Climate change governance in international civil aviation : toward regulating emissions relevant to climate change and global warming / Md Tanveer Ahmad.
2016
K4108.E58 A38 2016 (Map It)
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Items
Details
Author
Title
Climate change governance in international civil aviation : toward regulating emissions relevant to climate change and global warming / Md Tanveer Ahmad.
Published
The Hague, The Netherlands : Eleven International Publishing, [2016]
Distributed
Portland, OR, USA : International Specialized Book Services
Call Number
K4108.E58 A38 2016
ISBN
9789462366923 (hardback)
9462366926 (hardback)
9789462745841 (e-book)
9462366926 (hardback)
9789462745841 (e-book)
Description
xvii, 365 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm.
Other Standard Identifiers
9789462366923
System Control No.
(OCoLC)959227687
Summary
"Successful climate change governance in international civil aviation has yet to be achieved. In this book the author argues that, to successfully govern emissions from international civil aviation of relevance to climate change and global warming, binding legal measures, whether de facto or de jure, and a mandatory but temporary global market based measure or unilateral market based measures of the same model adopted by economically powerful states for international civil aviation are immediately required. This book demonstrates how de jure soft law instruments, e.g., Annexes to the Chicago Convention, international environmental law principles, a new understanding and way of exercising the doctrine of state sovereignty, and both multilateral and unilateral economic instruments can be utilized to reduce aviation's environmental impacts. This book explores the existing capacities of the governance actors in aviation, and shows how they can play a significant role in climate change governance from within their limited capacities"--Back cover.
Note
Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--McGill University, Montreal, 2016.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 289-364).
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Abbreviations
xiii
Acknowledgments
xvii
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
Introduction: The Concept of Climate Change Governance
1
1.2.
Issue: Why Is It Necessary to Govern Emissions from International Civil Aviation
5
1.3.
Contribution of This Book
7
1.4.
Outline of Book
8
2.
Climate Change, Global Warming, and Aviation
11
2.1.
Introduction
11
2.2.
Climate Change and Global Warming
11
2.3.
Contribution of Aviation to Climate Change and Global Warming
16
2.4.
Effects of Climate Change and Global Warming on Aviation
23
2.5.
Conclusion
25
3.
Existing and Envisaged Measures to Govern Emissions from Aviation That Contribute to Climate Change and Global Warming
27
3.1.
Introduction
27
3.2.
Global Measures to Govern Emissions Contributing to Climate Change and Global Warming
28
3.2.1.
Existing and Envisaged Global Measures to Mitigate Climate Change and Global Warming: General
28
3.2.1.1.
Global Climate Change Regime
30
3.2.1.1.1.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
30
3.2.1.1.2.
Kyoto Protocol
38
3.2.1.1.3.
Paris Agreement
47
3.2.1.2.
Ozone Depletion Regime
48
3.2.1.2.1.
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
48
3.2.1.2.2.
Montreal Protocol
51
3.2.1.3.
Transboundary Air Pollution Regime
54
3.2.1.4.
Conclusion
55
3.2.2.
Existing and Envisaged Global Measures to Mitigate Climate Change and Global Warming: Aviation
57
3.2.2.1.
Chicago Convention of 1944
57
3.2.2.2.
Annex 16 to the Chicago Convention
59
3.2.2.3.
Other ICAO Initiatives
64
3.2.2.4.
Conclusion
68
3.3.
Existing and Envisaged Unilateral Measures to Govern Emissions from International Civil Aviation
69
3.3.1.
European Union Emissions Trading System
69
3.3.2.
Local Taxes on Emissions
77
3.3.3.
Airport Emissions Charges
78
3.4.
Conclusion
80
4.
Effectiveness of the Existing and Envisaged Global Measures to Lessen Aviation's Contribution to Climate Change and Global Warming
83
4.1.
Introduction
83
4.2.
Existing and Envisaged Legal Measures
84
4.2.1.
Global Climate Change Regime: UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol
84
4.2.2.
Global Legal Measures in the Field of Aviation: Chicago Convention and International Civil Aviation Organization
90
4.3.
Market-Based Measures in International Civil Aviation
94
4.3.1.
Current State of Market-Based Measures in Aviation
94
4.3.2.
Necessity of a Global Market-Based Measure for International Civil Aviation
96
4.3.3.
Impact of a Global Market-Based Measure for International Civil Aviation
99
4.3.4.
38th Session of the ICAO Assembly and Market-Based Measures: Developed vs Developing States
102
4.3.5.
