Guide to copyright in France : business, Internet and litigation / Brad Spitz.
2015
KJV3252 .S65 2015 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Guide to copyright in France : business, Internet and litigation / Brad Spitz.
Published
Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands : Kluwer Law International, [2015]
Distributed
Frederick, MD : Aspen Publishers ; Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom : Turpin Distribution Services Ltd.
Copyright
©2015
Call Number
KJV3252 .S65 2015
Former Call Number
Fr 673 Sp493 2015
ISBN
9789041152879
9041152873
9041152873
Description
xxxviii, 233 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)895625684
Summary
"Although the rudiments of copyright law in France, as elsewhere, derive from the Berne Convention, French law has developed in intricate ways that will be unfamiliar and unpredictable to lawyers from other countries. Given the universal accessibility of copyrighted material due to Internet transmission, intellectual property lawyers everywhere require a dependable source of information and guidance on how to handle copyright matters in this important jurisdiction. This thoroughly practical book supremely fills that need. From precise details on which laws apply in virtually any situation to specifics of litigation procedure, the author covers the entire field of copyright and neighbouring rights in France"--Back cover.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 227-228) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
About the Author
xix
List of Abbreviations
xxi
English-French Dictionary
xxiii
French-English Dictionary
xxxi
Introduction
1
I.
Access to Information on French Legislation and Case Law
1
A.
Legislation
1
B.
French Case Law
2
II.
Access to Information on Business Practices
3
A.
Information from the Collecting Societies
3
1.
Music Publishing (SACEM)
3
2.
Audiovisual Works, Performance Arts, and Illustration
4
a.
SACD
4
b.
Scam
4
3.
Graphic Arts and Photographs
4
a.
ADAGP
4
b.
SAIF
5
4.
Performers' Rights
5
a.
ADAMI
5
b.
SPEDIDAM
5
5.
Producers' Rights
5
a.
SCPP
5
b.
SPPF
6
c.
SCPA
6
6.
Remuneration Rights
6
a.
SPRE
6
b.
Copie France
7
c.
CFC
7
III.
Information from the Public Administrative Organisations
7
A.
CNC and the Public Registry for Films and Audiovisual Works ('RPCA')
7
B.
HADOPI
8
C.
CSPLA
8
D.
CSA
8
ch. 1
Subsistence of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
11
1.01.
Subsistence of Copyright
11
A.
Formalities
11
1.
No Formalities in Copyright Law
11
2.
Legal Deposit
11
a.
General Rules
11
b.
Computer Programs and Databases
12
c.
Internet: Websites, Newsletters and Streaming Media
12
d.
Films
12
B.
Condition for Protection: Originality
13
1.
General Rule: A Work Is Original If the Creator Has Made Arbitrary Choices
13
2.
Main Types of Works Protected by Copyright
14
a.
Literary, Scientific and Technical Writings
14
b.
Musical Works
15
c.
Photographs
15
d.
Audiovisual Works
16
e.
Architectural Works
16
f.
Adaptations and Translations
17
g.
Plays: Scenography and Stageplay
17
h.
Conceptual Art
17
i.
Works of Applied Art, Clothing and Fashion
18
j.
No Copyright Protection for Perfume
18
k.
Video Games and Multimedia Works
18
l.
Websites
19
m.
Compilations, Anthologies, Databases
19
i.
Compilations and Anthologies
19
ii.
Databases
19
n.
Computer Programs and Software Products
20
i.
Computer Program
20
ii.
User's Guide
21
iii.
Functionality of Computer Programs
21
iv.
Graphic User Interface
21
o.
Title of a Work
22
i.
Case Law Is Unpredictable
22
ii.
Recommendation
22
3.
Originality and Evidence before the French Courts
23
a.
Rules
23
b.
Reality Bites (before the Lower Courts)
23
c.
Recommendations to Take into Account before Starting a Copyright Infringement Case in France
24
1.02.
Subsistence of Neighbouring Rights
25
A.
