Duties across borders : advancing human rights in transnational business / edited by Bård Andreassen, Võ Khánh Vinh.
2016
K3240 .D88 2016 (Map It)
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Title
Duties across borders : advancing human rights in transnational business / edited by Bård Andreassen, Võ Khánh Vinh.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Antwerp ; Portland : Intersentia, [2016]
Call Number
K3240 .D88 2016
ISBN
9781780683768
1780683766
1780683766
Description
xxi, 341 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)944160600
Summary
"Human rights are intertwined with large processes of globalisation. One of these processes is the rapid world-wide growth of multinational business enterprises. This volume argues that normative and legal developments to regulate and govern the behaviour of transnational businesses represent a new frontier in the struggle for human rights. This frontier has borne witness to many victims, but there are also glimpses of hope and opportunities for expanding the respect and protection of human rights in the corporate sector at local, national, and global levels. The volume presents essays discussing current international challenges and efforts to advance human rights duties of transnational businesses. An introductory essay provides an overview of the debate and the individual chapters discuss legal, institutional, political, and social dimensions and obstacles to advancing business enterprises? social and legal commitment to human rights norms. The book is aimed at legal and development scholars, public servants, and civil society practitioners with an interest in human rights commitments of transnational businesses. It is also of use for teachers and students in human rights law, corporate social responsibility courses, and courses in global development in degree programmes, and professional training programmes"--Back cover.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
v
List of Authors
xv
List of Figures and Tables
xxi
Introduction. Business' Duties Across Borders: The New Human Rights Frontier
1
1.
Introduction / Bård A. Andreassen Võ Khánh Vinh
1
2.
Human Rights and Regulation Theory / Bård A. Andreassen Võ Khánh Vinh
5
3.
Human Rights Law and Business: Concepts, Principles and Challenges / Bård A. Andreassen Võ Khánh Vinh
8
4.
Conclusion / Bård A. Andreassen Võ Khánh Vinh
19
Part I. Conceptual Developments / Bård A. Andreassen Võ Khánh Vinh
ch. 1
Business and Human Rights, or the Business of Human Rights. Critical Reflections on Emerging Themes / Bård A. Andreassen Võ Khánh Vinh
23
1.
Business Case for Human Rights / Surya Deva
24
2.
Hazards in the SRSG's Work / Surya Deva
27
3.
Spineless States / Surya Deva
32
4.
Kiobel's Encounter with an Inconvenient Truth / Surya Deva
35
5.
Conclusion / Surya Deva
38
ch. 2
Corporate Liability for Human Rights. Effective Remedies or Ineffective Placebos? / Surya Deva
39
1.
Introduction / Itai Apter
39
2.
Litigation and Guidelines - a Critical Analysis / Itai Apter
41
2.1.
US Litigation against Corporations / Itai Apter
42
2.1.1.
Victims / Itai Apter
44
2.1.2.
Global Corporations / Itai Apter
46
2.1.3.
Forum Government / Itai Apter
46
2.1.4.
Corporations' Home States / Itai Apter
48
2.2.
Litigation against Corporations in Non-US Courts / Itai Apter
50
2.3.
OECD Guidelines for Multinational Corporations / Itai Apter
51
3.
United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights / Itai Apter
56
4.
Political Inter-State Solutions - Looking into the Past to Suggest a Way Forward / Itai Apter
59
5.
Concluding Remarks / Itai Apter
65
ch. 3
Ensuring the Protection of the Environment from Serious Damage. Towards a Model of Shared Responsibility between International Corporations and the States Concerned? / Itai Apter
67
1.
Introduction / Gentian Zyberi
67
2.
Addressing Environmental Damage from Nuclear Accidents / Gentian Zyberi
71
3.
Addressing Environmental Damage from Oil Pollution / Gentian Zyberi
72
4.
Ensuring Responsibility for Serious Environmental Damage / Gentian Zyberi
73
4.1.
Responsibility of Transnational Corporations / Gentian Zyberi
73
4.2.
Host State Responsibility / Gentian Zyberi
78
4.3.
Home State Responsibility / Gentian Zyberi
83
4.4.
Environmental Protection as a Matter of Shared Responsibility among the Corporation, the Host State and the Home State / Gentian Zyberi
84
5.
