Implementing the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Lusophone Africa : a socio-legal perspective / Aquinaldo Célio Mandlate.
2016
KQC145.M55 M36 2016 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Implementing the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Lusophone Africa : a socio-legal perspective / Aquinaldo Célio Mandlate.
Published
The Hague, The Netherlands : Eleven International Publishing, [2016]
Copyright
©2016
Call Number
KQC145.M55 M36 2016
ISBN
9789462365001 (paperback)
9462365008 (paperback)
9789462741874 (ebook)
9462365008 (paperback)
9789462741874 (ebook)
Description
xxv, 243 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)892462288
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 205-241).
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
xiii
Acknowledgments
xv
Abbreviations
xvii
Table of International Global and Regional Documents
xix
Table of Cases
xxv
International and regional case law
xxv
National case law
xxv
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
Background
3
1.2.
Focus of the Book
4
1.3.
Significance of the Book
4
1.4.
Limitations of the Book
5
1.5.
Clarification of Concepts
6
1.6.
Book Outline
8
2.
Children in the Countries under the Study
11
2.1.
Introduction
11
2.2.
Official and Other Languages
12
2.3.
Population Demography
14
2.4.
Lineage Patterns
14
2.5.
Some Key Customary Practices Affecting Children
16
2.5.1.
Early Marriage
16
2.5.2.
Initiation Rituals
18
2.6.
Religion
19
2.7.
Some Economic Factors Interfacing with Children's Rights
21
2.7.1.
Poverty
21
2.7.2.
Reliance on External Aid
23
2.7.3.
Involvement of Children in the Economic Sector (Child Labour)
25
2.8.
HIV/AIDS
26
2.9.
Conclusion
27
3.
Framework for Implementing the Children's Convention
29
3.1.
Introduction
29
3.2.
Need for a Binding Instrument Protecting Children's Rights
29
3.3.
Synopsis of the Convention on the Rights of the Child
32
3.4.
Duty to Implement the Convention
33
3.4.1.
Analysis of Provisions on Implementation
34
3.4.2.
Scope and Ambit for Implementing the Convention
35
3.4.2.1.
Setting the Ambit of the Duty to Implement the Convention
35
3.4.2.2.
Delineating the Scope of the Duty to Implement the Convention
37
3.5.
Regional Comparative Standards on Implementation of the CRC: The African Children's Charter
38
3.6.
Framework for Implementing the Convention on the Rights of the Child
42
3.6.1.
Legislative Measures
43
3.6.2.
Administrative and Other Measures
46
3.7.
Conclusion
54
4.
Implementing the Convention: Domestic Laws and Policies
57
4.1.
Introduction
57
4.2.
Overview of Child-Related Instruments Ratified by the Countries under the Study
58
4.3.
Status of the CRC in the Countries under the Study
60
4.4.
Constitutional Recognition of Children's Rights
62
4.5.
Child Laws of the Countries under Study: Reform Processes and Statutes
68
4.5.1.
Child Law Reform Processes
68
4.5.2.
General Children's Statutes
73
4.5.3.
Juvenile Justice Statutes
79
4.5.4.
Defining the Current Position of the General Children's Statutes in the Two Jurisdictions
84
4.6.
Children's Rights in Other (Selected) Domestic Instruments
84
4.6.1.
Children's Rights in Family Law Statutes
85
4.6.2.
Children's Rights under Domestic Violence Legislation
87
4.6.3.
Children's Rights and Anti-trafficking Initiatives
88
4.7.
Policy Reform and Formulation
90
4.7.1.
Children's Interests in the State Budgets of the Countries under the Study
90
4.7.2.
National Action Plans for Children
93
4.7.3.
Policy Action and Plans for Orphans and Vulnerable Children
95
4.7.4.
Policy Tools Addressing Child Marriages
96
4.7.5.
Poverty Reduction Strategies
98
4.7.6.