Performers
25
1.
Definition
25
2.
Secondary Roles
25
3.
Television Programmes: Participants and Presenters Are Not Performers
25
B.
Phonogram Producers
26
1.
Definition of 'Producer'
26
2.
Definition of 'Phonograms'
26
C.
Videogram Producers
27
1.
Definition of 'Producer'
27
2.
Definition of 'Videogram'
27
D.
Broadcasting Organisations
28
E.
Database Producers
29
1.
Producer of a Database
29
2.
Foreign Database Producers
30
F.
Producers of Sporting Events
31
ch. 2
Ownership
33
2.01.
Copyright Ownership
33
A.
General Rules
33
1.
Author Is the Initial Owner
33
2.
Works of Collaboration
34
a.
Definition
34
b.
Co-ownership
34
c.
Action in Court
35
d.
Exploitation of Separate Parts of the Work
35
e.
Radio Works Are Works of Collaboration (Specific System)
36
3.
Composite Works
36
4.
Orphan Works
37
5.
Married Authors
37
B.
Automatic Assignments
37
1.
Computer Programs and Documentation Developed by an Employee or by a Civil Servant
37
a.
Economic Rights Are Automatically Assigned to the Employer or to the State
37
b.
Moral Rights of the Author Are Limited
39
c.
No Specific Remuneration for the Author, Except for Civil Servants
39
2.
Works Commissioned under an Advertising Agreement
40
3.
Audiovisual Works
41
a.
Audiovisual Works Are Works of Collaboration
41
b.
Presumptions of Authorship
42
c.
Moral Rights of the Authors Are Limited
43
i.
During the Creation of the Audiovisual Work
43
ii.
During the Exploitation of the Work
44
d.
Exploitation of Parts That Can Be Separated from the Audiovisual Work
44
4.
Works Made by Journalists
44
a.
Exploitation within the 'Press Publication' and during the 'Reference Period': Automatic Assignment of Rights
45
i.
'Press Publication' Affected by the Automatic Transfer
45
ii.
Journalists Affected by the Automatic Transfer
46
iii.
No Additional Remuneration during the 'Reference Period'
46
iv.
Exploitation in the 'Press Publication' after the 'Reference Period': Additional Remuneration but No Individual Agreement
46
v.
Author Keeps the Right to Exploit His Works
47
b.
Exploitation within the Publications of a Group
47
c.
Transfer of the Work to a Third Party
48
5.
Works Created by Civil Servants
48
a.
Economic Rights of Civil Servants
49
b.
Moral Rights of Civil Servants
49
6.
Digital Exploitation of Unavailable Books
50
a.
Compulsory Collective Management System
50
i.
Six-Month Opt-Out Period for Rightholders
50
ii.
After the Opt-Out Period: Right of Preference and Right to Withdraw from the System
51
b.
Compliance of the Collective Management System with the French Constitution
52
c.
Permitted Uses for Publicly Accessible Libraries
52
C.
Presumptions of Ownership
53
1.
Collective Works
53
2.
Presumptions of Ownership Created by Case Law to Facilitate Infringement Actions
54
D.
Issues Relating to Employees
55
1.
Rules
55
2.
Recommendation
55
2.02.
Ownership of Neighbouring Rights
55
A.
Agreements between Performing Artists and Producers
55
1.
General Rule: No Presumption or Automatic Assignment
55
2.
Presumption of Assignment for Audiovisual Agreements
56
B.
Presumption of Ownership Created by Case Law to Facilitate Infringement Actions
56
ch. 3
Moral Rights
57
3.01.
Moral Rights in Copyright
57
A.
Right to Paternity and the Right to Integrity
58
1.
Right to Paternity
58
a.
General Rules
58
b.
Recommendations
58
c.
Pseudonymous and Anonymous Works
59
2.
Right to Integrity
59
a.
Physical Integrity
59
b.
Intellectual Integrity
60
3.
Characteristics of the Rights to Paternity and to Integrity
60
a.