Complexity of Attribution of Responsibility and Adjudication of Cases of Serious Environmental Damage / Gentian Zyberi
86
6.
Concluding Remarks / Gentian Zyberi
89
ch. 4
Business Case for Taking Human Rights Obligations Seriously / Gentian Zyberi
91
1.
Introduction / Güler Arab
91
2.
Business Drivers for CSR / Güler Arab
93
2.1.
Investor Relations and Access to Capital / Güler Arab
94
2.2.
Consumers / Güler Arab
100
2.3.
Employee Recruitment, Retention and Productivity / Güler Arab
103
2.4.
Minimisation of Legal Risk / Güler Arab
104
2.5.
'Licence to Operate' / Güler Arab
105
3.
Conclusions / Güler Arab
106
ch. 5
Corporate Accountability in the Field of Human Rights. On Soft Law Standards and the Use of Extraterritorial Measures / Güler Arab
109
1.
Introduction / Humberto Cantú Rivera
109
2.
Thinking Outside the Boundaries: Talking about Extraterritoriality / Humberto Cantú Rivera
111
2.1.
Some Comments regarding the US Supreme Court's Kiobel Opinion / Humberto Cantú Rivera
112
2.2.
Extraterritoriality in the Dutch Judicial System / Humberto Cantú Rivera
121
3.
Enhancing the Role of Soft Law: From Guidelines to Obligations? / Humberto Cantú Rivera
125
3.1.
Classic Sources of International Law According to the ICJ Statute / Humberto Cantú Rivera
125
3.2.
Permanent Call for 'Rethinking' the Sources of International Law: the Role of Soft Law / Humberto Cantú Rivera
129
4.
General Conclusions / Humberto Cantú Rivera
133
ch. 6
Viability of the Maastricht Principles in Advancing Socio-Economic Rights in Developing Countries / Humberto Cantú Rivera
135
1.
Introduction / Ebenezer Durojaye
135
2.
Are MNCs Subject to International Human Rights Law? / Ebenezer Durojaye
136
3.
Attempts at the National Level to Make MNCs Responsible for Human Rights Violations / Ebenezer Durojaye
142
4.
How Relevant are the Maastricht Principles in Advancing Socio-Economic Rights? / Ebenezer Durojaye
146
5.
Limitations of the Principles / Ebenezer Durojaye
151
6.
Conclusion / Ebenezer Durojaye
152
Part II. Contextual Issues / Ebenezer Durojaye
ch. 7
Next Generation of 'Fair Trade'. A Human Rights Framework for Combating Corporate Corruption in Global Supply Chains / Ebenezer Durojaye
157
1.
Introduction / Hana Ivanhoe
157
2.
Relationship between Corruption and Human Rights Violations / Hana Ivanhoe
159
2.1.
Overview of the Problem: What is the Impact of Corruption in Global Supply Chains? / Hana Ivanhoe
159
2.2.
Corruption in Supply Chains: Snapshots of Emerging Developments / Hana Ivanhoe
160
2.3.
Academic and Empirical Support for the Concept of Corruption as a Human Rights Violation / Hana Ivanhoe
162
3.
Duty of Multinational Corporations to Respect Human Rights in their Supply Chains / Hana Ivanhoe
165
3.1.
Overview of the Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework and its Application / Hana Ivanhoe
166
3.2.
Role of CSR and Voluntary Standards in Advancing Respect for Human Rights / Hana Ivanhoe
168
4.
Corporate Duty to Prevent Corruption in their Supply Chains as a Matter of their Duty to Respect Human Rights / Hana Ivanhoe
172
5.
Non-Judicial Enforcement of this Duty under a CSR Approach / Hana Ivanhoe
173
5.1.
Efficacy of a CSR Approach in Combating Corruption in Global Corporate Supply Chains / Hana Ivanhoe
174
5.2.
Why is a CSR Approach Beneficial? / Hana Ivanhoe
176
5.3.
Why is a CSR Approach to Combating Corruption Needed Given the Domestic Anti-Corruption Laws Already in Place? / Hana Ivanhoe
178
6.
