Interrogating young suspects : procedural safeguards from an empirical perspective / Miet Vanderhallen, Marc van Oosterhout, Michele Panzavolta, Dorris de Vocht (eds.).
2016
KJC9529 .I583 2016 (Map It)
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Title
Interrogating young suspects : procedural safeguards from an empirical perspective / Miet Vanderhallen, Marc van Oosterhout, Michele Panzavolta, Dorris de Vocht (eds.).
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom : Intersentia, [2016]
Call Number
KJC9529 .I583 2016
ISBN
9781780683010
1780683014
1780683014
Description
xxix, 464 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)943687399
Note
"This book is the result of a second part of the European Commission funded research project Protecting young suspects in interrogations: a study on safeguards and best practice. The project consists of a legal comparative study, an empirical study and a merging of legal and empirical findings and its aim is to identify legal and empirical patterns in the procedural protection of juvenile suspects during pretrial interrogation"--Page v.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface and Acknowledgements v
List of Abbreviations
xxiii
Biographies
xxv
ch. 1
Introduction
1
1.
Interrogating young suspects: the law in action / Dorris De Vocht, Michele Panzavolta Malt Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
1
2.
empirical research / Dorris De Vocht, Michele Panzavolta Malt Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
3
3.
integrated analysis and minimum rules / Dorris De Vocht, Michele Panzavolta Malt Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
4
4.
Definitions / Dorris De Vocht, Michele Panzavolta Malt Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
5
5.
How to read this book / Dorris De Vocht, Michele Panzavolta Malt Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
5
Bibliography / Dorris De Vocht, Michele Panzavolta Malt Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
5
ch. 2
Research Methodology / Dorris De Vocht, Michele Panzavolta Malt Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
7
1.
Introduction / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
7
2.
empirical study: methodology / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
8
2.1.
Coordination and preparation / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
10
2.1.1.
Training / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
11
2.1.2.
Development of data collection instruments / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
11
2.1.3.
Data analysis / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
14
2.2.
Focus group interviews / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
15
2.2.1.
Belgium / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
18
2.2.1.1.
Police focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
18
2.2.1.2.
Lawyer focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
20
2.2.1.3.
Juvenile focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
21
2.2.2.
England and Wales / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
21
2.2.2.1.
Police focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
21
2.2.2.2.
Lawyer focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
22
2.2.2.3.
Appropriate adult focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
23
2.2.2.4.
Juvenile focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
24
2.2.3.
Italy / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
25
2.2.3.1.
Police focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
26
2.2.3.2.
Prosecutor focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
27
2.2.3.3.
Lawyer focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
28
2.2.3.4.
Appropriate adult focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
29
2.2.3.5.
Juvenile focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
30
2.2.4.
Netherlands / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
31
2.2.4.1.
Police focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
31
2.2.4.2.
Lawyer focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
32
2.2.4.3.
Juvenile focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
32
2.2.5.
Poland / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
33
2.2.5.1.
Police focus group / Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
33
2.2.5.2.
Juvenile focus group / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
34
2.2.5.3.
Lawyer focus group - semi-structured interviews / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
36
2.3.
Observations of interrogations / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
37
2.3.1.
Belgium / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
39
2.3.2.
England and Wales / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
40
2.3.3.
Italy / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
41
2.3.4.
Netherlands / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
44
2.3.5.
Poland / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
45
3.
Integrated analysis / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
47
4.
Minimum rules / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
49
Bibliography / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
50
ch. 3
Belgium: Empirical Findings / Jackie Hodgson Miet Vanderhallen
55
1.
Introduction / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
55
1.1.
General outline / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
56
2.
look at the practice / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
57
2.1.
First contact / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
57
2.2.
Police proceedings / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
59
2.3.
Information on rights / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
60
2.3.1.
Criticism on multiple occasion approach / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
61
2.3.1.1.
'over-information' effect? / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
61
2.3.1.2.
lawyer to safeguard the information on rights / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
64
2.3.1.3.
Arrest a juvenile in order to effectively inform him on his rights? / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
65
2.3.2.