During the Author's Lifetime
60
i.
Rights Are Attached to the Author
60
ii.
Rights Are Perpetual and Imprescriptible
60
iii.
Rights May Not Be Transferred or Waived, but They May Be Organised
61
b.
After the Author's Death
61
i.
Who Exercises the Rights to Paternity and to Integrity?
61
ii.
Rights Are Perpetual and Imprescriptible, but the Right to Integrity Weakens with Time
62
c.
Foreign Works and Authors in France
62
B.
Right to Disclose the Work
63
1.
Right to Disclose
63
2.
Right to Disclose Posthumous Works
63
3.
Right to Disclose Is Perpetual
64
C.
Right to Reconsider or to Withdraw
64
3.02.
Moral Rights of Performers
65
A.
Right to Paternity
66
B.
Right to Integrity
66
C.
No Other Rights
67
D.
Characteristics of the Moral Rights of Performers
67
ch. 4
Economic Rights
69
4.01.
Economic Rights in Copyright
69
A.
Exclusive Rights: The Right of Reproduction and the Right of Communication to the Public (Right of Performance)
69
1.
Right of Reproduction
69
a.
General Features of the Right of Reproduction
69
b.
Right of Reproduction of the Author of a Computer Program
70
i.
Corrections, Back Copies and Analysis
71
ii.
Decompilation to Ensure Interoperability
71
iii.
Interpretation of the Limitations to the Author's Rights
72
iv.
Pledge of the Rights to a Computer Program ('Nantissement')
72
c.
Distribution Right and the Exhaustion of Rights (First Sale Doctrine)
73
d.
Rental and Lending Rights
74
i.
Rental Right
74
ii.
Public Lending Right
74
2.
Right of Performance (Right of Communication to the Public)
75
a.
Right of Performance
75
i.
Definition
75
ii.
Public in Question
76
iii.
Hyperlinks
78
b.
Right of Communication to the Public of a Work Broadcast by Satellite
78
c.
Right of Communication to the Public of a Work Broadcast by Cable
79
B.
Resale Right ('Le Droit de Suite')
79
1.
Definition and Scope of the Resale Right
80
2.
Beneficiaries of the Resale Right
80
3.
Works Subject to Payment
81
4.
Calculation of the Fees
81
5.
Persons Subject to Payment
82
6.
Information and Payment
83
C.
Remuneration for Private Copying (Also Concerns Neighbouring Rights)
83
1.
Beneficiaries
84
2.
Amount and Distribution of the Compensation
84
3.
Persons Subject to Payment
85
4.
Exceptions
86
D.
Remuneration for Photocopying
86
4.02.
Economic Rights in Neighbouring Rights
87
A.
EU Exhaustion of Rights
87
B.
Rights of Performers
88
C.
Rights of Phonogram Producers
88
D.
Compulsory Licence for Performers and Phonogram Producers
89
1.
Scope of the Licence
89
2.
Remuneration
89
3.
International Issues
90
E.
Remuneration for Private Copying
91
F.
Rights of Videogram Producers
91
G.
Rights of Broadcasting Organisations
91
H.
Satellite Broadcasting and Cable Retransmission
91
1.
Satellite Broadcasting
91
2.
Cable Retransmission
92
I.
Sui Generis Rights of Database Producers
92
1.
'Extraction' and 'Re-utilisation'
93
2.
'Substantial Part'
94
3.
Meta Search Engines
94
4.
Prohibition of Excessive Royalties in Licence Agreements
94
J.
Rights of Producers of Sporting Events
95
4.03.
Protection of Technical Measures and Rights-Management Information
95
A.
Protection of Effective Technical Measures
96
1.
Prohibited Acts and Sanctions
96
2.
Technical Measures and Exceptions
97
a.
Protection of Certain Exceptions
97
b.
Protection Afforded to the Exceptions
98
c.
Role of the Haute Autorite (HADOPI)
99
3.
Technical Measures and Interoperability
99
B.