Conclusions / Hana Ivanhoe
181
ch. 8
Critical Analysis of Human Rights Due Diligence Frameworks for Conflict Minerals. Challenges for the Electronics Industries / Hana Ivanhoe
183
1.
Introduction / Miho Taka
183
2.
Concept of Human Rights Due Diligence / Miho Taka
186
3.
Initiatives to Implement Human Rights Due Diligence in Mineral Supply Chains / Miho Taka
188
3.1.
ICGLR Regional Initiative against the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources / Miho Taka
190
3.2.
Conflict-Free Smelter / Miho Taka
190
3.3.
ITRI Tin Supply Chain Initiative / Miho Taka
191
3.4.
Certified Trading Chains and Analytical Fingerprint / Miho Taka
192
4.
Challenges of Applying Human Rights Due Diligence in Mineral Supply Chains / Miho Taka
195
5.
Implications of the Human Rights Due Diligence Initiatives / Miho Taka
204
6.
Conclusions / Miho Taka
207
ch. 9
Pursuit of Substantive Corporate Human Rights Policies / Miho Taka
209
1.
Introduction / Matthew Mullen
209
2.
Principle 16 in Context / Matthew Mullen
210
3.
Ensuring Substance / Matthew Mullen
213
4.
Assessing the Substance of CHRPs through HRBA Indicators / Matthew Mullen
216
5.
Conclusion: Stepping Strategically, but Assertively / Matthew Mullen
223
Part III. Sites Of Regulation / Matthew Mullen
ch. 10
Human Rights and Business. An Assessment of the Responsibility of the State in Vietnam / Matthew Mullen
227
1.
Introduction / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
227
2.
CSR and Human Rights in Vietnam: the Role of Relevant Public Institutions / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
228
3.
Gap in the Legal Framework for Corporate Human Rights Responsibility / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
234
3.1.
Constitutions / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
235
3.2.
National Laws on Corporate Human Rights Responsibility / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
236
3.3.
Corporate Civil, Administrative and Criminal Liability / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
240
3.3.1.
Civil Liability / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
240
3.3.2.
Administrative Liability / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
241
3.3.3.
Corporate Criminal Liability / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
242
4.
Governance System and its Influence on Corporate Human Rights Responsibility / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
243
4.1.
Legislature: the National Assembly / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
243
4.2.
Executive / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
245
4.3.
Judiciary / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
247
5.
Gaps in the Political, Legislative, Executive and Judicial Institutions in Implementing Corporate Human Rights Responsibility / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
248
6.
Conclusion / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
251
ch. 11
Investment Treaties and Human Rights. Reflections from Mining in Latin America / Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
253
1.
Introduction / Stéphanie Gervais
253
2.
Method / Stéphanie Gervais
255
3.
Regulatory Chill Theory / Stéphanie Gervais
256
4.
Case Studies / Stéphanie Gervais
260
4.1.
Pacific Rim Cayman LLC v. El Salvador / Stéphanie Gervais
262
4.1.1.
Basis for Case Selection / Stéphanie Gervais
262
4.1.2.
Human Rights Context / Stéphanie Gervais
262
4.1.3.
Domestic Policy / Stéphanie Gervais
264
4.1.4.
Arbitration Proceedings / Stéphanie Gervais
265
4.1.5.
Variance of the Dependent Variable / Stéphanie Gervais
266
4.2.
Infinito Gold Ltd v. Costa Rica / Stéphanie Gervais
267
4.2.1.
Basis for Case Selection / Stéphanie Gervais
267
4.2.2.
Human Rights Context / Stéphanie Gervais
267
4.2.3.
Domestic Policy / Stéphanie Gervais
268
4.2.4.
Arbitration Proceedings / Stéphanie Gervais
271
4.2.5.
Variance of the Dependent Variable / Stéphanie Gervais
272
5.
Analysis / Stéphanie Gervais
273
6.
Conclusion / Stéphanie Gervais
277
ch. 12
Beyond State Duty and Corporate Responsibility. Human Rights in Industrial Zones in Vietnam / Stéphanie Gervais
279
1.
Introduction / Nguyen Hong Nga
279
2.
Challenges of Human Rights Engagement in Industrial Zones in Vietnam / Nguyen Hong Nga
281
2.1.