Which rights? / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
65
2.3.2.1.
Right to legal assistance / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
66
2.3.2.2.
Right to remain silent / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
67
2.3.2.3.
Right to have someone informed about detention / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
67
2.3.3.
How is the information on rights delivered? / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
68
2.3.4.
Check for understanding / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
69
2.4.
Legal assistance / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
70
2.4.1.
Mandatory legal assistance / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
72
2.4.2.
lawyer: chosen or appointed? / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
75
2.4.3.
Pre-interview disclosure and lawyer's advice / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
75
2.4.4.
Consultation / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
76
2.4.4.1.
Context of the consultation / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
77
2.4.4.2.
role of the lawyer in consultation / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
78
2.4.4.3.
What is discussed? / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
79
2.4.5.
Assistance during interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
80
2.4.6.
Interventions: why and how? / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
81
2.4.6.1.
One-off additional consultation / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
81
2.4.6.2.
Other interventions / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
81
2.4.7.
Active versus passive role / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
83
2.5.
Appropriate adult / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
84
2.6.
Interpretation / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
86
2.7.
Assessment / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
87
2.7.1.
What is assessed? / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
88
2.7.2.
How? / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
88
2.8.
Interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
90
2.8.1.
Characteristics / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
90
2.8.1.1.
Timing of interrogations / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
90
2.8.1.2.
Duration of interrogations / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
92
2.8.1.3.
Number of interrogators / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
93
2.8.2.
Interrogation model / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
93
2.8.2.1.
Interrogation style and techniques / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
93
2.8.2.2.
Juvenile or suspect? / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
99
2.8.3.
Juvenile suspect's behaviour / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
101
2.8.4.
End of the interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
102
2.8.5.
Recording of the interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
102
2.8.5.1.
Statement / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
103
2.8.5.2.
Other information in the written record / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
105
2.8.5.3.
Video-recording / Marc Van Oosterhout, Miet Vanderhallen
105
3.
Vulnerabilities, safeguards and good practice / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
107
3.1.
Vulnerabilities / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
107
3.1.1.
Vulnerabilities related to age / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
107
3.1.2.
Social context / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
109
3.1.3.
Additional vulnerabilities / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
110
3.1.4.
Types of juveniles / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
110
3.1.4.1.
Demographic characteristics / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
111
3.1.4.2.
Experience / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
111
3.1.4.3.
Crime type / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
112
3.2.
Safeguards and good practice / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
112
3.2.1.
System characteristics / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
113
3.2.1.1.
Underlying (and final) goal: rehabilitation and protection / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
113
3.2.1.2.
Timing of interrogation / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
114
3.2.1.3.
Facilities / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
114
3.2.1.4.
Recording of the interrogation / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
115
3.2.1.5.
Standardised assessment / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
116
3.2.1.6.
Legal assistance / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
116
3.2.1.7.
Interrogation / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
118
3.2.2.
Practitioners variables / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
121
3.2.2.1.
Specialisation / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
121
3.2.2.2.
Training / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
122
4.
Conclusion / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
123
4.1.
Juvenile's vulnerability / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
123
4.2.
Good practices but need for improvement / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
123
4.3.
Improvement by rules / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
124
Bibliography / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
125
ch. 4
England and Wales: Empirical Findings / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
127
1.
Introduction / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
127
2.
look at the practice / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
130
2.1.
First contact / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
130
2.2.
Police proceedings / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
130
2.3.
Information on rights / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
131
2.3.1.
Information about the right to legal assistance / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
131
2.3.1.1.
Informing invited juveniles in Voluntary Interviews / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
131
2.3.2.
Information about the right to silence / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
132
2.3.3.
Information about the right to have someone informed of detention / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
133
2.3.4.
Checking for understanding / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
134
2.3.4.1.
Right to legal advice / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
134
2.3.4.2.
Right to remain silent and 'adverse inferences' / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
135
2.4.
Legal assistance / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
135
2.4.1.
Pre-interview disclosure and lawyer's advice / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
137
2.4.2.
Consultation / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
137
2.4.3.
Legal assistance during interrogation / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
140
2.4.3.1.
