NATIONAL LAW AND INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS UNDER THE WEIGHT OF HISTORY
Introduction to Part I
26
2.
Muslim Minorities in the Balkans in the Era of Nationalism
27
2.1.
1830-1912: The First `Short' Century for Greece
30
2.1.1.
After the Revolution
31
2.1.2.
Convention of Constantinople (1881)
34
2.2.
...and the Cretan Autonomous State
36
2.2.1.
Muslim Community Structures
39
2.2.2.
Cretan Muslims: Between Millet and Minority Protection
43
3.
1913-1922: A Decade of Ethno-Religious Co-Existence
47
3.1.
Nationalization/Ethnicization of Land and People and Minority Protection at the Beginning of the 20th Century
47
3.2.
Greek State and the Muslims: First Contact, First Reaction
52
3.3.
Convention of Athens (1913)
60
3.4.
Territorial Applicability of the Status of Protection
62
4.
1923-1947: Exchanging Populations and the Aftermath
67
4.1.
Convention of Lausanne (January 1923)
68
4.1.1.
Who Was Exchanged?
69
4.1.2.
Exceptions
72
4.1.3.
Final Appraisal
79
4.2.
New Legal Regime under the Sevres and Lausanne Treaties (July 1923)
81
4.3.
Territorial Applicability of the Status of Protection (1924-1946)
82
pt. II
STATUS: ETHNIC REALITIES UNDER NORMATIVE NEGOTIATION
Introduction to Part II
88
5.
Islam under Greek Law: The Content of Rights
89
5.1.
Freedom of Religion: General Aspects of Applicability for Muslims
89
5.2.
Muslims as a Minority: The Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
97
5.2.1.
Ratione Loci Implementation
98
5.2.2.
Ratione Personae Implementation
100
5.2.3.
Reciprocity: A Century of Misunderstandings
105
6.
Muslim Minority as a Legal Entity: An Ottoman Legacy
119
6.1.
Community Structures
120
6.2.
From Marginalization and Discrimination to the Doctrine of `Isonomia-Isopoliteia' (Equality before the Law-Equality of Rights)
130
7.
Unbending Identities, Invisible Diversities
139
7.1.
Minority Muslims
140
7.1.1.
Existence of Minorities...is a Question of Law
140
7.1.2.
Identity Issue in Thrace: `(Un)equal and Different'
145
7.1.3.
Ethnic Engineering of Pomaks and Gypsies/Romas
147
7.2.
Immigrant Muslims
158
8.
Internationalizing a Domestic Affair while Endorsing Human Rights
167
8.1.
Turkey as Kin-State: The Red Thin Line with Political Interference
170
8.2.
Greek Administration Vis-a-Vis the Minority: Carrot and Stick
175
8.3.
Diplomatic Bilateral Rapprochement
180
8.4.
`Europeanization' Factor
184
8.5.
Immigrant Muslims as a Bilateral Issue
187
9.
Right to Citizenship
191
9.1.
Loyalty to the Nation, Devotion to the State
192
9.2.
Citizenship Deprivation: Defining the Exception
197
9.3.
Muslim Immigrants as `Allogeneis'
205
pt. III
ENJOYING CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS THROUGH THE COMMUNITY
Introduction to Part III
210
10.
Political Representation
211
10.1.
Political Rights of Muslims before 1923
211
10.2.
Minority Vote in Thrace
215
11.
Right to Association
227
11.1.
Participation in Trade Unions and Minority Associations
228
11.1.1.
War of Associations in Thrace
235
11.1.2.
Minority Associations Beyond Thrace
239
11.2.
Constraints on Minority Civil Society
241
11.3.
Minority Associations' Legal Adventures: A Conflict of Nationalisms in the Battlefield of the Courts (Part I)
242
11.4.
Immigrant Muslims: Between National Communities and Religion
253
12.
Mosques and Cemeteries
259
12.1.
Greece before 1950
259
12.2.
Functioning Mosques and Cemeteries and Their Staff
261
12.3.
Odyssey of Mosques and the Muslim Cemetery in Athens
265
13.