Reconciling the Differences between Developed and Developing States
108
4.3.5.1.
Representation
108
4.3.5.2.
Common But Differentiated Responsibilities
108
4.3.5.3.
Special Circumstances and Respective Capabilities
113
4.3.5.4.
De minimis Threshold
114
4.3.5.5.
Conclusion
115
4.3.6.
Prospective Global Market-Based Measure for International Civil Aviation
116
4.3.6.1.
Potential Benefits
116
4.3.6.2.
Necessary Elements
117
4.3.6.3.
Choice of Options
118
4.3.6.4.
Geographic Coverage
121
4.3.6.5.
Implementation
123
4.4.
Technology
125
4.5.
Operational Opportunities and Legal Hurdles
128
4.5.1.
Importance of Operational Improvements to Reduce Aviation Emissions
128
4.5.2.
Present State of Operational Improvements
130
4.5.3.
Sovereignty, Restricted Airspace, and Operational Improvements
135
4.5.3.1.
Issue
135
4.5.3.2.
Evolution of the Concept of State Sovereignty
137
4.5.3.3.
Climate Change and Global Warming: New Forces in the Evolution Process
143
4.5.3.4.
Conclusion
149
4.6.
Sustainable Alternative Fuels for Aviation
149
4.6.1.
Sustainable Alternative Fuels: A Key Measure to Reducing Environmental Footprints of Aviation
149
4.6.2.
Existing Situation with Respect to Sustainable Alternative Fuels for Aviation
151
4.6.3.
Prevailing Challenges Surrounding Sustainable Alternative Fuels
153
4.7.
Conclusion: The Extent of Effectiveness of Global Measures: Need for Reform?
159
5.
Effectiveness of the EU Emissions Trading System to Reduce Aviation's Contribution to Climate Change and Global Warming
161
5.1.
Introduction
161
5.2.
Motivating Factors for Introducing the EU ETS
163
5.3.
Authority of the EU to Adopt Unilateral Environmental Measures: A Brief Analysis
170
5.3.1.
States' Sovereignty over Their Territorial Airspace
170
5.3.2.
Limits on Sovereignty
173
5.4.
Unilateralism, European Union, and the Global Environment
178
5.4.1.
What Is Unilateralism?
178
5.4.2.
Classification of Unilateralism
180
5.4.3.
Brief Comparison between Unilateralism and Multilateralism
182
5.4.4.
EU Unilateralism: The Case of Noise Emissions from Aviation
185
5.4.5.
Response to the EU's Unilateral Inclusion of Aviation in the EU ETS
187
5.4.5.1.
Response from States
189
5.4.5.2.
Response from Airlines and Trade Associations
192
5.4.5.3.
Response from Within the EU
194
5.4.5.4.
Update on Response: Is a Trade War Ahead?
195
5.4.6.
Impacts of the Resistance from Non-EEA States
198
5.4.7.
Influence of the EU's Unilateral Actions in Shaping Global Environmental Norms
200
5.4.8.
Unilateral Market-Based Measures vs Multilateral Market-Based Measures
205
5.5.
Conclusion
217
6.
Climate Change Governance and International Civil Aviation
221
6.1.
Introduction
221
6.2.
Disagreement between Developed and Developing States: The Principal Reason Causing Slow or No Progress toward a Legally Binding Global Climate Change Deal
222
6.2.1.
Introduction
222
6.2.2.
States' Knowledge of Climate Change and Global Warming
223
6.2.3.
Current State of the Global Climate Change Regime
225
6.2.4.
Existence of Climate Change Deniers
228
6.2.5.
Global Fossil Fuel Industry
229
6.2.6.
Politics of Climate Change: States' Sovereignty and Their Concern over Short-Term Self-Interest
230
6.2.7.
Arctic Five
241
6.2.8.
Contribution of Citizens
244
6.2.9.
Predicted Consequences of Climate Change and Global Warming
244
6.2.10.
Capitalism
246
6.2.11.
Conclusion: Need for Global Governance
247
6.3.
Climate Change Governance in International Civil Aviation
248
6.3.1.
Introduction
248
6.3.2.
Brief Introduction to Global Governance
249
6.3.3.
Requirements for a Successful Governance
251
6.3.4.
Actors in Climate Change Governance
252
6.3.5.
Climate Change Governance Structure in International Civil Aviation: The Role of Various Actors
259
6.4.
Ensuring Successful Climate Change Governance in International Civil Aviation
267
6.5.
Conclusion
279
Summary and Conclusions
283
Bibliography
289