Lawyer interventions / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
140
2.4.3.2.
Juveniles' experiences with lawyers / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
141
2.5.
Assistance by the appropriate adult / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
142
2.5.1.
Appropriate adults interventions during interrogation / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
144
2.5.2.
Juveniles' experiences with appropriate adults / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
145
2.6.
role of the interpreter during the consultation and interrogation / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
145
2.7.
Assessment / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
145
2.7.1.
Assessment of mental state and intoxication / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
146
2.8.
Interrogation / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
147
2.8.1.
Characteristics / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
147
2.8.1.1.
Timing and duration of interrogations / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
147
2.8.1.2.
Interrogators / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
150
2.8.1.3.
Interrogation setup and interruptions / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
150
2.8.2.
Interrogation model / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
151
2.8.2.1.
Informing the juvenile and the type of information / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
151
2.8.2.2.
way information is conveyed / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
151
2.8.2.3.
Approach / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
152
2.8.2.4.
Interrogation techniques / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
153
2.8.2.5.
Lawyers' interventions / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
156
2.8.2.6.
Appropriate adults' interventions / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
158
2.8.2.7.
Confrontations / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
159
2.8.2.8.
end of the interrogation / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
161
2.8.3.
Suspect behaviour / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
161
2.9.
Recording of interrogation / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
161
2.9.1.
Written record / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
161
2.9.2.
Audio or audio-visual recording of interrogations / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
162
3.
Vulnerabilities / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
163
3.1.
Vulnerabilities related to age / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
163
3.1.1.
Mental ability and cognitive development / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
164
3.1.2.
Emotional ability / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
165
3.1.3.
Social context / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
166
3.1.4.
Short term reasoning / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
167
3.2.
Vulnerability due to lack of legal assistance / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
168
3.3.
Vulnerability related to types of juveniles / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
169
3.3.1.
First offender vs. recidivist / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
169
3.3.2.
Arrested vs. invited / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
169
3.4.
Vulnerability due to long delays / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
170
4.
Safeguards and best practice / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
171
4.1.
Providing information and checking for understanding / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
171
4.2.
Specialisation and training / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
172
4.2.1.
Specialisation and training for lawyers / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
173
4.3.
Legal assistance / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
174
4.4.
Assistance by appropriate adult / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
174
4.5.
Juvenile friendly interrogation / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
175
4.6.
PACE beds / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
175
4.7.
Assessment / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
176
4.8.
Recording of interrogation / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
176
5.
Conclusions / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
176
Bibliography / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
179
ch. 5
Italy: Empirical Findings / Vicky Kemp Jacqueline Hodgson
183
1.
Introduction / Vania Patank Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice
183
2.
Describing the practice / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
184
2.1.
First contact / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
184
2.2.
Police proceedings / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
185
2.2.1.
Timing / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
186
2.2.2.
Police activities / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
186
2.3.
Information on rights / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
187
2.3.1.
Checking for understanding / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
188
2.3.2.
Information about the right to legal assistance / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
188
2.3.3.
Information about the right to silence / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
189
2.3.4.
Information about the right to have someone informed of detention / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
189
2.4.
Legal assistance / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
190
2.4.1.
Decision/waiver / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
190
2.4.2.
Pre-interview disclosure and lawyer's advice / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
191
2.4.3.
Consultation / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
191
2.4.4.
Assistance during interrogation / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
192
2.4.4.1.
Lawyer interventions / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
193
2.4.4.2.
Checking the statement / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
193
2.5.
Appropriate adult / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
194
2.5.1.
Characteristics / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
194
2.5.2.
Experiences with appropriate adults / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
196
2.5.2.1.
Appropriate adult interventions during interrogation / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
197
2.5.2.2.
Checking and amending the statement / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
197
2.6.
Assessment / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
197
2.7.
Interrogation / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
198
2.7.1.
Characteristics / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
198
2.7.1.1.
Timing / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
198
2.7.1.2.
Duration / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
199
2.7.1.3.
Number of interrogators / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
199
2.7.1.4.
Gender of interrogators / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
199
2.7.1.5.