Freedom of Expression
273
13.1.
Muslim/Minority Media
273
13.1.1.
Muslim Minority
275
13.1.2.
Immigrant Muslims
282
13.2.
Turks or Muslims? A Conflict of Nationalisms in the Battlefield of the Courts (Part II)
284
14.
Property Rights
289
14.1.
Before 1923: Muslim Private Properties in a Time of War
291
14.2.
Consequences of the Population Exchange
298
14.3.
Albanian Muslim Chams
303
14.4.
Minority of Thrace
315
14.5.
Muslims of the Dodecanese Islands
322
pt. IV
COMMUNITY STRUCTURES AND ESTABLISHMENTS: RELIGION AND LANGUAGE
Introduction to Part IV
326
15.
Considering Community Property: The Vakf
327
15.1.
Vakf Until 1923
329
15.2.
Vakf in Thrace
337
15.2.1.
First Period: 1923-1949
337
15.2.2.
Temporary Implementation of the Law
340
15.2.3.
Vakf Property
341
15.2.4.
Burden of Reciprocity
345
15.2.5.
Management of the Vakf and the New Act
348
15.3.
Vakf in Rodos and Kos
352
15.4.
Egyptian Vakf
356
15.5.
Vakf in Epirus and the Bektashi Vakf
359
15.6.
Fate of the Vakf in Greece
365
16.
Position of the Moufti and the Application of Sharia
367
16.1.
Moufti as a Religious Leader and Acting Head of the Muslim Communities
367
16.1.1.
Political and Administrative Authority
367
16.1.2.
Competences of Non-Jurisdictional Character
371
16.2.
Historical Establishment and Geographical Distribution
374
16.2.1.
From 1881 to 1913
374
16.2.2.
From 1913 to 1924
375
16.2.3.
After 1924
381
16.3.
Ruling Personal Status
390
16.3.1.
Moufti as a Judge: A Case of Legal Pluralism?
390
16.3.2.
Applicable Law and Issues of Compatibility
399
16.3.3.
Limitations of the Clause of Ordre Public and The Evolution of Sharia Law
407
16.3.4.
To Reopen the Door for the Development of the Sharia?
414
16.4.
Election or Appointment? Reactions and Counter-Reactions
417
16.4.1.
New Law on the Moufti (1991)
417
16.4.2.
On the Selection of the Mouftis: A Conflict of Nationalisms in the Battlefield of the Courts (part III)
421
16.5.
Applicability of Islamic Law for Aliens
427
17.
Language and Educational Rights
429
17.1.
Minority Schools before the Population Exchange
431
17.1.1.
`First Generation' (1830-1912)
432
17.1.2.
Minority Schools in the New Lands (1913-1923)
434
17.2.
Schools for the Muslims of Epirus
439
17.3.
Establishing Minority Education in Thrace: Deaden Modernity
445
17.3.1.
First 30 Years (1920-1949)
446
17.3.2.
Interim Period (1950-1976)
456
17.4.
Contemporary Minority Education (1977-2011): A Pending Modernization
480
17.4.1.
Primary Education
485
17.4.2.
Secondary Education
494
17.4.3.
University Education
501
17.4.4.
Controversial Balance of Minority Education
508
17.4.5.
To be (or not) a Turkish Teacher? A Conflict of Nationalisms in the Battlefield of the Courts (Part IV)
519
17.5.
Schools for the Muslims of the Dodecanese Islands
522
17.6.
Education for Immigrant Muslims and the Challenge of Inter-Culturalism
529
17.6.1.
Public Schools
530
17.6.2.
Private Schools
533
18.
Conclusions: Muslims Between Citizenship and Community
535
Appendices
1.
Legal Texts (International and National)
545
2.
Territorial Expansion of the Greek State and the Muslim Communities
556
3.
Moufti Offices: Past and Present
557
4.
Genealogy of the Moufti Offices in Thrace
561
5.
Cases before the European Court of Human Rights
564
6.
Statistical Data
566
7.
Minority Schools in Thrace
577
8.
Vakf Property in Thrace
578
References and Bibliography
581
Index
619