Failure of State Duties: Limitations of the Legal System / Nguyen Hong Nga
281
2.2.
Reluctance to Implement CSR / Nguyen Hong Nga
284
2.3.
Legal, Political, and Social Constraints / Nguyen Hong Nga
286
3.
Emergence of CSOs in 'Humanising' Business in Vietnam / Nguyen Hong Nga
289
3.1.
Overview of CSOs Development in Vietnam / Nguyen Hong Nga
289
3.2.
Experiences of CSOs in the Promotion of Human Rights in Industrial Zones in Vietnam / Nguyen Hong Nga
291
3.2.1.
Centre of Development and Integration (CDI) / Nguyen Hong Nga
291
3.2.2.
Fair Labour Association (FLA) / Nguyen Hong Nga
293
3.2.3.
Domestic CSOs and the Vedan Case / Nguyen Hong Nga
295
4.
Conclusion / Nguyen Hong Nga
297
ch. 13
Application of the UN 'Protect, Respect and Remedy' Framework to State-Owned Enterprises. The Case of the State Oil Company SOCAR in Azerbaijan / Nguyen Hong Nga
301
1.
Human Rights Due Diligence in Extractive Industries in Azerbaijan / Ramute Remezaite
302
2.
Legal and Political Context of Extractive Industries in Azerbaijan / Ramute Remezaite
305
3.
SOCAR's Adverse Impact on Property Rights / Ramute Remezaite
309
3.1.
House Demolitions, Illegal Expropriations, and Forced Evictions as a Price for Urbanisation and Further Development of Oil Industry / Ramute Remezaite
309
3.2.
Case Study: Forced Evictions and House Demolitions in the Sulutepe Area / Ramute Remezaite
310
3.3.
Assessment of SOCAR's Social Corporate Responsibility over the Violations and Absence of Effective Legal Remedies / Ramute Remezaite
311
4.
Azerbaijan's Obligation to Secure Access to Effective Remedy for Property Rights Violations / Ramute Remezaite
315
4.1.
Need for Increased Protection of Human Rights Defenders Working on Corporate Responsibility / Ramute Remezaite
317
5.
Corporate Social Responsibility that Foreign Oil Companies Bear for SOCAR's Business-Related Human Rights Abuses in Azerbaijan / Ramute Remezaite
318
6.
Conclusion / Ramute Remezaite
320
ch. 14
Invisible Minority. Status of the 'Differently Able' People in the Export Industries in India / Ramute Remezaite
323
1.
Introduction / Rituparna Majumnar
323
2.
Indian Export Industry and Corporate Social Responsibility / Rituparna Majumnar
324
3.
Disability and International Human Rights / Rituparna Majumnar
325
4.
Methodology / Rituparna Majumnar
329
5.
Main Findings / Rituparna Majumnar
330
6.
Profile of the Respondents / Rituparna Majumnar
330
7.
Recruitment Policies of Companies / Rituparna Majumnar
331
8.
Status of Employment of PWD Employees / Rituparna Majumnar
331
9.
Accessibility to Work / Rituparna Majumnar
332
10.
Termination of PWD Employees / Rituparna Majumnar
333
11.
Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility and Labour Rights / Rituparna Majumnar
333
12.
Training and Development / Rituparna Majumnar
334
13.
Health and Safety / Rituparna Majumnar
334
14.
Case Studies / Rituparna Majumnar
335
14.1.
Worker A, Female, Age 30 Years: Checking Department, Garment Manufacturing Unit / Rituparna Majumnar
335
14.2.
Worker B, Transsexual, Age 32 Years: Machining Department, Shoe Manufacturing Unit / Rituparna Majumnar
336
14.3.
Company Owner A, Male, Age 55 Years, Owns Garment Manufacturing Company in Delhi / Rituparna Majumnar
336
14.4.
Company Owner B, Male, Age 40 Years, Heads Automobile Company in Gurgaon / Rituparna Majumnar
337
14.5.
Company Owner B, Female, Age 73 Years, Heads Garment Manufacturing Unit in Noida / Rituparna Majumnar
338
15.
Discussion / Rituparna Majumnar
339
16.
Recommendations / Rituparna Majumnar
340