Interrogators' behaviour / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
200
2.7.1.6.
Interruptions and set-up / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
200
2.7.2.
Interrogation model / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
201
2.7.2.1.
Information conveyed at the beginning of the interrogation / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
201
2.7.2.2.
Approach / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
201
2.7.2.3.
Interrogation techniques / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
202
2.7.2.4.
Confrontations / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
203
2.7.3.
Suspect's behaviour / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
203
2.7.3.1.
Suspect's strategy / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
203
2.7.4.
Recording of interrogation / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
204
2.7.4.1.
Written record / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
204
2.7.4.2.
Audio or audio-visual recording of interrogation / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
205
3.
Vulnerabilities / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
206
3.1.
Vulnerabilities related to age / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
206
3.1.1.
Mental ability / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
207
3.1.2.
Emotional ability / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
207
3.1.3.
Cognitive development / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
208
3.2.
Types of crimes and vulnerabilities / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
208
3.3.
Vulnerabilities related to types of juveniles / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
209
3.3.1.
Boy vs. girl / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
209
3.3.2.
First offender vs. recidivist / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
209
3.3.3.
Suburbs vs. city / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
210
3.3.4.
Nationality / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
210
3.3.5.
Family and social context disadvantages / Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank Claudia Cesari
210
4.
Safeguards and best practice / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
211
4.1.
Specialisation & training / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
212
4.2.
Understandable language / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
213
4.3.
Parents/relatives' presence / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
213
4.4.
importance of teamwork / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
214
5.
Conclusions / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
215
Bibliography / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
216
ch. 6
Netherlands: Empirical Findings / Claudia Cesari Deborah De Felice, Vania Patank
217
1.
Introduction / Marc Van Oosterhout
217
2.
look at the practice / Marc Van Oosterhout
218
2.1.
First contact / Marc Van Oosterhout
218
2.2.
Police proceedings / Marc Van Oosterhout
219
2.3.
Information on rights / Marc Van Oosterhout
219
2.3.1.
Checking for understanding / Marc Van Oosterhout
220
2.3.2.
Information about the right to legal assistance / Marc Van Oosterhout
221
2.3.3.
Information about the right to remain silent / Marc Van Oosterhout
222
2.3.4.
Information about the right to have someone informed of detention / Marc Van Oosterhout
222
2.4.
Legal assistance / Marc Van Oosterhout
222
2.4.1.
Decision and possible waiver / Marc Van Oosterhout
223
2.4.2.
Pre-interview disclosure and lawyer's advice / Marc Van Oosterhout
224
2.4.3.
Consultation / Marc Van Oosterhout
225
2.4.4.
Assistance during interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout
227
2.4.4.1.
Content of legal assistance during interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout
227
2.4.4.2.
Lawyer interventions / Marc Van Oosterhout
228
2.4.4.3.
Advising during the interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout
229
2.4.4.4.
Checking the statement / Marc Van Oosterhout
230
2.4.4.5.
Advising to remain silent / Marc Van Oosterhout
230
2.4.4.6.
Juvenile perceptions on the lawyer's role during interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout
231
2.5.
Assistance by a trusted person / Marc Van Oosterhout
231
2.5.1.
Experiences with trusted persons / Marc Van Oosterhout
231
2.5.1.1.
Trusted person interventions during interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout
232
2.5.1.2.
Making a comment to the police / Marc Van Oosterhout
233
2.5.1.3.
trusted person supporting and advising the juvenile / Marc Van Oosterhout
233
2.6.
Assessment / Marc Van Oosterhout
233
2.6.1.
Assessment of mental state and intoxication / Marc Van Oosterhout
234
2.6.2.
Assessing compliance / Marc Van Oosterhout
235
2.7.
Interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout
235
2.7.1.
Characteristics / Marc Van Oosterhout
235
2.7.1.1.
Timing and duration of interrogations / Marc Van Oosterhout
235
2.7.1.2.
Interrogators / Marc Van Oosterhout
236
2.7.1.3.
Interrogation setup and interruptions / Marc Van Oosterhout
237
2.7.2.