Balancing Policy Options
100
4.8.
Conclusion
101
5.
Implementing the Convention: Administrative and Institutional Measures
103
5.1.
Introduction
103
5.2.
Children's Rights Coordinating Mechanisms
104
5.2.1.
International Law on the Role of Domestic Coordination Mechanisms
104
5.2.2.
Coordination Mechanisms in the Countries under Analysis
105
5.2.2.1.
Mandate
106
5.2.2.2.
Composition
107
5.2.2.3.
Nature of Decisions
109
5.2.3.
Some Lessons to Share
110
5.3.
Monitoring Children's Rights
110
5.3.1.
International Law Standards Regulating Monitoring Mechanisms
111
5.3.2.
Monitoring Mechanisms in the Countries under the Study
113
5.3.2.1.
Institutions with Related Mandates to Monitor Children's Rights
114
5.3.2.2.
Institutions with Broad Human Rights Monitoring Mandates
116
5.3.3.
Obstacles Affecting the Work of Monitoring Mechanisms
120
5.3.4.
Comparing Monitoring Positions in the Countries under Examination
123
5.4.
Courts and the Administration of Justice for Children
124
5.4.1.
Overview of the Court System
125
5.4.1.1.
Judiciary during the Colonial Era
125
5.4.1.2.
Current Arrangement of Courts in the Countries under Examination
126
5.4.2.
Bodies with a Special Jurisdiction for Children
131
5.4.2.1.
Nature of Proceedings
133
5.4.2.2.
Jurisprudence and Case Law
135
5.4.2.3.
Enforcement of Judicial Decisions
140
5.4.3.
Obstacles in the Administration of Justice
141
5.4.3.1.
Infrastructure, Staffing and Training in Programmes Covering Children's Rights
142
5.4.3.2.
Need to Improve on Using International Law Instruments
143
5.4.3.3.
Corruption
146
5.4.4.
Comparing the Systems in the Countries under Examination
148
5.5.
Conclusion
149
6.
Implementing the Right to Primary Education
151
6.1.
Background and Introduction
151
6.2.
International Law and the Protection of the Right to Primary Education
155
6.2.1.
Brief Remarks on the CRC and ACRWC Provisions on Primary Education
157
6.2.2.
Understanding Free and Compulsory `Primary' and `Basic' Education
159
6.2.3.
Basic Requirements for Free and Compulsory Primary Education
161
6.3.
Right to Primary Education under Domestic Laws of the Countries under Study
163
6.3.1.
Constitutional Recognition of the Right to Primary Education
164
6.3.2.
Statutory Protection of the Right to Primary Education
167
6.3.3.
Moving towards Converging Systems of Protection of Primary Education
173
6.4.
Primary Education in Policy Documents
174
6.5.
Some Thematic Aspects of the Right to Primary Education
179
6.5.1.
Minimum Age for Primary School Enrolment
180
6.5.2.
Expenses for Enrolment and Primary School Costs
182
6.5.3.
Corporal Punishment in the School Environment
185
6.6.
Overview of Challenges in the Realisation of the Right to Primary Education
188
6.6.1.
Investment in Primary Education
189
6.6.2.
Infrastructure
190
6.6.3.
Problems Relating to School Staffing
191
6.7.
Conclusions
192
7.
Recommendations and Conclusion
195
7.1.
Introduction
195
7.2.
Relevance of the Convention for the Countries in the Study
196
7.3.
Defining Progress and Identifying Gaps
197
7.4.
Comparing the Benchmarks
199
7.5.
Way Forward for the Realisation of Children's Rights
200
7.5.1.
Need for Enactment of Laws and Ensuring Systematic Reforms
200
7.5.2.
Training for those Working with Children
201
7.5.3.
Involvement of Civil Society, Private Sector and International Cooperation
202
7.6.
Some Remarks for Future Research Enterprises
203
7.7.
Conclusion
203
Bibliography
205