Rights-Management Information
101
4.04.
Duration of Economic Rights
101
A.
Duration of Copyright
101
1.
General Rules
101
a.
Duration of Seventy Years Post-mortem
101
b.
Copyright Restoration
102
2.
Works of Collaboration
103
3.
Pseudonymous, Anonymous and Collective Works
103
4.
Posthumous Works
103
5.
Extensions of Copyright in Order to Take into Account Wars
104
6.
Duration of the Resale Right
105
7.
Foreign Works
105
8.
Public Domain
105
B.
Duration of Neighbouring Rights
105
4.05.
Exceptions to Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
106
A.
General Rules
106
1.
Exceptions Must Be Construed Restrictively
106
2.
Three-Step Test
107
3.
Moral Rights
107
4.
Exceptions and Technical Measures
108
B.
Exceptions to Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
108
1.
Performances within the Family Circle
108
2.
Private Copying Exception
108
3.
Temporary Acts of Reproduction
109
4.
Analyses and Quotations
110
a.
Quotation Must Be Short
110
b.
Purpose and Character of the Quotation
111
5.
Incidental Uses
111
6.
Use of Excerpts of Sporting Events
112
7.
Press Reviews
112
8.
Speeches
112
9.
Work Intended to Be Reproduced in the Catalogue of a Judicial Sale
113
10.
Exception for Educational Purposes
113
11.
Parody, Pastiche and Caricature
114
a.
Freedom to Parody in Accordance with the 'Rules of the Genre'
114
b.
Second Work Must Respect the Parodied Work or Subject-Matter
114
i.
Identification of the Parodied Work or Subject-Matter
114
ii.
Absence of Any Denigration of the First Work or Subject-Matter or Its Author
115
iii.
Second Work or Subject-Matter Must Be Separate from the First Work or Subject-Matter
115
12.
Access to the Contents of an Electronic Database
116
13.
Exception for the Benefit of People with a Disability
116
14.
Conservation and Consultation
116
15.
Information of the Public
116
16.
Works Used for Judicial and Administrative Procedures, Patents, Parliamentary Speeches, Etc.
117
ch. 5
Exploitation and Contracts
119
5.01.
Contracts and Collective Management: Applicable Rules
119
A.
Contracts
119
1.
General Contract Law Applicable to Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Agreements
119
a.
Requisites for the Validity of Agreements
119
i.
Consent
119
ii.
Deception
120
iii.
Formal Requirements
120
b.
Transfer of Acquired Rights to Third Parties
121
c.
Damages for Non-performance
121
d.
Unforeseen Circumstances
121
e.
Bankruptcy of the Assignee
122
f.
Termination for Breach of Contract
123
2.
Specific Rules Applicable to Copyright Agreements
123
a.
Prohibition of a General Assignment of Future Works
123
b.
Situations in Which the Agreements Have to Be in Writing
124
c.
Rights Assigned Must Be Defined Precisely
124
i.
Assigned Rights
125
ii.
Duration of the Assignment and French-Style Perpetuity
125
iii.
Territory of the Assignment
126
d.
Remuneration
126
i.
Assignments Free of Charge
126
ii.
General Rule: Royalties Based on the Exploitation of the Work
127
iii.
Basis of Calculation
127
iv.
Percentage
128
v.
Exception to the General Rule: Fixed Royalties in the Form of a Lump Sum
128
e.
VAT Payable on Royalties Paid to Authors
130
i.
Withholding Tax System on Royalties
130
ii.
How the System Works
130
iii.
Authors May Waive the System
131
iv.
Contractual Clause
132
f.
Unforeseen Forms of Exploitation at the Date of the Agreement
132
g.
Assignee Must Exploit the Work
132
h.
Information on the Technical Measures Likely to Be Implemented
133
i.
Applicable Law
133
j.
Interpretation of Copyright Agreements
134
3.
Publishing Agreements
134
a.
Definition
134
b.