Interrogation model / Marc Van Oosterhout
238
2.7.2.1.
Providing the juvenile with information before the interrogation starts / Marc Van Oosterhout
238
2.7.2.2.
way information is conveyed / Marc Van Oosterhout
239
2.7.2.3.
Checking if the information is understood / Marc Van Oosterhout
239
2.7.2.4.
Approach / Marc Van Oosterhout
239
2.7.2.5.
Information gathering or accusatory interview- style / Marc Van Oosterhout
242
2.7.2.6.
Interrogation techniques / Marc Van Oosterhout
242
2.7.2.7.
Confrontations / Marc Van Oosterhout
244
2.7.2.8.
Confrontation with statements / Marc Van Oosterhout
244
2.7.2.9.
Confrontation with discrepancies in own statement / Marc Van Oosterhout
245
2.7.2.10.
end of the interrogation: juvenile- interrogator interaction / Marc Van Oosterhout
246
2.7.3.
Juvenile suspect behaviour / Marc Van Oosterhout
246
2.7.3.1.
Strategy / Marc Van Oosterhout
246
2.7.3.2.
Dominus litis / Marc Van Oosterhout
247
2.7.3.3.
Providing a version of events / Marc Van Oosterhout
247
2.7.3.4.
Looking for support / Marc Van Oosterhout
248
2.8.
Recording of interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout
249
2.8.1.
Written record / Marc Van Oosterhout
249
2.8.1.1.
Standard information in written record / Marc Van Oosterhout
250
2.8.1.2.
Format of the written record / Marc Van Oosterhout
250
2.8.1.3.
Allowing checking of the written record / Marc Van Oosterhout
251
2.8.2.
Audio or audio-visual recording of interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout
251
2.8.2.1.
Producing reliable recordings of the interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout
252
3.
Vulnerabilities / Marc Van Oosterhout
252
3.1.
Vulnerabilities related to age / Marc Van Oosterhout
252
3.1.1.
Mental, emotional ability and cognitive development / Marc Van Oosterhout
253
3.1.2.
Social context / Marc Van Oosterhout
253
3.1.3.
Short term reasoning / Marc Van Oosterhout
254
3.2.
Vulnerability due to a lack of legal assistance / Marc Van Oosterhout
254
3.3.
Vulnerabilities related to types of juveniles / Marc Van Oosterhout
255
3.3.1.
First offender vs. recidivist / Marc Van Oosterhout
255
3.3.2.
Arrested vs. invited / Marc Van Oosterhout
255
3.4.
Vulnerability due to a lack of perception of time / Marc Van Oosterhout
256
4.
Safeguards and good practice / Marc Van Oosterhout
256
4.1.
Providing information and checking for understanding / Marc Van Oosterhout
256
4.2.
Specialisation and training / Marc Van Oosterhout
257
4.2.1.
Availability of specialised personnel / Marc Van Oosterhout
258
4.2.2.
Specialisation and training for lawyers / Marc Van Oosterhout
258
4.3.
Legal assistance / Marc Van Oosterhout
259
4.4.
Assistance by a trusted person / Marc Van Oosterhout
260
4.5.
Juvenile friendly interrogation and well-being / Marc Van Oosterhout
260
4.5.1.
Pedagogical approach / Marc Van Oosterhout
261
4.6.
Assessment / Marc Van Oosterhout
262
4.6.1.
Assessing compliance / Marc Van Oosterhout
262
4.7.
Recording of interrogation / Marc Van Oosterhout
262
4.8.
Facilities and child-friendly interrogation studio / Marc Van Oosterhout
263
5.
Conclusions / Marc Van Oosterhout
264
Bibliography / Marc Van Oosterhout
265
ch. 7
Poland: Empirical Findings / Marc Van Oosterhout
267
1.
Introduction / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
267
2.
Describing the practice / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
269
2.1.
First contact / Barbara Stando-Kawecka Justyna Kusztal
269
2.2.
Information on rights / Barbara Stando-Kawecka Justyna Kusztal
273
2.2.1.
Right to remain silent / Barbara Stando-Kawecka Justyna Kusztal
273
2.2.1.1.
