Third-party countermeasures in international law / Martin Dawidowicz.
2017
KZ4085 .D39 2017 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Third-party countermeasures in international law / Martin Dawidowicz.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Copyright
©2017
Call Number
KZ4085 .D39 2017
ISBN
9781107014794 hardcover
1107014794 hardcover
1107014794 hardcover
Description
xxiv, 431 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)963359587
Summary
"The use of third-party countermeasures is an increasingly common phenomenon in international relations, yet their legal position remains uncertain. Providing the first systematic and comprehensive study of this key concept in international law, Martin Dawidowicz explores the position of third-party countermeasures and their safeguards regime based on the development of ideas on countermeasures in the UN International Law Commission and a thorough examination of state practice. The book clarifies the position of third-party countermeasures in international law, and in doing so challenges some widely held assumptions about the likely impact of a regime of third-party countermeasures on international relations. It will be of interest to international law and relations scholars and students, diplomats, policy makers, international civil servants and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in the field of human rights"-- Provided by publisher.
"The book clarifies the position of third-party countermeasures in international law, and in doing so challenges some widely held assumptions about the likely impact of a regime of third-party countermeasures on international relations. It will be of interest to international law and relations scholars and students, diplomats, policy makers, international civil servants and NGOs in the field of human rights"-- Provided by publisher.
"The book clarifies the position of third-party countermeasures in international law, and in doing so challenges some widely held assumptions about the likely impact of a regime of third-party countermeasures on international relations. It will be of interest to international law and relations scholars and students, diplomats, policy makers, international civil servants and NGOs in the field of human rights"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 386-409) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Foreword
ix
Preface
xi
Table of Cases
xiii
List of Abbreviations
xviii
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
Object of the Study
1
1.2.
Sources of Controversy
3
1.3.
Factors Contributing to Uncertainty
13
1.4.
Countermeasures and Cognate Concepts
15
1.4.1.
Countermeasures, Reprisals and Self-Defence
16
1.4.2.
Countermeasures and the Suspension of Obligations
21
1.4.3.
Countermeasures and Sanctions
21
1.4.3.1.
Countermeasures and Measures under Chapter VII UNC
24
1.4.3.2.
Countermeasures by International Organizations and Member States
24
1.4.4.
Countermeasures, Retorsion and Other Miscellaneous Concepts
27
1.4.5.
Third-Party Countermeasures
31
1.5.
Outline of the Study
35
2.
Third-Party Countermeasures and the ICJ
36
2.1.
ICJ's Contribution
38
2.1.1.
Barcelona Traction Case
44
2.1.2.
Namibia Case
58
2.1.3.
Tehran Hostages Case
61
2.1.4.
Nicaragua Case
64
2.2.
Conclusion
70
3.
Third-Party Countermeasures in the ILC
72
3.1.
ILC's Contribution on First Reading (1963--1996)
72
3.1.1.
Special Rapporteur Ago's Proposals
74
3.1.2.
Special Rapporteur Riphagen's Proposals
78
3.1.3.
Special Rapporteur Arangio-Ruiz's Proposals
81
3.2.
ILC's Contribution on Second Reading (1997--2001)
85
3.2.1.
Special Rapporteur Crawford's Proposals
86
3.2.1.1.
International Crimes of State
87
3.2.1.2.
Invocation of Responsibility for Breaches of Communitarian Norms
89
3.2.1.3.
Third-Party Countermeasures
93
3.3.
Conclusion
109
4.
Third-Party Countermeasures in State Practice
111
4.1.
Some Problems in the Assessment of Practice
111
4.2.
Assessment of Practice
112
4.2.1.
Developing Countries -- South Africa (1960--1964)
113
4.2.2.
European States--Greece (1967--1970)
117
4.2.3.
United States and European States -- Uganda (1971--1978)
119
4.2.4.
European States -- Central African Republic (1979)
123
4.2.5.
European and African States -- Liberia (1980)
126
4.2.6.
Western Countries -- Soviet Union (1980)
127
4.2.7.
Western Countries -- Poland and the Soviet Union (1981)
133
4.2.8.
Western Countries -- Argentina (1982)
140
4.2.9.
Western Countries -- Soviet Union (1983)
149
4.2.10.
Western Countries -- South Africa (1985--1986)
154
4.2.11.
Miscellaneous Countries -- Iraq (1990)
159
4.2.12.
European and Commonwealth States -- Nigeria (1995)
162
4.2.13.
African States -- Burundi (1996)
168
4.2.14.
United States -- Sudan (1997--present)
176
4.2.15.
Miscellaneous Countries -- Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1998--2000)
181
4.2.16.
Miscellaneous Countries -- Burma (2000--present)
193
4.2.17.
Miscellaneous Countries -- Zimbabwe (2002--present)
203
4.2.18.
European States and the United States -- Belarus (2004--present)
211
4.2.19.
Switzerland and the United States -- Libya (2011)
216
4.2.20.
Miscellaneous Countries -- Syria (2011--present)
220
4.2.21.
Western States -- Russia (2014--present)
231
5.
Permissibility of Third-Party Countermeasures: Evaluation
239
5.1.
ILC's Arguments against Third-Party Countermeasures
240
5.1.1.
Absence of a Widespread and Representative Practice
240
5.1.2.
Absence of a Consistent Practice
245
5.1.3.
Absence of a Practice Accepted as Law
250
5.2.
Other Salient Considerations
255
5.2.1.
Relationship between Third-Party Countermeasures and Security Council Enforcement Measures
255
5.2.2.
Communitarian Norms Triggering Resort to Third-Party Countermeasures
262
5.2.3.
Ascertainment of Wrongful Conduct
264
5.2.4.
Seriousness of the Breach
268
5.2.5.
Third-Party Countermeasures on Behalf of an Injured State
270
5.2.6.
Indeterminacy of Communitarian Norms
271
5.2.7.
Effectiveness of Third-Party Countermeasures
277
5.3.
Conclusion
282
6.
Third-Party Countermeasures and Safeguards against Abuse
285
6.1.
Object and Limits of Countermeasures
286
6.1.1.
Existence of a Prior Breach of International Law
287
6.1.2.
Relative Effect of Countermeasures in Precluding Wrongfulness
288
6.1.3.
Instrumental Function of Countermeasures
290
6.1.3.1.
Legitimate Aims of Countermeasures
291
6.1.3.2.
Reversibility of Countermeasures
304
6.2.
Obligations Not Affected by Countermeasures
307
6.2.1.
Excluded Obligations under Article 50 ARSIWA
315
6.2.1.1.
Obligation to Refrain from the Threat or Use of Force
315
6.2.1.2.
Obligations for the Protection of Fundamental Human Rights
319
6.2.1.3.
Obligations of a Humanitarian Character Prohibiting Reprisals
340
6.2.1.4.
Separability of Dispute Settlement Provisions
341
6.2.1.5.
Obligations Safeguarding Diplomatic and Consular Inviolability
342
6.3.
Proportionality
346
6.3.1.
ILC's Contribution
352
6.3.2.
Evaluation
360
6.4.
Procedural Conditions
364
6.4.1.
ILC's Contribution
367
6.4.2.
Evaluation
377
6.5.
Conclusion
379
Conclusion
383
Bibliography
386
Index
410