EU citizenship & the constitutionalisation of the European Union / Hanneke van Eijken.
2015
KJE5124 .E37 2015 (Map It)
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Title
EU citizenship & the constitutionalisation of the European Union / Hanneke van Eijken.
Published
Groningen : Europa Law Publishing, 2015.
Call Number
KJE5124 .E37 2015
ISBN
9789089521569 (pbk.)
9089521569 (pbk.)
9089521569 (pbk.)
Description
xiv, 310 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)890756924
Note
Based on the author's thesis (doctoral) - Utrecht University, 2014.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 283-304).
Record Appears in
Variant Title
EU citizenship and the constitutionalisation of the European Union
Table of Contents
Contents
vii
Abbreviations
iv
ch. 1
Introduction: The role of European citizenship in the constitutionalisation of the European Union
1.1.
Context of the research
3
1.2.
Research question
4
ch. 2
Analytical framework and structure
2.1.
Introduction to the analytical framework
11
2.1.1.
Context of research and main research question
11
2.1.2.
Structure of the present chapter
11
2.1.3.
Historical background and development of European citizenship in the Union
12
2.1.4.
European citizenship: a constitutional concept or market citizenship?
15
2.1.5.
Constitutionalisation and constitutionalism: What's in a name?
18
2.1.6.
Constitutions
19
2.1.7.
rule of law in relation to constitutionalism
20
2.2.
constitutionalisation of the Treaties of the European Union
21
2.2.1.
Constitutional developments in Community and Union law
21
2.2.2.
Arguments against the constitutional nature of the European Union
23
2.2.2.1.
no-demos thesis
24
2.2.2.2.
Citizenship, identity and alliance
26
2.2.2.3.
Just an international organisation?
27
2.3.
Constitutionalisation of the European Union in this thesis
28
2.3.1.
Multi-level and composite constitutionalism in the European context
29
2.4.
Structure, analytical framework and methodology of the thesis
31
2.4.1.
Constitutionalisation in four constitutional elements
31
2.4.1.1.
division of powers
32
2.4.1.2.
Common ideology
33
2.4.1.2.1.
Fundamental rights
33
2.4.1.2.2.
Democracy
35
2.4.1.3.
Justiciability and hierarchy of norms
37
2.4.1.3.1.
Judicial review in connection with European constitutionalisation
38
2.4.1.3.2.
Constitutional primacy of Union law as constitutional element
39
2.4.2.
Methodology and structure of the thesis
40
ch. 3
effect of European citizenship on the vertical division of powers
3.1.
Introduction: The division of powers and European citizenship
45
3.1.1.
vertical division of powers as constitutional feature
45
3.1.2.
Aim and structure of the present chapter
46
3.2.
competences of the European Union and the scope of Union law
46
3.2.1.
principles of conferral, subsidiarity, proportionality and pre-emption
46
3.2.2.
Complementary and negative competences
49
3.2.3.
Beyond legislative competences of the Union
50
3.3.
scope of application of EU law in relation to the vertical division of competences
51
3.3.1.
relation between the competences and the scope of Union law
51
3.3.2.
scope of application of Union law
52
3.3.3.
scope of EU law in the case law of the Court on general principles of Union law
54
3.3.4.
scope of Union law with regard to the Charter of Fundamental Rights
57
3.3.5.
Different legal consequences of 'the scope' and the 'competences' of the Union
61
3.4.
How does European citizenship affect the vertical division of powers?
62
3.4.1.
scope and nature of Article 18 TFEU
63
3.4.1.1.
Early case law on Article 18 TFEU
64
3.4.1.2.
citizenship interpretation of Article 18 TFEU
66
3.4.1.3.
Personal scope of Article 18 TFEU
67
3.4.1.4.
Migration as a precondition for the ratione personae?
69
3.4.1.5.
'Lawful' residence and the scope of Union law
71
3.4.2.
trigger of the material scope of Union law by European citizenship
73
3.4.3.
Towards a restriction approach in citizenship cases
76
3.4.4.
Indirect substantive rights for third-country nationals
79
3.4.5.
Article 20 TFEU as a new route into the 'Promised Land'
81
3.4.6.
influence of Union citizenship on the application of economic freedoms
86
3.5.
spill-over effect: From negative to positive integration
91
3.6.
Conclusion: How does Union citizenship affect the vertical division of powers in the European Union?
94
ch. 4
effect of European citizenship on common ideology: the protection of fundamental rights linked to European citizenship
4.1.
Introduction: fundamental rights and European citizenship
101
4.1.1.
Constitutionalisation and fundamental rights
101
4.1.2.
Universality of fundamental rights and European citizenship
102
4.1.3.
Aim and structure of the present chapter
103
4.2.
Equality linked to European citizenship
105
4.2.1.
Equal treatment as a key element of citizenship
105
4.2.2.
Equality in different sources of law
105
4.2.3.
Equal treatment and European citizenship
107
4.2.3.1.
Court-driven equality
109
4.2.3.2.
Equal treatment and reverse discrimination
111
4.3.
Linking European citizenship and fundamental civil rights
115
4.3.1.
What are civil rights?
115
4.3.2.
Civil rights and Union citizenship
116
4.3.2.1.
right to move within the European Union
118
4.3.2.2.
right to reside in the European Union
119
4.3.2.3.
right to family life and family reunification and European citizenship
122
4.3.2.4.