Understanding of the right to remain silent / Barbara Stando-Kawecka Justyna Kusztal
275
2.2.2.
Right to legal assistance / Barbara Stando-Kawecka Justyna Kusztal
275
2.2.3.
Right to have someone informed of detention / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
276
2.2.4.
Information on the offence / Barbara Stando-Kawecka Justyna Kusztal
276
2.3.
Legal assistance / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
277
2.3.1.
Decision and possible waiver / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
277
2.3.2.
Pre-interview disclosure / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
279
2.3.3.
Consultation / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
279
2.3.4.
Assistance during interrogation / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
280
2.4.
appropriate adult / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
281
2.4.1.
Who can act as appropriate adult? / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
281
2.4.2.
Role of the appropriate adult / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
282
2.4.3.
Experiences with the appropriate adult / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
283
2.5.
Assessment of juveniles / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
284
2.5.1.
Initial assessment of juvenile suspects / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
284
2.5.2.
By whom is the assessment done? / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
285
2.6.
Interrogation / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
285
2.6.1.
Suspect strategy / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
286
2.6.2.
Interrogation model / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
286
2.6.3.
Record of interrogation / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
287
3.
Vulnerabilities / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
287
3.1.
Vulnerabilities related to age / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
289
3.1.1.
Mental ability and cognitive development / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
289
3.1.2.
Emotional ability / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
290
3.1.3.
Alcohol and drug abuse / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
291
3.1.4.
Limited possibility to consider long-term perspectives / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
292
3.2.
Types of juveniles / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
293
3.2.1.
Boy/girl / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
293
3.2.2.
First offender/recidivist / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
293
3.2.3.
Nationality / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
293
4.
Safeguards and good practice / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
294
4.1.
Specialisation / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
294
4.2.
Assessment / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
295
4.3.
Presence of caretaker / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
296
4.4.
Assistance by a lawyer free of charge / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
297
4.5.
Audio- and audio-visual recording of interrogations / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
298
4.6.
Clear procedural rules / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
299
4.7.
Education of children on their rights / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
300
5.
Conclusions / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
300
Bibliography / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
302
ch. 8
Integrated Analysis / Justyna Kusztal Barbara Stando-Kawecka
305
1.
Introduction / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
305
2.
Treatment of juveniles / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
306
2.1.
How arrest affects the behaviour and the further treatment of juveniles / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
306
2.2.
First offenders and recidivists / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
307
2.2.1.
Recidivists seen as less vulnerable by some / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
308
2.3.
Understanding the juvenile as suspect or 'one size fits all'? / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Jackie Hodgson Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
310
2.3.1.
Determining vulnerability - age and mental ability versus offence gravity / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
311
2.3.2.
Gender / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
312
2.3.3.
Family situation / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
313
2.3.4.
Detention and interrogation / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
313
2.3.5.
Detention following arrest or as 'volunteer' / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
314
2.4.
Concluding remarks / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
315
3.
Information to juveniles / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
316
3.1.
Administering rights / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
316
3.1.1.
Written and oral communication / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
317
3.1.2.
Repeated administration of right / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
317
3.1.3.
How information is provided / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
318
3.1.4.
Incorrect practices / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Jackie Hodgson Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
318
3.1.5.
Child-friendly explanation / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
319
3.1.6.
Information on rights and beyond / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
321
3.1.7.
Assistance for juveniles when being informed of their rights / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
321
3.2.
Checking for understanding / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
322
3.3.
Do juveniles understand information? / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
323
3.3.1.
Lack of awareness / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
323
3.3.2.
First offenders and explanation of the process / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
324
3.4.
Concluding remarks on information / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
325
4.
Assessment of juveniles / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Dorris De Vocht, Jackie Hodgson Michele Panzavolta
325
4.1.
Subjective elements in assessments / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
326
4.2.
involvement of 'specialists' in assessments / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
327
4.2.1.
Independent assessment and lack of specialists / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
327
4.3.
Assessment and vulnerabilities and the interrogation of juvenile suspects / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
328
4.4.
Double vulnerability / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
329
4.5.