Parties to the Agreement and Assignment of the Publishing Agreement
135
c.
Remuneration
135
d.
Obligations of the Author
135
e.
Obligations of the Publisher
136
i.
Exploitation
136
ii.
Quantity of Copies to Be Manufactured
136
iii.
Moral Rights
137
iv.
Statements and Accounts
137
v.
Audit and Justifications
137
f.
Priority Right on Future Works ('Pactes de Preference')
138
i.
Specified Genres
138
ii.
Works Covered by the Priority Right
138
iii.
Exercising the Option
139
iv.
Agreement Model: Example of an Exclusive Songwriter's Agreement (with a Band)
139
g.
Assignment of the Publishing Agreement to Third Parties
142
h.
Termination of the Publishing Agreement: Sell-Off Period
143
i.
Bankruptcy of the Publisher
143
4.
Contracts for the Public Performance of Works
143
5.
Contracts between Producers and Performers
144
a.
Formal Requirements, Nature of Contracts and Applicable Law
144
b.
Remuneration
145
i.
General Rules
145
ii.
Audiovisual Sector
146
iii.
Music Sector
147
B.
Collective Management
148
1.
General Rules
148
a.
Collecting Societies in France Are of a Civil Nature
148
b.
Collection of Royalties
148
i.
Contracts with the Users
148
ii.
Legal Action
149
c.
Obligations of the Collecting Societies
150
i.
Compliance with Competition Law
150
ii.
Reduced Fees for Associations of General Interest
151
iii.
Measures to Assist Creation, Live Performances and the Training of Artists
151
d.
Control of the Collecting Societies
151
2.
Role of the Collecting Societies in the Music and Audiovisual Sectors
152
a.
In the Music Sector
152
i.
Copyright
152
ii.
Neighbouring Rights
153
b.
In the Audiovisual Sector
154
i.
Authors
154
ii.
Performers
154
5.02.
Contractual Practice
154
A.
Music Publishing
155
1.
Publishing Agreements
155
a.
General Assignment Clauses
155
b.
Assignment of the Reproduction Right
157
c.
Exploitation by the Publisher
158
d.
Assignment of the Performance Right
159
e.
Exploitation Abroad/Sub-publishing
161
f.
Remuneration of the Author for Direct Exploitation by the Publisher
161
g.
Accounts
163
2.
Audiovisual Adaptation: A Separate Agreement from the Publishing Agreement
164
B.
Audiovisual Works: Copyright Assignment Agreements
165
1.
Television Works
166
a.
Agreement for the Assignment of Copyright
166
i.
Assignment of Rights
166
ii.
Duration of the Assignment
169
iii.
Proportional Remuneration
169
iv.
Exploitation through TV Broadcasting (Including VOD)
169
v.
Secondary Exploitations
170
vi.
Merchandising
171
vii.
Fixed Remuneration and/or an Advance
171
viii.
Other Remunerations
172
ix.
Definition of the Producer's Net Receipts
173
x.
Arbitration Clause
175
b.
Labour Law Agreement
175
2.
Cinema
177
a.
Exploitation in the Movie Theatres
177
b.
Videograms
178
i.
Determination of the 'Producer's Net Receipts'
178
ii.
Additional Royalties after Amortisation of the Cost of the Film
178
ch. 6
Litigation
179
6.01.
Civil Procedure Applicable in All Cases
179
A.
Burden of Proof
179
1.
General Rule: The Parties Have to Prove Their Claim
179
2.
Access to Evidence and Information
180
a.
Evidence Must Be Disclosed during the Pre-trial Phase
180
b.
Investigations before the Commencement of Legal Proceedings
181
c.
Investigations during the Proceedings
182
i.
Evidence Held by the Parties
182
ii.
Evidence Held by Third Parties
183
d.
Inquiry Measures
184
e.
Affidavits
185
B.
Fighting the Cases in Court
185
1.
Urgency Proceedings
186
a.
Summary Proceedings
186
i.