European citizenship and the application of the Charter
125
4.3.2.5.
Protective civil rights
127
4.3.2.5.1.
Security and safety as rights for Union citizens in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice
128
4.3.2.5.2.
Area of Freedom, Security and Justice 'offered' to Union citizens: concrete rights?
131
4.3.2.5.3.
Where European citizenship and the AFSJ come together: tensions and challenges
133
4.3.3.
Safety and security in third countries: Diplomatic protection of Union citizens
141
4.4.
Social rights linked to European citizenship
143
4.4.1.
European citizenship and social rights
144
4.4.1.1.
broader European socio-economic context
145
4.4.2.
Social rights for Union citizens based on free movement and equal treatment
146
4.4.2.1.
Solidarity and reasonable burden
148
4.4.2.2.
'Real link' as a tool to balance solidarity between migrants and nationals
149
4.4.3.
Social rights for non-migrants: services of general economic interest
154
4.5.
Conclusion: European citizenship linked to fundamental rights protection in the European Union
159
ch. 5
effect of European citizenship on the common ideology in the European Union: democracy and political rights
5.1.
Introduction: citizenship, political rights and democracy in the European Union
167
5.1.1.
Aim and structure of the present chapter
167
5.2.
Political rights and democracy as part of the common constitutional ideology
168
5.2.1.
Political participation as part of citizens' rights
168
5.2.2.
Democracy as part of the constitutional common ideology of the European Union
169
5.2.3.
Connection between political rights and democracy
170
5.3.
Democracy in the European Union
171
5.3.1.
Criticism of democracy in the European Union
171
5.3.1.1.
relationship between democracy, legitimacy and accountability
171
5.3.1.2.
democratic deficit: criticism of the Union's model of democracy
172
5.3.1.3.
Views on European democracy from a national constitutional perspective
173
5.3.1.4.
No demos, no democracy?
175
5.3.2.
Specific political rights for European citizens
176
5.4.
connection between European citizenship, democracy and political rights
177
5.4.1.
Electoral rights regarding the European Parliament
177
5.4.1.1.
On the personal scope of electoral rights regarding the European Parliament
178
5.4.2.
Electoral rights regarding the national elections of Member States
182
5.4.3.
Electoral rights regarding municipal elections
186
5.4.4.
right to submit complaints to the European Ombudsman
190
5.4.5.
right to petition to the European Parliament
194
5.4.6.
citizens' initiative
195
5.4.7.
Good governance and the role of civil society
198
5.5.
Conclusion: the connection of European citizenship with democracy and political rights
201
ch. 6
effect of European citizenship on the justiciability and constitutional primacy of Union law
6.1.
European citizenship in the European judicial context
207
6.1.1.
Constitutionalisation of the Union: primacy and justiciability of Union law
207
6.1.2.
Aim and structure of the present chapter
208
6.2.
Judicial review in the European landscape
209
6.2.1.
Cooperation between courts: the Court of Justice and national courts in a multilevel context
209
6.2.2.
Direct effect and primacy of Union law: obligations for national courts
209
6.2.3.
preliminary reference procedure as a cornerstone of judicial cooperation
211
6.2.4.
Dialogues between the Court of Justice and national constitutional courts
214
6.3.
European citizenship and justiciability in the European Union
216
6.3.1.
Direct effect of Union citizenship provisions
216
6.3.2.
Effects of direct effect of Articles 20 and 21(1) TFEU on justiciability
219
6.3.2.1.
Illustration from national court practice: the effect of Ruiz Zambrano in Dutch case law
222
6.3.3.
Shift in judicial review due to 'personal circumstances test' of citizens of the European Union
226
6.3.4.
Constitutional impact of the 'personalised' proportionality test
232
6.4.
effect of European citizenship on the 'constitutional primacy' of Union law
236
6.4.1.
Hierarchy and constitutional primacy within the European Union
236
6.4.2.
impact of European citizenship on the constitutional hierarchy of norms in the European Union
238
6.4.2.1.
Tensions between primary Union law and secondary Union law
238
6.5.
Conclusion: the impact of European citizenship on justiciability and constitutional primacy
243
ch. 7
Conclusions: the effect of European citizenship on the constitutionalisation of the European Union
7.1.
concept of European citizenship in the constitutional context of the European Union
249
7.1.1.
open field...
249
7.1.2.
European citizenship and constitutionalisation
250
7.1.3.
Citizenship in a multi-layered European legal order
250
7.1.4.
European citizenship: constitutional concept or market-based concept?
252
7.2.
contribution of European citizenship to the constitutionalisation of the European Union
255
7.2.1.
Vertical division of powers
256
7.2.2.
Fundamental rights protection
257
7.2.3.
Democracy
259
7.2.4.
Justiciability and constitutional primacy and European citizenship
263
7.3.
European citizenship and constitutionalisation of the European Union combined
264
7.3.1.
Fragmentation and constitutionalisation
264
7.4.
European composite citizenship
268
7.5.
Outlook: the future prospects of European citizenship in a constitutional context
274
7.5.1.
Where we are in the open field
274
7.5.2.
More destinations, new paths to explore?
275
7.5.2.1.
Challenges...
275
7.5.2.2.
...and destinations ahead
278
Bibliography
284
Table of cases
306