Diversion and the assessment of juveniles / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
332
4.6.
Developing a quality assessment instrument / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
334
4.7.
Concluding remarks on assessment / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
334
5.
Assistance of juveniles / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
335
5.1.
right to assistance of a lawyer / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
335
5.1.1.
Waiver / Jackie Hodgson Vicky Kemp Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Michele Panzavolta Miet Vanderhallen
336
5.1.2.
Reasons for waiving the right to a lawyer / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
337
5.1.3.
Improper practices / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
338
5.1.4.
Costs and availability of lawyers / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
339
5.2.
role of lawyers in general: beyond mere legal defence? / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
340
5.2.1.
Consultations (prior to and during interrogations) / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
341
5.2.2.
Explaining rights and procedure / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
342
5.2.3.
Duality of role / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
343
5.3.
Trust-building / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
345
5.3.1.
Duty lawyers / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
345
5.4.
Disclosure / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
347
5.5.
role of lawyers during interrogations / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
347
5.6.
Quality of lawyers and specialisation / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
349
5.7.
right to assistance of an appropriate adult / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
350
5.8.
role of appropriate adults in general / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
351
5.9.
role of appropriate adults in the interrogation room / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
353
5.10.
Concluding remarks on assistance / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
354
6.
Inside the interrogation room / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
355
6.1.
juvenile's demeanour / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
357
6.1.1.
Confessing / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
358
6.1.2.
Juveniles and strategy / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
359
6.2.
Interrogation approach and style / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Dorris De Vocht, Jackie Hodgson Michele Panzavolta
359
6.2.1.
Models of adult interrogations / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
359
6.2.2.
Absence of uniform model or guidelines / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
360
6.2.3.
Interrogation techniques / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
361
6.2.4.
Confrontations with evidence / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
363
6.3.
Police interrogations from the perspective of juveniles / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
364
6.4.
Facilities and recording / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
366
6.4.1.
Facilities / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
366
6.4.2.
Interrogation recording / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
366
6.5.
Concluding remarks on conducting interrogations / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Jackie Hodgson Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout
368
7.
Training and specialisation of practitioners / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
368
7.1.
Police officers / Jackie Hodgson Vicky Kemp Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Michele Panzavolta Miet Vanderhallen
368
7.2.
Police training / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
369
7.3.
Lawyers' specialisation and training / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
370
7.4.
Training modules / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
370
7.5.
Training needs / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
371
7.5.1.
Information on rights / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
371
7.5.2.
Dealing with juveniles / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
372
7.6.
Developing a model for the interrogation of juvenile suspects / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
372
7.7.
Specialisation/training of lawyers in the interrogation / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
373
7.8.
Developing a training framework / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
375
7.9.
Concluding remarks on training / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
375
8.
Concluding remarks / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
376
Bibliography / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
377
ch. 9
Guidelines / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
385
1.
Introduction / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
382
2.
guidelines / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
386
1.
Definitions / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
386
2.
General principles / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
387
3.
Right to information of juveniles / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
389
4.
Assessment / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
392
5.
Legal assistance / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
393
6.
Appropriate adults and youth justice services / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
398
7.
Mode of interrogation / Miet Vanderhallen Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Dorris De Vocht, Jackie Hodgson Michele Panzavolta
400
8.
Recording of interrogation / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
403
9.
Training / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
404
10.
Remedies and scope / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
406
Annexes / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
407
Focus group interview police - Topic list / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
407
Focus group interview lawyers - Topic list / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
414
Focus group interview juveniles - Topic list / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
420
Focus group interview police - Questionnaire / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
426
Focus group interview lawyers - Questionnaire / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
428
Focus group interview juveniles - Questionnaire / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
430
Observations. Coding scheme 1 / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
431
Observations. Coding scheme 2 / Jackie Hodgson Vicky Kemp Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Michele Panzavolta Miet Vanderhallen
439
Observations. Coding scheme 3 / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
455
Observations. Analysis scheme / Michele Panzavolta Dorris De Vocht, Marc Van Oosterhout, Vicky Kemp Miet Vanderhallen Jackie Hodgson
458