Marine protected areas in international law : an Arctic perspective / by Ingvild Ulrikke Jakobsen.
2016
K3485 .J35 2016 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Marine protected areas in international law : an Arctic perspective / by Ingvild Ulrikke Jakobsen.
Published
Leiden ; Boston : Brill Nijhoff, [2016]
Call Number
K3485 .J35 2016
ISBN
9789004254725 (hardback ; alk. paper)
9004254722 (hardback ; alk. paper)
9789004324084 (e-book)
9004254722 (hardback ; alk. paper)
9789004324084 (e-book)
Description
xvi, 435 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)946216736
Note
Based on the author's thesis (doctoral - University of Tromsø, the Arctic University of Norway, 2010) issued under title: Marine protected areas in international law a Norwegian perspective--Verso of title page.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 407-426) and index.
Available in Other Form
Online version: Jakobsen, Ingvild Ulrikke, 1974- Marine protected areas in international law. Leiden ; Boston : Brill Nijhoff, 2016 9789004324084 (DLC) 2016022251
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Beinecke Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Beinecke Fund
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
xiii
List of Acronyms
xv
pt. 1
Marine Protected Areas as a Tool for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity
1.
Introduction
3
1.1.
Subject
3
1.2.
Concept of MPAS
5
1.3.
International Legal Framework for MPAS
9
1.4.
Global Political Developments with Regard to MPAS
11
1.5.
Scope of the Book
15
2.
Legal Competence to Establish MPAS within National Jurisdiction and on the High Seas
18
2.1.
Introduction
18
2.2.
Competence to Establish MPAS within National Jurisdiction
20
2.3.
MPAS in the Territorial Sea
21
2.4.
MPAS in the EEZ
34
2.5.
MPAS on the Continental Shelf
47
2.6.
MPAS on the High Seas
51
2.7.
Enforcement Jurisdiction of Regulations and Prohibitions within MPAS
58
pt. 2
Development from a Functional to a Holistic Approach
3.
From a Functional to a Holistic Approach
65
4.
Pre-LOS Convention: Principles in Customary Law
68
5.
Traditional Approach of the LOS Convention to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment and to Conserve Living Resources
74
5.1.
Introduction
74
5.2.
Obligations to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment
74
5.3.
Obligations on Conservation and Management of Marine Living Resources
78
6.
Developments since 1982: The Obligations to Protect and Conserve Marine Biodiversity
81
6.1.
General
81
6.2.
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
82
7.
Global Obligations on Conservation of Marine Biological Diversity
85
7.1.
General
85
7.2.
CBD Convention
85
8.
Regional Obligations and Implementation of Obligations on Conservation of Marine Biodiversity
112
8.1.
General
112
8.2.
OSPAR Convention: Obligations and Principles
113
8.3.
Arctic Council
125
9.
Conclusions
131
pt. 3
Legal Obligations to Establish MPAS
10.
Legal Obligations to Establish MPAS-Introductory Remarks
135
11.
LOS Convention and Establishment and Management of MPAS
136
11.1.
General
136
11.2.
Does the Obligation to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment Include a Legal Duty to Adopt MPAS?
137
11.3.
Obligation to Protect the Marine Environment in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction
142
12.
Is There a Legal Duty to Establish MPAS under the CBD?
145
12.1.
Introduction -- The Implications of "as far as possible and as appropriate" for the Legal Duty to Establish MPAS
145
12.2.
Criticisms in Legal Theory of the Vague Obligations and the Use of a Qualifier
146
12.3.
Which Evaluations Do the Terms "as far as possible and as appropriate" Require?
147
12.4.
Conclusions
153
13.
When is there a Legal Obligation under the CBD to Establish MPAS?
154
13.1.
Introduction
154
13.2.
Duty to Adopt Protected Areas or Areas Where Special Measures Need to be Taken
154
13.3.
Duty to Establish a System of MPAS
155
13.4.
Which Considerations Must be Made under the Term "as far as possible"?
158
13.5.
Which Considerations Must be Made under "as appropriate"?
166
13.6.
Interactions between "as far as possible" and "as appropriate"
170
13.7.
Conclusions
171
14.
Management of MPAS under the CBD Convention
172
14.1.
Introduction
172
14.2.
Development of Criteria for Selection and Management of MPAS
173
14.3.
Significance of the Term "as far as possible and as appropriate" for the Management of MPAS
174
14.4.
Significance of the Legal Obligation on in situ Conservation for the Management of MPAS
175
14.5.
Procedural Requirements to the Establishment of MPAS?
176
14.6.
Substantive Requirements to the Content of MPAS
196
15.
OSPAR Convention and MPAS
213
15.1.
Introduction
213
15.2.
Development of a Framework of MPAS within OSPAR
213
15.3.
Legal Status and Significance of the Recommendation on a Network of MPAS
216
15.4.
Legal Duty to Establish MPAS in the North-East Atlantic?
219
15.5.
Selection and Management of MPAS under the OSPAR Convention
225
15.6.
MPAS in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction under the OSPAR Convention
228
15.7.
Conclusions
232
16.
MPAS under the Arctic Council
233
16.1.
Introduction
233
16.2.
Work on MPAS under the Arctic Council -- Background
234
16.3.
Toward a Pan-Arctic network of MPAS?
235
16.4.
Conclusions
242
pt. 4
Duties and Rights to Establish and Manage MPAS versus the Rights of Other States
17.
Relationship between the CBD and the LOS Convention -- Conflicting Norms and Mechanisms for Solving Them
247
17.1.
Introduction -- Overview of the Legal Questions
247
17.2.
Legal Conflicts between the LOS Convention and the CBD?
250
17.3.
Conflict Solving Procedures
258
17.4.
Solving Conflicts through Treaty Law
278
17.5.
Conclusions
296
18.
Regulation of Navigation in MPAS
298
18.1.
Introduction -- Legal Questions and Aims of the Discussions
298
18.2.
Relevance of the Discussion in Light of the Legal Development
300
18.3.
International Legal Regime of Shipping in the Arctic
304
18.4.
Coastal State Prescriptive Jurisdiction of Shipping for the Purpose of Protecting the Marine Environment
318
18.5.
Coastal State Prescriptive Jurisdiction in the Territorial Sea
319
18.6.
Potential Measures Adopted Within MPAS in the Territorial Sea to Protect the Areas against the Impacts of Shipping
325
18.7.
Coastal State Prescriptive Jurisdiction in the EEZ
347
18.8.
Potential Measures to Protect the MPAS in the EEZ against Impacts of Shipping
355
18.9.
May the Coastal States Adopt Regulations to Protect the MPAS from Impacts of Shipping Based on the Sovereign Rights Over Living Resources?
364
18.10.
Conclusions
369
pt. 5
International Mechanisms for Providing Appropriate Protection of MPAS against the Impacts of Shipping
19.
Specially Designated Areas to Protect the Marine Environment against Impact of International Shipping Activities
373
19.1.
Challenges to the Establishment and Management of Integrated MPAS
373
19.2.
Introduction to Specially Designated Areas for Protecting Certain Areas against the Environmental Impacts of Shipping
377
19.3.
LOS Convention 211 (6)
378
19.4.
Article 234 -- Ice-Covered Areas
382
19.5.
MARPOL Special Areas
385
19.6.
PSSA
389
19.7.
Conclusions
402
20.
Final Remarks
404
Bibliography
407
Table of Cases
427
Table of Treaties
429
Index
431