Situations in Which the Plaintiff May Claim an Interim Injunction
186
ii.
Urgent Measures
186
iii.
Protective Measures and Measures to Restore
186
iv.
Provisional Damages or Payment
187
v.
Procedure
187
b.
Urgency Proceedings on the Merits
187
2.
Proceedings on the Merits
188
a.
Proceedings before the Court of First Instance
188
i.
Procedure before the High Court of First Instance
188
ii.
Procedure before the Commercial Court
189
iii.
Lack of Jurisdiction and Procedural Arguments Raised by the Parties
190
iv.
Pleas of Non-admissibility
190
b.
Appeal
191
3.
Supreme Court
192
C.
Costs of Actions
193
1.
Legal Costs (Taxable Charges)
193
2.
Charges Not Included in the Legal Costs
194
3.
Contingency Fees: Prohibition of 'Quota Litis' Agreements
195
6.02.
Procedures Specific to Infringement Cases
195
A.
Evidence Gathering
195
1.
Infringement Seizure ('Saisie-Contrefaçon')
196
a.
President's Order
196
i.
Works and Subject-Matters Protected by Neighbouring Rights
196
ii.
Computer Programs and Databases
197
iii.
Procedure in Practice
197
b.
Rights and Guarantees of the Distrainee
198
i.
Financial Guarantee
198
ii.
Lifting the Seizure
198
iii.
Time Limit for Taking Action
198
2.
Customs Authorities
199
a.
Customs Detention of Goods at the Request of the Rightholders
199
b.
Customs Detention of Goods in the Absence of a Request from the Rightholder
201
3.
Evidence-Securing on the Internet
201
a.
Bailiff's Report
201
b.
Sworn Agents
203
c.
Information from Internet Intermediaries
203
4.
Investigations during the Proceedings
204
B.
Civil Procedure in Infringement Cases
205
1.
Infringement Acts
205
a.
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
205
i.
Infringing Acts
205
ii.
Intention
206
b.
Unfair Competition (Tort)
206
2.
Locus Standi
207
a.
Rightholders
207
i.
Authors, Performers and Producers
207
ii.
Licencees and Distributors
208
iii.
Foreign Rightholders
208
b.
Collecting Societies and Trade Unions
209
3.
Jurisdiction
209
a.
Specialised Courts
209
b.
General Jurisdiction Rules
210
c.
Internet Sites Abroad Accessible in France
211
4.
Applicable Law
211
a.
Contracts
211
b.
International Infringement Cases
211
5.
Time Limitation in Infringement Cases
213
6.
Remedies
213
a.
Damages
213
i.
Protective Measures
213
ii.
Evaluation of the Damages
214
iii.
Alternative to the Assessment of Damages: Lump Sum
214
iv.
Additional Damages: The Proceeds of the Infringement
215
b.
Additional Remedies: Confiscation and Publicity
215
C.
Penal Provisions
215
1.
Infringement Acts and Sanctions
215
a.
Infringement of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
216
b.
Computer Programs Manifestly Intended to Communicate Unauthorised Works to the Public
217
c.
Protection of Technical Measures
217
d.
Additional Sanctions
217
i.
Closure of the Establishment
217
ii.
Confiscation, Destruction and Publicity
218
iii.
Suspension of Internet Access
218
iv.
Existence of an Agreement between the Victim and the Infringer
218
e.
Sanctions Specific to Legal Entities
218
2.
Intention
219
3.
Prescription
219
D.
Prevention of Infringement on the Internet
220
1.
Prevention of Unlawful Downloading and Communication to the Public
220
a.
Computer Programs Used for Infringement Acts
220
b.
Internet Services Used for Infringement Acts
221
2.
Liability of Internet Users
222
3.
Liability of Intermediary Service Providers
223
a.
ISPs
224
b.
Hosting Providers
224
i.
Limitation of Liability
224
ii.
Notice to Take Down
225
iii.
No Stay Down Obligation
226
Bibliography
227
Index
229